I-Universe inezimfumbe eziningi, futhi enye yezinkinga - udaba olumnyama, okungelona umuntu alubonayo, kepha ososayensi bayaqiniseka ukuthi likhona. Le nto engaphatheki igcwalisa ama-85% wesikhala. IHhovisi Lokuhlela le-24CMI laqoqa imininingwane ngocwaningo lwakamuva lwemfihlo eyinhloko emhlabeni we-astrofesics.
Yini inkinga emnyama
Into emnyama ku-Astronomy ibizwa ngokuthi inhlanganisela yezinto ezingenazinkanyezi ezingenakuqhathaniswa. Le ndlela yento ye-cosmic ayibonwa, ngoba ayisebenzisane nokusabela nge-electromagnetic. Amadivaysi anamuhla awakakamiswanga neatrine noma imisebe ye-electromagnetic. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva lwezazi zezinkanyezi, le nhlanganisela ikota yamandla amaningi wendawo yonke futhi uzibonakalise ekuxhumaneni namandla adonsela phansi - kunezinto eziphindwe kahlanu.
Into emnyama, njenganoma iyiphi into, ibamba iqhaza ekusebenzisaneni kwamandla adonsela phansi futhi ihlanganiswe ibe ngama-clots amakhulu esikhaleni esingaphandle ngohlelo lwe-Galaxy noma lwe-Galaxies. Ama-Astrophysics akholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwalesi sisindo kufaka phakathi izinhlayiya ezingakatholakali ezimeni zasemhlabeni.
Inkinga yesisindo esifihliwe
Iqoqo lokungafinyeleleki ekufundweni kwezinto ezisendaweni libizwa nangokuthi isisindo esifihlekile. Ukuba khona kwale nto engabonakali kungakaze kufakazelwe, kepha abacwaningi baye bathumela leli gama. I-Astrophysics isetshenziselwa ukusesha izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezinikeza imiphumela ehlukile - Izinto zokuziphatha ezibikezelwe kuhlaka lomakhelwane wasezulwini luyahlukahluka.Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukunqwabelana kwezinkanyezi kujikeleze endaweni yonke ezungeze isikhungo esisodwa. Lapho kubalwa izinqwaba, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi lezi zinto zilula kakhulu ukuhambisa ngesivinini esikhulu esiningi emkhathini - le "carousel" kuzowa. Lapho-ke izazi zezinkanyezi zangenisa umqondo wesisindo esifihlekile ukuze ebhekabheka umbono wokuba mbono ukuchaza ukungafani ezifundweni eziphikisanayo. Umnyombo we-hypothesis ukuthi izinto zesikhala "zimvikele" into engabonakali enamandla adonsela phansi, equkethe izinhlayiya ezingaziwa.
Umsebenzi wobukhona bokuba khona kwento emnyama ubizwa ngokuthi yinkinga yesisindo esifihliwe, esiqukethe izigatshana ezimbili. Owokuqala, u-Astrophysical, okungukuthi, ukungafani, ezifundweni zezinhlelo ezibonakalayo zezinto ezihlobene nokuthakazelisa (ukunqwabelana kwemithala), ngamapharamitha agcinwe anquma imiphumela yamandla adonsela phansi. Inkinga yesibili yokuba khona kwesisindo esifihlekile ibizwa ngokuthi i-cosmological - lokhu kuyimibono yezinkomba zezinkomo ezibonakalayo ezikhonjwe ngokuya ngamapharamitha aphakathi nendawo yendawo yonke yendawo yonke.
Umlando Wokutadisha
Imibono yokuqala mayelana nokuba khona kwento engabonakali esikhaleni esenziwe ngo-1906, lapho eqala i-hypothesis yeNkosi uKelvin ekuhlolweni inqwaba yezinkanyezi, ecabanga ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezivelayo. Umlandeli wakhe ovela e-Estonia Ernst Epic wafika esiphethweni sokuthi asikho isisindo esifihliwe, noma leli nani alilikhulu kangako njengento ebonakalayo. Ngemuva kwakhe, umcwaningi waseDashi uJacobus Karttein wabeka phambili i-hypothesis mayelana nokuba khona kwento emnyama exhumana nokuqongelela izinkanyezi. Usosayensi waqala wasebenzisa leli gama.
