I-Biograge
UWilliam Turner ungumculi odumile waseBrithani waseBrithani, umsebenzi wawo wahlukaniswa yindlela yokuqamba emfanekisweni wezithombe zomhlaba. Kusetshenziswe ikakhulukazi i-watercolor kanye namafutha, ukhetha iphalethi elikhanyayo lemibala. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imidwebo yakamuva yenkosi ayizange yamukelwe ngabantu besikhathi sabantu, manje kunzima ukusithanda kakhulu umnikelo we-Turner ekupendweni komhlaba.Ubuntwana nentsha
UJoseph Mallord William Turner wazalwa cishe ngo-Ephreli 23, 1775 kwesinye sezifunda zaseLondon abizwa ngengadi yezenkonzo. Ubaba womculi wesikhathi esizayo uWilliam wahlanganyela ekwenziweni kwama-wigs, nasekupheleni kwawo-1770s wasungula lo msebenzi wezinwele. Lapho umfana eneminyaka eyishumi, wathuthela kumalume wakhe waya edolobheni lase-Metropolitan eBrenford. Isizathu salokhu kwakungukugula kwengqondo kukaMama kaWilliam kanye nesimo esinzima emndenini owake wakhula ngenxa yalokhu.
Ukuphila ngesihlobo, umfana waqala ukuba nentshisekelo yobuciko obubonakalayo. Njengoba usuqede izifundo zakhe esikoleni ngasekupheleni kwawo-1780s, uTander wabuye wathuthela eLondon, lapho athola khona umsebenzi kuma-topographs kanye nabakhi bezakhiwo. Omunye wabo kwakungumculi odumile wesiNgisi uThomas Malton.
Ebusika bango-1789 William, ngaleso sikhathi ababeneminyaka eyi-14, wabhaliswa eRoyal Academy of Arts. Uthathe ukuhlolwa kokungena ezinsizwa ezinsizwa uSir Joshua Reynolds, ongumdwebi we-portrait. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuba ngumfundi wesikhungo semfundo esinethonya, uguquko ulalele izinkulumo zomculi owayethonye ubuhlakani be-watercolor.
Ukupenda
Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe e-Academy, umdwebi we-novice wacwaninga kahle izinkulumo eziphelele eziqondisweni ezinhle kwezobuciko ezitshelwa nguMongameli wokuqala wesikhungo sokuqala sesikhungo sobuciko. Ngonyaka emva kokuqala kokufunda, uWilliam, olotshwe yi-watercolor, wenza umbukiso embukisweni wonyaka wendawo.
Ukudweba kwe-Debut ngamafutha, ukuvezwa okunikezwayo, i-Turner idalwe ngo-1790. Kamuva, umsebenzi womdwebi njalo wawuboniswa e-Academy. Ngo-1791, wathola isikhundla somlobi we-articuling scenen e-Opera Pantheon, e-Oxford Street, futhi wasebenza futhi njengomfundisi wokupenda.
UWilliam wafaka isicelo esifundweni sobuciko njengabadwebi babadwebi besikhathi esedlule nabanamuhla. Izici zokutholwa komsebenzi wabanye abantu, wabuyekeza izithombe zabo futhi waveza imizwa yakhe.
Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi umuntu ngokumthanda ezikhethiwe ezishiwo Umdwebo we Claude Lorren: ". Ngomkhumbi seNdlovukazi Sava" Ngokusho Törner, akakwazanga ukubamba izinyembezi, ngibona isithombe sakhe, ebizwa ngokuthi I-Watercolor yathi ukusabela okunjalo okunesivunguvungu kuhlobene nalokho ayengakaze akubone ngaphambi kwaleyo.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, lapho uWilliam ethola udumo, wanikeza isitoreji somdwebo "uDidona, umsunguli weCarthage", lapho aphatha khona njengobuciko obuhle kakhulu, igalari yezwe. Wabuza kuphela ngento eyodwa - ukuthi umsebenzi uzojwayela "ukuhamba ngomkhumbi weNdlovukazi uSava." I-Turner ifundwe ngokuningiliziwe i-biography ye-lorren, kufaka phakathi ama-albhamu anezinhlaka zakhe ze-Lively Veritatis, ezaphefumulelwa isikhathi sokuvuthwa komculi waseFrance.
