Kusukela ngesikhathi lapho iCosmonaut yokuqala ivakashele umjikelezo, idlule iminyaka engama-60. Ngemuva kweYuri Gagarin, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, cishe amaqhawe angama-500 emazweni angama-36, cishe angama-50 awo abesifazane. Abanye balaba bantu bangena emlandweni waphakade wokunqoba isikhala. Ngabo - ngezinto ezibonakalayo 24cm.
Yuri Gagarin
Owayengumshayeli wezempi wezempi uYuri Gagarin waba ngowokuqala emlandweni owenziwa umuntu osemkhunjini, owaya emlolweni womhlaba. Lo mcimbi wenzeka ngo-Ephreli 12, 1961 - Usuku lwangena emlandweni we-cosmonautics yasekhaya nakwezwe lonke.
Izindawo ezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni
Ebhodini e-East-1 Spacecraft, elakhiwe nguSergey Pavlovich Korolev, uYuri Gagarin waphenduka ngokuphelele umhlaba. Wahlala e-orbit yeplanethi yethu imizuzu eyi-108. Ukuphathwa komkhumbi kwazenzakalela. UGagarin ebhodini faka izivivinyo ezilula: wadla, waphuza futhi waqopha amanothi.
Ukubaleka kokuqala emkhathini kuze kube phakade kwashintsha impilo yesintu futhi kwathonya i-biography kaYuri Gagarin uqobo. I-SOSMONAUT's Pilot yabela isihloko esiyingqayizivele sangomkhulu futhi yanikeza inkanyezi ye-Hero yeSoviet Union. Futhi lokhu akubali eminye imiklomelo eminingi namaphrimiyamu. ICosmonaut ivakashele amazwe angama-30 omhlaba futhi yahlangana nabaholi babo, kubandakanya neNdlovukazi yaseGreat Britain Elizabeth II neCuban Fidel Castro.
UGagarin wakhuluma futhi nabanye osaziwayo besikhathi sakhe, kubandakanya uGina Lollobrigid. Umlingisi wase-Italy wamanga ngesihlathi - isithombe esihlanganyelwe se-cosmonaut kanye ne-movie star deat ezungeze umhlaba wonke. Wayevame ukuhamba kulo lonke elase-USSR, kubandakanya futhi avakashele i-DON, lapho umlobi odumile uMikhail Sholokhov owamenywa mathupha ngumnqobi weCosmos.
Impilo kaGagarin yagqekeza ngokudabukisayo. U-Yuri Aleksevich kanye nomfundisi wakhe uVladimir Sellgin baya endizeni yakhe yokugcina ngoMashi 27, 1968. Endleleni ebuyela emuva, ngemuva kokwenza umsebenzi wokushayela umshayeli, indiza yaphela ukuba iboshwe, yabe yawa emhlabathini. Bobabili abashayeli bezindiza bafa.
IsiJalimane Titov
I-Titov yayiphakathi kwabafundi abayisithupha, enye yayo okwakufanele yenze indiza yokuqala yesikhala. Ngenxa yalokho, uHerman Stepanovich waya e-Orbit ngo-1961, lapho eneminyaka engama-25 (uYuri Gagarin wenza indiza yakhe edume ngo-27). Futhi namanje kuhlala kuyi-cosmonauut encane kunazo zonke kusukela ekuqaleni kokunqotshwa kwesikhala sangezelelesi. I-Titov ingene endabeni njengomuntu ovakashele owesibili esikhaleni futhi asetshenziswe okokuqala e-orbit ngaphezulu kosuku - isikhathi sendiza sasingamahora angama-25 nemizuzu eyi-18.Indiza yesibili ye-cosmic ifakazele ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukusebenza emjikelezweni womhlaba. Emthunzini "vostok-2", iSoviet Cosmonaut yenze uvivinyo lokuphathwa kwemikhumbi yezandla. Futhi kwenziwe izivivinyo zomzimba, wadla, wasebenza futhi - okubaluleke kakhulu! - Slept. UHerman Titov wathatha ikhamera naye, wagibela umkhumbi futhi waba ngumlobi wezithombe zokuqala zomhlaba ezenziwe emkhathini.
U-Alexey Leonov
U-Alexey Leonov ungene emlandweni wezinkanyezi njengomuntu, owokuqala ukuba sendaweni evulekile. Ukuhlolwa kwenzeke ngoMashi 18, 1965 kwakhombisa umthelela emzimbeni wendawo yesikhala, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kwaveza ukungahambi kahle kwemishini. Isivivinyo sacishe saphetha ngokudabukisayo. I-Astronaut ikhishwe ngumdlali - ukuvuvukala. Futhi uLeonov akakwazanga ukubuyela ebhodini. Futhi, u-Alexei Archapovich waqala i-tachycardia, izinga lokushisa lenyuka, ukuphefumula kunzima. ICosmonaut yaya esigabeni esiphelelwe yithemba futhi yaphosa ingcindezi ku-scaffle, okungaholela egazini ebilisa. Kodwa-ke, izinhlekelele zikwazile ukuzigwema, futhi nesibindi sabuya emkhunjini.
Ukubuya ebhodini leLeonov kanye nokaputeni womkhumbi uPavel Belsaeeva akazange aphele. I- "East-2" yehlulekile uhlelo lokuhambisa. Ngenxa yalokho, uBelleeEV kwadingeka azilawule futhi abe yi-cosmonaut yokuqala, eyayisekela umkhumbi emkhathini futhi ethule izinjini zokubopha. Umkhumbi wafika endaweni ehleliwe, eTaaf Taiga - ama-Astronauts asindile, yize ahlala izinsuku ezimbili emakhazeni.
UValentina Tereshkova
UValentina Tereshkova waba ngumfazi wokuqala - usonkanyezi. Usagcina isimo sommeli omuhle wezocansi esenzele indiza yendawo kuphela. Ukukhethwa kwabazongenela ukhetho kwaqala ngo-1962. Ikhomishini ikhethe izinselelo ezinhlanu phakathi kwamapharati. Amatende aseTereshkova akhombisa imiphumela emihle, kepha iKhrushchev yagcizelela ukuthi wawuhloswe ubuthi ngokuphuma. Indima ebalulekile yadlalwa ngumsebenzi weValentina Vladimirovna.Ukundiza kokuqala kowesifazane kwenzeka ngoJuni 16, 1963 emkhunjini "vostok-6". UValentina Tereshkova uchithe izinsuku ezintathu emkhunjini wesikhala. Ngesikhathi endizeni wawukuzimele ngokuzimela umkhumbi osendleleni. Kepha ngenxa yephutha ekwakhiweni kohlelo lokuphatha, lokhu akunakwenzeka. Umhlaba uvumele uhlelo lwe-autopilot. USergey Korolev wenqabela iThereshkova ukuzokhuluma ngephutha lobuchwepheshe. Futhi umakheli ngokwakhe wathi uValentine wayenecala lokuzama okuhlulekile, futhi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe akekho umuntu wesifazane owayendiza kakhulu emkhathini.
Neil Armstrong
Ngokokuqala ngqa i-Armstrong yangena emkhathini ngoMashi 1968 njengenduna yomkhumbi "Gemini-8". Ngesikhathi sendiza, umkhumbi wawuswayiswa nge-Ajen Rocket. Futhi emva konyaka, uNeil wenza ukubale kwa-satellite wasemhlabeni. Emhlanganweni wenyanga kwakukhona imodyuli yabo eyinhloko, futhi i-Armstrong ne-Pilot Edwin Aldrin batshala imodyuli yabo emkhakheni wolwandle lokuthula.
Ukuxoshwa kwathatha amahora angama-21,5. Ngale mishini, izinkanyezi zaphuma ebusweni benyanga. U-Armstrong waba ngumuntu wokuqala umlenze wawo washiya umfutho emhlabathini we-satellite omhlaba. Kulandelwa u-Edwin Oldrin. Ama-Astronauts achithe ngaphandle kwama-module angenhla amahora angama-2,5.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iqiniso lokufika kwabantu baseMelika enyangeni likubuze. Ukuqoshwa kwevidiyo okwenziwe ebusweni be-satellite yomhlaba wethu, kukubheke. Kuvunywa ngokuqanjwa kwamanga kwe- "Apollo" mission kwabizwa ngokuthi "uzungu lwenyanga".
UJohn Yang.
UJohn Young naye wabamba iqhaza ekutholeni kwabantu baseMelika ebusweni beNyanga. Futhi ngesikhathi se-Apollon-10 Mission, i-Astronaut yaba ngowokuqala owenza ukuba indiza emjikelezweni we-satellite womhlaba - kwenzeka ngo-1969. Ngo-1972, abancane noCharles Dick bandizela enyangeni okwesibili futhi bahlala e-orbit yakhe izinsuku ezintathu.Ngaphezu kwe- "Apollo" Mission, ama-Astronauts abandakanyeka ezinhlelweni ezimbili ezihlobene nezindiza ezinomoya, "Gemini kanye nesikhala SHTTL. UJohn Yang usalokhu ukuphela komuntu ophethe izinhlobo ezine ze-spacecraft.
UJan Livea
UJan Livili waba yi-Astronaut yokuqala yaseChina. Indiza yakhe yenzeka ngo-Okthoba 15, 2003 emkhunjini weShenzhou-5. Emahoreni angama-21, iKetema eMiddle Exprew yenze i-14 ijika iplanethi yafika endaweni ephumelelayo ye-Mongolia yangaphakathi. Uma kwenzeka ufika, endaweni engahleliwe, uLiev wathatha itende, ummese nesikhali.
Ukuze unembe kakhudlwana, i-Yang Livay yaba yisakhamuzi sokuqala saseChina, sivakashele isikhala. Ngokusemthethweni, isiShayina sokuqala esikhaleni sangaphandle singusosayensi waseMelika we-Chinese osuka eTaylor Wenge, oye wandiza ngo-1985.
Vladislav Volkov
I-USSR yaletha ukujikeleza isiteshi sokuqala se-orbital - soyuz-1. Yahlelwa ukuba i-dock "soyuz-10", kepha ukuhlinzwa kuphukile ngenxa yamaphutha ezobuchwepheshe. UVladislav Volkov, kanye noViktor Patsayev noGeorge Dobrrovolsky, kwadingeka bafeze isikejana sesibili. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-23, ama-astronauts kwadingeka abuyele emhlabeni, noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwe-valve yokungena komoya, ingcindezi yawela ku-capsule. UVolkov nabalingani bakhe bafa.Le nhlekelele akuyona ukuphela kwe-soviet cosmonautics. UVladimir Komarov waba ngumuntu wokuqala owashona ngesikhathi endiza emkhathini, ngubani, lapho efika ngomkhumbi, wenqaba uhlelo lokubhula lwe-parachi.
UGennady Padalka
UGenady Padalka uchithe izinsuku ezingama-878 ezikhathini futhi waba ngumnikazi werekhodi lomhlaba ngesikhathi esiphelele sokuhlala e-Orbit. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, uSergey Krikalev wasala umholi kwizinkomba ezichaziwe - wayesesiteshini sosuku lwezinsuku ezingama-803 futhi wachitha u-6 eqala.
Kulokhu, umholi ngenani lokuphuma esikhaleni sangaphandle nesikhathi esichithwe ngaphezulu kungenye i-cosmonaut eRussia - u-Alexey Soloviev. Uphume wavula isikhala izikhathi eziyi-16 futhi wasebenza ngaphandle komkhumbi ongamahora angama-82 nemizuzu engama-21.
UDennis Tito
UDennis Tito waba ngumvakashi wokuqala we-Space yena ngokwakhe waxhasa ngemali yakhe endizeni: I-Wilshire ihlanganisa inkampani yokutshala imali ekhokhelwe lolu hambo. Ukuqala kwenziwa kusuka ku-baikonur cosmodrome ebhodini lomkhumbi we-pilotad "Union TM-32", lapho uTito wafika khona e-ISS. Ngesikhathi sendiza, isivakashi senze imizila engu-128 emhlabeni wonke. Kulolu suku, usomabhizinisi achithe amadola ayizigidi ezingama-20.Kodwa-ke, i-astronaut yokuqala engenasisekelo empeleni iyisivakashi - UTyokiro Akiyama usemude ngaphambi kweTito. Ukuhlala kwakhe esikhaleni ngo-1990 kwakhokha inkampani yeTokyo TST TV, intatheli lapho kwakukhona khona amaJapane.
Cosmonaut lyudmila
Iphephandaba lase-Italy Corriere della Sera ngo-1965 elishicilelwe kusolwa ukuthi litholwe ngumsakazo amateurs isiqephu sengxoxo. Abafowethu esibongo beYudik Cordigal, ababethanda umsakazo wezingane, bathi amarekhodi owesifazana waseSoviet Cosmonaut's Soviet okuthiwa uLudmila, ohole inkhulumomphendvulwano ne-PCU.
Abafowethu base-Italiya bamemezele ukuthi banolwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezindiza ezihlosiwe e-USSR eholela ezihlukumezekile zabantu. Ngokusho kwabo, uLyudmila washisa ephila. Kodwa-ke, kwirekhodi eliphakeme eliphakeme eliphakeme kakhulu ukuthi owesifazane ukhuluma isiRussia, kodwa nge-accent eqinile, futhi futhi akasebenzisi i-start protocol ye-amormucation yomsakazo yamukelwa kumayunithi amasosha aseSoviet ale minyaka yezempi yaleyo minyaka. Ngenxa yalokho, irekhodi laqashelwa ukuqamba amanga. Kepha futhi iminyaka eminingi ngemuva kokudalula izindaba ezingamanga nge-cosmonaut lyudmila ethosiwe eshonile iyaqhubeka nokuthandwa yinethiwekhi.
Yimaphi ama-cosmonauts manje asendaweni
Manje, ngo-2021, abantu abayisikhombisa basesikhaleni. Umkhuzi we-Expedition u-Cussian cosmonaut Oleg Novitky, uPuteran wezobutha, esikhathini esidlule - umshayeli wekilasi lesibili. Ama-Fortyrnerers: AmaMelika Mengan Macarthur, Shane Cymbro noMark Wanda Hai, isiRussia uDubrov, iFranceman Thomas Sand kanye neJapan Akikhiko Hooside. Ngo-Okthoba, i-matias Maurer, ngempama i-Anton, uThomas Marsh noRaja Chari bazokhuliswa ebhodini le-ISS beyokusiza ekusebenzeni. Manje ama-cosmonauts asemkhathini enza umsebenzi olandelayo: yenza ucwaningo emkhakheni wezemvelo, i-biology, umuthi, ukuzibandakanya ekuhlolweni kwemishini nokusebenzisa i-ISS ngokuhambisana nemigomo.