I-Biograge
Ukuqala kokudweba kwesithonjana sesitho saseRussia kuwela emgqeni wamakhulu eminyaka we-XIV-XV - isikhathi lapho imisebenzi yabo yobungcweti idala abadwebi abadumile norerei rublev kanye noFeofan Greek. Lesi samuva safika eRussia sisuka eRussia sisuka e-Byzantium sesivele sakha inkosi, kodwa saba mkhulu ngokweqiniso ngo-1390. Amasonto amakhulu ama-Orthodox aseMoscow naseNizhny Novgorod ahlotshiswe ngama-frescoes nezimpawu ze-feek yakwa-feek.Ukhanda
Ngokusho kwenguqulo evunyelwe ngokuvamile, umdwebi wesithonjana wazalelwa cishe ngo-1340 eConstantinople - inhliziyo yombuso weByzantine, owathola isidlaliso sesiGreki. I-Rus isibe ekhaya i-feofan ngo-1370 - weza ku-Novgorod, mhlawumbe, kanye nesitini sedolobha elikhulu. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-20, ngonyaka we-1390, wathuthela eMoscow, lapho achitha khona impilo yakhe yonke. Ngokuya kwezazi-mlando ezithile, uFeofan wayehlala eSerpukhov naseKolomna, kepha umsebenzi wobuciko obulalile wadalwa.
UFeofan Greek ungumlandeli we-iSCAMM. Lo mkhonzi wobuKristu ubiza ukuzindla ngendlela yolwazi lwaphezulu. Umdwebi wesithonjana washona ngo-1410, kodwa kungakapheli u-1413. Imbangela yokufa imvelo, ngoba uFeofan Greek, ngokwezibalo ezingaba khona, washintshana ngetende le-8.
I-1413th ibiliswe ezicini zehlathi ze-Greek Faofan, umbhali nomculi u-Epiphany oleveni abathunyelwa kumngane wakhe uSurb Kirill Belozersky. Ngendlela, incwadi ka-Epiphany ingumthombo oyinhloko okuvela kuyo imininingwane mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu ye-FEOOFAN nendlela yayo yokusebenza.
Ukudala
Ngokusho kwe-epiphany ye-woven, izimpilo zayo, uFeofan wapenda amasonto angaphezu kwamatshe angama-40 eConstantinople (i-Istanbul yesimanje), i-Chalkidone, Galate, Cafe (manje i-Feodosia) nasemadolobheni aseRussia yasendulo. Kugcinwe ubuciko baseRussia kuphela kulolu suku.
Umsebenzi wokuqala futhi obhalwe ngu-Feofan Greek yisonto lesiGandiso esinguMsindisi ku-Ilsin Street, osasebenza umhlobiso weVeliky Novgorod. Kuze kube izikhathi zethu, ukupenda kwafika kuhlukaniswe. Izinto ezifakiwe zikuvumela ukuthi uhlole amakhono omlobi kanye nesilinganiso somsebenzi owenziwe.
Okulondolozwe kahle kakhulu ne- "Drum". Engxenyeni esemqoka yokwakheka, kuboniswe i-boiler ephindwe kabili, wasindisa umninimandla onke. Ngokwe-portrait contour, yahoxiswa kusuka ku-Psalti, futhi kwadonswa izingelosi ezine zakwa-Arduling namakherubi amane nesethelane ngaphansi kwemicimbi. Ukubhaliswa okunjalo kwe-dome akuyona ingxenye ye-NOVgorod, kodwa futhi nokwakhiwa kwe-ByZentine: ukudala ama-frescoes, i-feef Greek yancipha emhlobisweni wesonto laseHagia Sophia.
Isonto likaZiqu-zintathu Premi-Peobrazhenskaya futhi ligcinwa kahle. Inani elithile liyisithombe sangaphambili soZiqu-zintathu. Izinyawo zakhe, ngokomqondo kaFeofan Greek, wamangaza u-Abrahama noSara, waletha ukudla kubavakashi. Manje eFresco ungabona uSarra kuphela.