Kamuva, uWilliam wahlela ukukhishwa kwe-albhamu yakhe enesihloko esithi Liber Studion futhi wakhiqiza kabusha ngendlela efanayo nemidwebo kaLorren. Le ncwadi kwakuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaculi be-novice bayisebenzisa njengencwadi yombhalo. Ukuqoshwa kwayo kwasatshalaliswa phezu kwezingxenye ezimbiwe - ukupenda okungokomlando, izakhiwo, zasendlini nezenganekwane, izindawo zentaba kanye nolwandle.
Inguquko yokuqala yohambo lwenzekile ngo-1791. Kamuva, umdwebi wayehlale ethunyelwa ekuhambeni kwe-European - eSwitzerland, eFrance, e-Italy, okwenza imidwebo ngosizo lwephalethi lokuhamba ngezinyawo. UWilliam usele ngemuva kwefa elikhulu ngempela - imidwebo engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10 nemidwebo.
Imisebenzi ethathwe kuma-albhamu ezintabeni iphinde yaba yisisekelo sabancuno wamanzi wamanga adala eLondon. Ngempilo yakhe yokudala, indoda yayivame ukubuyela emidwebo emidala kakhulu.
UWilliam Turner, ube ngumculi odumile, uthole isikhundla selungu elihambisanayo leRoyal Academy ngoNovemba 4, 1799. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, umsebenzi wakhe "abadobi olwandle" wawuboniswa e-Academy, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho waphumelela futhi wamphakathi. Umculi uBenjamin West waqhathanisa nomsebenzi wommeleli wezothando neDashi Painter Rembrandt. NgoFebhuwari 10 woMon ofanayo, uWilliam wathola isimo somculi osemusha kakhulu owathola isimo seRoyal Academian.
Umdwebi wasebenza njalo ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bakhe, wazinikela isikhathi esiningi sokufunda izixhumanisi phakathi kwe-geology kanye nokwakhiwa, kanye nobungqabavu bokunyakaza komoya nokuningi kwamanzi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, wazuza ukuvezwa okuphelele namandla kumanzi akhe e-watercolors, okuvame ukuveza ukupenda ngamafutha.
Emsebenzini wakhe, uWilliam akazange asebenzise ukwamukela imininingwane, adala ukubukeka okusha kwezwe, ngosizo adlulisela khona okuhlangenwe nakho kwalo kanye nezinkumbulo. Emibhadweni, i-Turner iphinde yaveza isithombe sabantu ngesikhathi sepikinics, ukuhamba kanye nomsebenzi wasensimini. Ngokuzwela nothando kudonsela umuntu, i-Master yadlula eCanvas, ukuthi imvelo yakhe ingakanani ebuthakathaka phambi kwemvelo - ngasikhathi sinye sizolile futhi esibi, kepha singenakuqhathaniswa.
Ngo-1807, uWilliam uthole umsebenzi eRoyal Academy njengomfundisi wombono. Uhlanganise uhlelo lokuqeqeshwa ngendlela yokuthi ihlanganisa hhayi kuphela izingqinamba ezihlobene ngqo nesihloko esishiwoyo, kodwa futhi nezihloko eziningi ezibanzi kakhulu. Izinkulumo ze-Turner kwakungukucabanga kabusha kwenkambo ye-raolds futhi kwancenga ingqikithi ethandekayo yomdwebi - umbuzo "wokupenda izinkondlo".
UWilliam Turner uthole ukuthandwa okukhethekile ngemuva kokubhala imidwebo, enikelwe ezimpini nge-napoleon - "insimu nge-waterloo" ne "Trafalgar War".
Umdwebi wokuqala wavakashela e-Italy ngo-1819. Uvakashele uTurin, uMilan, eRoma, iVenice neNaples, lapho ayefunda khona umsebenzi wabaculi bendawo banamuhla, njengeTitaretto, uRafael.
Ngokubambisana nohambo oluya e-Italy, imidwebo kaWilliam yaqhakaza, futhi iphalethi labo bukhulu kakhulu ngokubuswa kwemibala eyisisekelo. Emsebenzini wakhe, kwavela ingqikithi entsha yeVenetia, eyayikhethekile ngomculi. Uvakashele iVenice izikhathi ezi-3 - ngo-1819, ngo-1833, 1833, 1840, ngakho izinkumbulo zalo muzi ziboniswe kwi-canvas.
Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke umuntu onelise impumelelo ye-Törner - umqoqi kanye nomculi uSir George Bomon wagxeka "inkululeko" yakhe. Kamuva nje, izinto ezintsha kanye nokwenziwa izinto ezintsha emsebenzini kaWilliam, owayelindele izigaba zokupenda ngasekupheleni kwawo-19 - ngokwekhulu lama-20 eminyaka, kwabangela ukusabela okumangazayo kwezikhathi zabantu ababephila ngezikhathi ezithile.
Umphakathi we-Victorian Era, okwakheka ngokoqobo, cishe ahlukile kubuciko bezithombe, kanye nokukhombisa ukumiswa kwemizwa kanye ne-gamut yombala esithobekile, nobunzima bathola imisebenzi eminingi yomculi.
Ngo-1830-1840, iTurn Turner yezwa ukuhlaselwa okwenziwe okuvela ezilalelini nabagxeki. Lo mculi waze waba nedumela lokuhlanya ngenxa yeminye yemisebenzi yakhe enomngcele. Mayelana nakho konke lokhu, iNdlovukazi uVictoria yenqabile ukwakha uWilliam e-Knights. Kodwa-ke, futhi kwakukhona abavikeli bemisebenzi yabasebenzi baseBrithani - umlobi uJohn Ryuskin wamnika isihloko somdwebi omkhulu wesikhathi sonke.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yomculi ovelele kwaziwa ukuthi kuncane kakhulu, wayifihla kahle imininingwane yobudlelwano bakhe. Kusukela eminyakeni emincane kuze kube sekufeni komzali, eza ngo-1829, uWilliam wahlala naye. Ubaba naye wayengumsizi nomngane.Inguquko ayitholanga owesifazane owayekulungele ukwenza umfazi wakhe osemthethweni. Kepha iminyaka eminingi bahlala kanye nomfelokazi osekhulile ogama lakhe linguSara Danby. Umbhangqwana wawunezingane ezimbili, womabili amantombazane. Okulandelayo, uWilliam uneminyaka engu-18 ubudlelwane ne-caroline booth, ehlala eChelsea.
Ukushona
KwakuseChelsea ngoDisemba 19, 1851 Ukuphila komculi kwaqubuka. Imbangela yokufa yayiyisifo sekholera. Amagama okugcina kaWilliam Torner - "Ilanga linguNkulunkulu." Lo mculi wangcwatshwa esontweni laseSt. Paul eduze kwethuna uSir Joshua Reynolds.
Ngo-2014, ifilimu yobuciko eqondiswa nguMike Lee, ukutshela ngesigaba sokugcina sempilo yomculi we-English-Marinist. UWilliam Turner wadlala umlingisi onethalente ne-movie Timothy Spoll.
Imidwebo
- 1799 - "I-Self-Portrait"
- Ngo-1812 - "Isivunguvungu seqhwa"
- Ngo-1812 - "Inguquko Hannibal ngokusebenzisa i-Alps"
- 1818 - "Dordcht"
- Ngo-1835 - "Isiteshi Esimnandi"
- Ngo-1839 - "Indiza yokugcina yomkhumbi" ithuluzi ""
- 1840 - "Umkhumbi weSleeve"
- Ngo-1844 - "Imvula, umusi nesivinini"
- Ngo-1845 - "Ukuphuma kwelanga ngeMarine Monsters"
- Ngo-1845 - "I-Noreses Castle, Sunrise"