Ngawo-1930s, uFritz zwickki wahlola inhlangano yezinwele zikaVeronica futhi wembula iqembu elikhulu lemithala lapho. Ngesikhathi sokubonwa, isazi sezinkanyezi saseSwitzerland sabona ukuthi iqembu elibonakalayo lingaphansi kwalolo. Ukutholwa okufanayo kwenza i-American Sinclair Smith ngesikhathi sokufunda kwentombango yentombi. Wabala isisindo esijwayelekile sengxenye eyodwa yeqembu lomthala futhi wafunda ukuthi yayilingana no-2⋅1011 inqwaba yelanga. Lokhu kugcizelele lapho kukhona into yesikhala ku-cluster.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukungafani kwejubane lezinhlelo ezibonakalayo ze-Interstrellar igesi kanye nothuli kukhombisa ukuba khona kwento engabonakali. Ngesikhathi sokuvula uZwick noSmith, umphakathi wezezimali, umphakathi wezazi zezinkanyezi wawungabaza kulezi ziphetho, ngoba i-hypothesis mayelana nokuba khona kwento engabonakali esikhaleni ayizange icatshangelwe kakhulu.
Ukwethembeka komqondo wokuba khona kwalolu daba elingabonakali, oluqokwe ngumcwaningi waseSwitzerland, kuqinisekisile uVera Rubin ngemuva kweminyaka engama-40. Umcwaningi uthole izinkomba ze-spectrographic zejubane lokujikeleza komthala m 31 Galaxy. Isazi sezinkanyezi sibona ukuthi le ndaba itholakala lapho, okungeke kuvezwe ama-optical noma umsakazo amaza.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uJan Einoso waphakamisa ukuba khona kwendaba emnyama. Lokhu kuyingxenye ye-hypothetical efinyelela ngaphandle kwengxenye ebonakalayo ye-Star Cluster. Isisindo se-halo yingxenye eyinhloko yezinqwaba ze-Galaxy. Le nto ayikwazi ukubonwa ngqo. Ama-Astrophysics athola halo ethonyeni legesi nezinkanyezi emithaleni.
Yini into emnyama
Ukwakheka kososayensi bezinto zeCosmic azange batadishe. Izazi zezinkanyezi zikholelwa ukuthi isakhi esiyinhloko, lapho kuvela khona into emnyama, - isula. Isisindo salezi zinhlayiya izikhathi eziyishumi ngaphezu kwamaprotoni. Into ekhombisa kuphela impahla - ulalela umthetho wokudonsela phansi komhlaba wonke.Izazi zezinkanyezi zifuna "abafakizicelo" zendima yama-wimpers. Ngokweqiniso, into ifaka ama-axetions - izinhlayiya ezingathathi hlangothi, ama-nerrinos alula futhi asindayo - anikezwe isisindo esincane, kepha inombolo yawo ithinta amandla esikhala. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi uNetrinos endaweni yonke njengezithombe. Ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlayiya kubacwaningi bemvelo kufakazele.
Ngo-2020, izazi ze-University of York zinikezela "ukhetho" olusha lwendima yamaWiper - Hxakvark. Lezi zinhlayiya zixhumeke komunye nomunye ngezindlela ezihlukile futhi zisebenza njenge-athomu elikhulu. Abaphenyi baseBrithani bakholelwa ukuthi i-Hexakvarka yadala ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhuma okukhulu.
Sesha
Ososayensi bafuna into engabonakali esikhaleni nasemhlabeni. Ngemuva kwezivivinyo eziningi, abacwaningi baphakamise ukuthi isiginesha yento ingaba yimisebe ye-X-ray yemithala. Futhi, ama-x-ray asetshenziselwa ukusesha, okuvela eduze kwe-neutron Stars, noma ukuqubuka kokukhanya kulezi zindawo.
Ngo-2020, ososayensi base-University of Chicago banikeza amadivaysi akwazi ukubamba amasiginali e-axeion nama-photon afihliwe. Abaphenyi bayaqiniseka ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe buzothuthukisa ukutadisha kwento engaphandle.
