I-Biograge
Umculi wase-American Rotko we-American Rotko yinkosi eyaziwa umhlaba wonke ye-Abstract Expentact Expract, emi ekuqaleni kokudalwa kobuchwepheshe bezinkundla zombala. Ilifa lakhe, elinezinombolo ezingama-836 ezisebenza nge-canvas, manje selilinganiswe kumashumi ezigidi zamaRandi futhi liseqoqweni lezithombe emhlabeni jikelele, kufaka phakathi igalari yezithombe eMadrid, futhi iningi Imidwebo ebalulekile "i-Orange, ebomvu, ephuzi" ibonwa njengezinto ezisetshenziswayo kakhulu., "Cha. 10", "Cha. 6" ("onsomi, eluhlaza okobomvu") no "№1" (" ").Ubuntwana nentsha
UMark Rotko, owayebizwa ngawo obizwa ngeMarcus Yakovlevich Rotkovich, wazalwa ngoSepthemba 25, 1903 edolobheni laseVitebsk esifundazweni, endaweni yawo ama-daugavpils, ezokuphatha kanye namasiko eLatvia manje. Umfana uthole imfundo ephelele futhi wafunda ukukhuluma nokufunda ngezilimi ezi-3. Emvelweni lapho kukhuliswa khona abamele inkolo yakwaJuda, izinsolo zenhlabathi yezenkolo nezezepolitiki zazivame ukwenzeka, ngakho kusukela esemncane uMarku nabafowethu nodadewethu babehlala ekucindezelweni nasekwesabeni.
Lo mfo wakwazi ukuthola imfundo esikolweni sendabuko samaJuda, bese evikela izingane empini ekwahlukanisweni koMbuso WaseRussia, umndeni wathuthela e-United States. Njengoba ihlala engahlali ngaphandle ePortland, iRotokovichi yasinda kule nhlekelele ehambisana nokufa kondlawomu, futhi lo mcimbi wabancoma ukwenza ubukhona bawo ababuthaka futhi baqale izimpilo zabo.
Uma nje umama nezingane ezindala zishonelwa izindlela zokudla, uMarcus ngo-1921 esuka esikoleni samabanga aphezulu kaLincoln futhi, wakwazi kahle ulimi lwesiNgisi, waba yilungu elisebenzayo lomphakathi wamaJuda kanye nesivumelwano senqubomgomo. Ukuphuza izinkinga zezintshisakalo zabantu abasebenzayo kanye namalungelo abesifazane ekusebenziseni izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo, lapho kwavela khona ama-anarchists adumile aseMelika uMisetiwood no-Emma Goldman.
Ukuzizwa ubiza ubuciko, le nsizwa yangena esikoleni idizayini futhi yalalela inkambo yezinkulumo ze-theorist edumile ye-abstract eppentism u-Asherct Gorki, owathuthela eMelika ngesikhathi sombuso wase-Ottoman. Emva kwalokho, uMarcus wathuthela kwiNhlangano Yezosazi-mlando Zobuciko Bamfundisi futhi wawela ngaphansi kwethonya lika-Max Weber, owabonga kakhulu ngomsebenzi ngesitayela se-cubism.
Ngaphansi kokuholwa kwalo mfundisi onethalente, uRothko wabumba umbono wakhe wokupenda futhi wabona ukuthi imidwebo ingasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuzichaza ngokomoya nangokomzwelo.
Ukupenda
I-canvas yakhe, emelela izigcawu ezimnyama nezigcawu ezivela empilweni yezakhamizi, zatholakala kahle ngabagxeki. Ukuchazwa kwemidwebo kaRotko kwavezwa kugalari yobuciko besimanje eNew York, futhi umculi wathola ukunakwa kwezazi-mlando zobuciko ngokusebenzisa imidwebo yombala ocebile njengombhikisho wokufana kokupenda kwangempela kwaseMelika.
Isitayela sesitayela somsebenzi "Ukugeza, noma indawo esogwini" saqala ukuguqukela ejele, lapho izipewu ezinamakhaza zithola khona ingcebo yemibala ekhanyayo. Ngo-1936, le ndlela yokupenda uRoadko izamile ukuchaza emsebenzini wethiyori, kodwa incwadi ebitshele ukuthi ama-suplistic asemthethweni futhi athuthekile ayengaphezu kokuphila komculi.
Emzamweni wokudlula ngalezi zifundo ezazinomthelela wezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki, uMarku nobalandeli baphendukela esikhaleni sokwazi komuntu, okudlula umkhawulo womlando othile namasiko athile. Futhi kusukela kulowomzuzu kuqhubeke, inhloso yobuciko bokuthi umculi wawugcwala igebe elingaphakathi elingokomoya.