Ekuqaleni kwe-1390s, uFeofan wafika eMoscow. Lapha umculi wabhala izithonjana futhi wahlobisa izincwadi zesonto. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi iPeru Byzantine ingeyemifanekiso kanye nokuqala eVangelini le-Boyarina Fedor Cat neVangeli likaHeathrovo. Usuku Lwangaphambili emuva 1392. Izazi-mlando zobuciko, zincike ekuhlaziyeni kwezobuciko, zimfanelo ku-feofan the feintship of the furship of the fulls of the "umcabangi we" mama's accouse "kanye" nesithonjana sikamama sikaNkulunkulu ".
"Umcabango kaMama kaNkulunkulu" ungumbhilili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iholide lesonto elinikezelwe enkumbulweni yokufa, noma ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku ezintombi ezingcwele kakhulu. Intombina nengane idonswa emhlane. Kamuva, umfanekiso ohluliwe ohlangothini oluvuthiwe uthole igama elihlukile - "Isithonjana sikaNkulunkulu sikaNdokhu.
Kuze kube yingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20 bekukholelwa ukuthi i-Fauofan Greek yadala isithonjana se-Profiguration Cathedration ePererelavl-Zalessky "Ukuguqulwa". Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe banamuhla begalari ye-Tretakov bamemezela kalula ukuthi isandla se-Byzantines asithintanga le canvas. Manje isithonjana sikhonjiswa njengomsebenzi we- "Isithonjana esingaziwa".
Ngo-1405, abadwebi bezimpawu ezintathu ezidumile - i-Feofan Greek, i-Andrei rublev neprokhor nedolobha - babuthana ukupenda i-Blagoveshchenskyky Cathedral. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFeofan uvezwa umbhali wochungechunge lwezimpawu ezivela kwi-Iconostasis yesonto lesonto. Ngendlela, le iconostasis ihlukile kobuciko besonto - yaba ngowokuqala eRussia, lapho izibalo zikhonjiswa khona ekukhuleni okugcwele.
Liqukethe i-iconostasis ye-Iconostasis engu-9. Lapha ungabona ubuso obukhulu, umphostoli uPeter, umama kaNkulunkulu, uMsindisi, uJohane uMzabeli, umphostoli uGabriel, umphostoli uPabriel, umphostoli uPabriel, umphostoli uPabriel, umphostoli uPabriel, umphostoli uPabriel, umphostoli uPabriel, umphostoli Pawula noJohane zlatount. Umbhali uthathwa ngokuthi uFiofhan Greek ngenxa yokuthi indlela yokubulawa kwezithonjana ifana nendlela yokudweba yesonto eliguqulwa uMsindisi eVeliky Novgorod.
UFeofan wayene-heroev yezithonjana noma ebizelwe ngokubona kwakhe. Inkosi yayivame ukuhlukana nomsebenzi futhi yaxoxa nezinceku zethempeli, amakholwa, ukuthi kungathi isiza ekuqondeni i-smear, ezosetshenziswa eFresco. Le ndlela yokusebenza iyachaza ukuthi kungani i-feofan Grek idale ama-frescoes we-scorpius, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwesifundo esinemininingwane esinemininingwane.
Ezinye izazi-mlando ze-ART zithi umdwebi wesithonjana wasebenza e-Monochrome Technique esebenzisa amathoni abomvu ansundu. Abanye basikisela ukuthi umbala wombala walahleka ngesikhathi uPhalette Feohan uhluka kakhulu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuze uvule kabusha ubuciko beByzantine, ababukeli bekufanele baye phansi udaka basebenzise u-lime.
Ukusebenza
- I-1378 - Isonto Lomsindisi Oguqulwa ku-Ilsin Street
- 1395 - ISonto Lokuzalwa Kwezintombi zeNtombi EseSeine
- I-1399 - Cathedral of Saint Archertt Mikhail eKremlin (Arkhangelsk Cathedral)
- I-1405 - I-Blagoveshchenskyky Cathedral yeKremlin