Amandla amnyama
Isilinganiso sezinqwaba zento ejwayelekile futhi zimnyama emnyama. Ngokwesisindo samandla wendawo yonke, ama-5% athatha into ye-baryon - udaba olujwayelekile, okuvela kuzo izinkanyezi namaplanethi, kufaka phakathi umhlaba, kanye nama-25% wendaba emnyama. Ama-70% asele athatha amandla amnyama aphikisana namandla adonsela phansi. Le nto iphakeme kakhulu kunamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni jikelele, okubangela ukwanda okusheshisiwe kwendawo yonke kusukela kuqhuma okukhulu.Isikhombi se-Bill Bias siyadingeka ososayensi ukubala ijubane nokususwa kwemithala. Ekuqaleni, abacwaningi bamukela imodeli yendawo yonke, ngokusho kwalapho ukwanda kwehle. Kodwa-ke, ukutholwa kwamandla amnyama kushintshe lolu ntshumayelo. Ngo-1998, izazi zezinkanyezi zithola ukuthi amaqoqo enkanyezi awanciphisi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha ukusheshisa kuphela - amandla athile abe nomthelela kulokhu, "amandla we-inflating". Ngokweqiniso, ngosizo lokucabanga mayelana nokuba khona kwamandla amnyama endaweni yonke, ungaxazulula inkinga yesisindo esifihlekile.
Izinkanyezi Ezimnyama
I-Astrophysics ibeke phambili i-hypothesis ukuthi izinkanyezi ezimnyama ezazinezinto ezimnyama zazikhona ekuqaleni kokusungulwa kwendawo yonke. Izinto zivezwa njengamafu we-hydrogen kanye ne-helium enezinhlaka zezinkanyezi ezi-4 kuya kwangama-2000. Imisebe yalezi zinkanyezi ayikwazi ukulungiswa ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi komhlaba. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi izinhloso zalolu hlobo zilondolozwe ezinsukwini zethu futhi kungenzeka ukubathola usebenzisa imisebe ye-gamma. Ososayensi abafaki ngaphandle kwalapho izinkanyezi ezimnyama zinephutha ngamafu ajwayelekile e-hydrogen ebandayo ye-molecular.
Umsebenzi weLivermorsk National Labortory George Cheeplin uphakamise ukuthi kube nezinkanyezi zamandla amnyama. Lezi zinto ezicwaninga zibheka enye indlela ehlukile kwizimbobo ezimnyama. Ngokusho kwe-ceplin hypothesis, into esenzakalelayo idlula lapho imicimbi yezehlakalo futhi iguqulwa ibe amandla we-vacuum. Ukubuya kunyamalala emcimbini womcimbi, ngoba isikhala esisele kukhona ukulwela ngamandla adonsela phansi. Phenya isiphakamiso esiphathelene nezimbobo ezimnyama futhi wathi akukho.
Imephu Yento Emnyama
Ngo-2021, ososayensi badale ikhadi elinemininingwane eminingi yokusatshalaliswa kwento emnyama esikhaleni namuhla. Umphumela wenza umuzwa emhlabeni we-physics kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi. Ngokusekelwe ezifundweni, ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi le nto isatshalaliswa ngokusobala kunalokho obekufanele emcabangweni wokuhlobana kuka-Albert Einstein. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Great Physist yayingalungile.
Kusetshenziswa ubuhlakani bokufakelwa, abaphenyi bahlaziya ukukhanya, okwakhipha amakhulu ezigidi zama-Interstendar igesi kanye namaqoqo othuli, futhi afundze leli fomu lokwelula. Izindawo ezimhlophe ziyinto emnyama, lapho kunokwazana okungokoqobo kobuntu. Amabala amnyama - izindawo ezingenalutho, noma ukujabulela. Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi kuneminye imithetho ye-physics. Lo msebenzi ukhombisile ukuthi le ndaba ebhekwayo isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kune-Einstein ecatshangelwe, futhi imithala ingeyamehlo angabonakali ezakhiweni ezinkulu. Izazi zezinkanyezi zimemezela ukuthi lokhu kutholwa kuzoshintsha ukuqonda kwesikhala.