Imidwebo eminingi, ebhalwe ngaphansi kwethonya lalo mbono, yaba ukunqunyelwa kabusha kweziza zenganekwane futhi yathola amagama athi "antigona", "u-Edipip", "Isisulu Sokubalwa Kwokungabantu". Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uRosto wayeka ukubiza umsebenzi wakhe futhi wamkhawulela ezibalweni noma incazelo yemibala esetshenzisiwe.
Kusesimweni sefomethi yomculi owethulwe esikhungweni sobuciko esidumile, esingesikhungo se-Peggy Guggenheim, futhi naphezu kokugxekwa okubukhali, abanye babo bathengiswa ngentengo ka- $ 150-750.
Kamuva, umsebenzi omningi ochotshoziwe iminyaka engu-7 uboniswe minyaka yonke emnyuziyamu we-ANGANI ART WHITNEY. Izindleko zemidwebo enjalo njenge- "Lavender ne-Mulberry", "isikhungo esimhlophe", "Bomvu ku-Break Bordeaux" kanye "oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okonaka izinkulungwane zamaRandi.
Impumelelo yezentengiselwano ayizange ithokozise umculi, nango-1960s, yakhulelwa iphrojekthi entsha ebizwa ngokuthi i-The Chapel Rotko. Kuyathakazelisa iqiniso lokuthi uMlobi walo mbono, okwakungukuzalwa kokuzalwa, wanquma ukubeka igumbi ngesitayela samaRoma Katolika. Ngenxa yalokhu, umsebenzi owenziwe njengengxenye yale phrojekthi kwaba isiphetho sobuciko kule minyaka eyi-10 eyedlule, bangabonakala esithombeni kumakhathalogi nama-albhamu ezokuphepha.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Inkampani yabaculi be-novice Rothko yahlangana nomqambi wobucwebecwebe, ushukela we-Edith, kwathi ngo-1933 le ntombazane enhle yokungakhathali yaba ngumkakhe. Ngo-1937, abashadikazi bahlukana nangemva kokubuyisana ngakho behluleka ukusungula ngokugcwele impilo yomuntu siqu. Ngo-1943, ekugcineni lo mbhangqwana wahlukana, umdwebi wawukudangala okude, ebhekana nobuhlungu ngokuvela kwegebe.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uRothko wahlangana nesithandwa esisha futhi ngokushesha washada noMary Alice Besloll, abajwayelene nabo babengabangani abanobungane. Ngenxa yethonya lawo, umdwebi wanqoba ukudabuka futhi wabhala izimangaliso, ezaziwa kakhulu yizo kwakuwukupenda "okuhamba kancane onqenqemeni lolwandle".
Kamuva, umbhangqwana uhambe kakhulu. Ngesikhathi kuvakashela eYurophu ngo-1950, babenendodakazi eyayibizwa ngoKate ukuhlonipha umama weRosto. Kepha ngemuva kwesifo esasidale ukuqina, umdwebi ohlukanisile noshade naye kanye neminyaka yokugcina waphila yedwa.
Ukushona
Ngo-1968, uRosto waqala ukuhlushwa ukuhlaselwa kobuthakathaka bomzimba, kwathi ngemuva kokuhlolwa, odokotela bathola ukuthi i-aneurysm ekhanyayo ye-aorta futhi yenza imiyalo ethile engafakwanga ngokweqile nokuzikhandla ngokomzimba. Kepha phawula izeluleko ezinganakwa futhi waqhubeka nokusebenza, uphuza futhi ubheme.Ngenxa yalokho, waqala ukuhlushwa ukuhlaselwa kokudangala nangoFebhuwari 25, 1970 wazibulala. Ngosuku, lapho umsebenzi wakamuva ufika eThapel of Rotko, isidumbu somculi satholwa phansi komhlangano. Ngemuva kokuvulwa, kwavela ukuthi imbangela yokufa kwakungu-overdose we-barbiturates, okwabangela ukumiswa kwenhliziyo nokuthosa ebuchosheni.
Imidwebo
- Ngo-1947 - "Ophuzi, obomvu no-orange"
- Ngo-1949 - "I-Violet, emnyama, i-orange, ophuzi ku-White and Red"
- Ngo-1949 - №3 / №13 ("Magenta, omnyama, oluhlaza okotshani ku-Orange")
- Ngo-1950 - "Isikhungo esimhlophe" ("ophuzi, opinki kanye ne-lavender ku-rose")
- 1951 - №2 (№7 no №2)
- 1953 - Akunakuqhathaniswa
- 1953 - №3.
- 1953 - №61 ("Ukugqwala kanye noBlue")
- Ngo-1954 - №1 ("ROOLBORBED neBlue")
- Ngo-1956 - Orange nophuzi
- 1959 - "Mnyama kuMaroon"
- 1964-1967 - I-Rotko Chapel
- Ngo-1966 - Akunakuqhathaniswa ("okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuhlukaniswe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka")