I-Biograge
UClifforra Saimaka uthathwa njengomunye wabasunguli bezincwadi zohlobo lwezincwadi zanamuhla e-United States of America, kanye nomlobi wezinganekwane ezinkulu kakhulu zaseMelika. Imisebenzi enjalo evela ku-bibliography yakhe njenge- "ring ezungeze ilanga", "Phila ngomusa ophakeme kakhulu", "Idolobha", kubhekwa njengento yakudala engxenyeni yabo - bathokozela isizukulwane sokuqala sababhukwini.UClifford waqamba izincwadi ezinhle iminyaka engama-55, lapho kwashicilelwa izindaba ezingama-127 kanye nezindaba ezigcwele ama-28 amanoveli. Ezinye zazo ngokulandelayo zicashunwe izingcaphuno.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UClifford Donald Simak (kangaka ophimise kahle igama lokugcina elimnandi) wanyatheliswa ngo-Agasti 3, 1904 edolobheni elincane laseMelika laseMillillville, eliseWisconsin. Kamuva, engxenyeni enkulu yombhali, isenzo sadluliselwa kwabasebenzi bakhe bendabuko. Umkhulu kaClifford ongena emugqeni kababa, ogama lakhe linguShimak, athumele eMelika e-Bohemia, okuyindawo yomlando enkabeni yaseCzech Republic kuye kwanamuhla.
Izincwadi ezimnandi zaqala ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa kwabafana ezineminyaka eyishumi nambili, futhi zathonya ubuqambi bombhali we-Herbert Wells, okwakunguMdali wale misebenzi engafi ngokuthi "imishini yesikhathi" kanye "nempi yezwe" kanye "nempi yezwe" kanye "nempi yezwe" "nempi yezwe". Njengoba esethole imfundo yasesekondari kwesinye sezikole zasendaweni, le nsizwa yathuthela eMadison, lapho yaqala khona ukuyofunda ubuntatheli e-University of Wisconsin. Kodwa-ke, akazange achaze idiploma, ngoba waphonsa izifundo zakhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wasebenza ezincwadini ezahlukahlukene zokuphrinta ezahlukene kwaze kwaba ngo-1939 wasayina inkontileka nelinye lamaphephandaba amadolobha uMinneapolis Star neTribune. Naye, uClifford wasebenzisana ngokuqhubekayo ngokuthatha kwakhe yena uqobo, okwenzeka ngo-1976. Kusukela ngo-1949, indoda ethile yasebenza njengomhleli omkhulu woMnyango Wezindaba ephephandabeni laseMinneapolis Star, kwathi ngo-1961 wawungumxhumanisi wochungechunge lokucwaninga nolwazi lweMinneapolis Tribune.
Izincwadi
Njengomlobi, uClifford Saimak waqala ukwenziwa ngo-1931, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukubizelwa kwendaba yakhe yokudabuka, okubizwa ngokuthi "umhlaba weLanga elibomvu". Lonke unyaka olandelayo, le ndoda yachitha ekwakhiweni kwezindaba, njenge- "Izwi Ngokungenalutho", "lingaphumeleli isikhala", "i-asteroid yegolide", "i-Mercury Mercury".
Ngo-1933, uSaimik wanquma ukushiya imisebenzi yemibhalo. Kwakungenxa yalesi sizathu eminyakeni emi-5 ezayo, indalo eshicilelwe kuphela isibe yindaba eqanjiwe yesayensi "uMdali", onesihloko esithi, esasivame kakhulu esitholakala ezincwadini ezingelokufika zesayensi yaleso sikhathi. Kulomsebenzi, uClifford wayengowokuqala kwabamele bohlobo ngazama ukucophelela ukuchaza iqiniso lokuthi indawo yonke yadalwa nguDemURGE.
Ukubuya okugcwele kwe-saimak ekubhaleni ubuciko kwenzeka ngo-1938. Kulokhu, ukuqashelwa bekugcwele ngezindlela eziningi ngenxa yokubambisana nephephabhuku elicwebezelayo elenziwa yisayensi, umhleli omkhulu lapho uJohn Campbell ayenjalo. Ngezikhathi ezihlukile, imisebenzi ye-Azimov, Heinline, Kattnier, Startier, del Rey naseVan Vozhta kwashicilelwa kulolu hlobo. Clifford kanye nalaba ababhali lwamukelwa ngokomthetho uMkhandlu-uMdali Yokuchuma Fiction eMelika, ubani owathatha iminyaka engu-12, kusukela ngo-1938 kuya ku-1950.
Imisebenzi yokuqala yombhali, phakathi kwayo inoveli ka-1939 yakhululwa "onjiniyela besikhala", bachazwa ngendlela yokuthi bahambisane ngokuphelele nama-canons "aqinile" eSayensi yeSayensi. Lesi sitimu esingaphansi sibonakaliswa ukugxila kwingxenye yezobuchwepheshe. Okuphambene kubizwa ngokuthi "okuthambile", okugxile kwinganekwane yabantu.
Ngokuthola okuhlangenwe nakho kokubhala, uClifford uncamela ukuba asuke emgwaqweni oyi-tratowing futhi wakhe isitayela somlobi esiyingqayizivele lapho abagxeki bezincwadi banikeza igama labafundisi. Emisebenzini yabo yakamuva, indoda eyayitshelwa ngokuxhumana okunokuthula nama-Ufos nangomphakathi ongokomoya wempucuko, ezinhlangothini ezahlukene zendawo enkulu. Abafokazi bakaSimaak bazobe bephumula kwenye yemigoqo yesifundazwe yeWisconsin yakhe yendabuko, kunokuba bahlanganyele ekugqilazweni komhlaba.
Umlobi wayekholelwa ukuthi ubuntu bunethemba elikhulu impela, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye lalingatshelwanga ukuthi likhulume ukuthi umhlalazi ngamunye wezulu nomhlaba kufanele aqale ukutadisha endaweni "yokuQala". E-biography yokudala yaseClifford, futhi kwakukhona isikhathi lapho esebenza entshonalanga nasezindabeni ngempi.
Ngo-1952, inoveli eyayibizwa ngokuthi "idolobha" okokuqala, empeleni yayingumjikelezo wezindaba ezincane. USaimak wabhala incwadi ngalezozinsuku lapho ubuntu bethola izingxabano ezinkulu - okokuqala emhlabeni wesibili, bese kuba nempi yaseKorea. Ukuhlanganisa nokukhipha umsebenzi "Idolobha", uClifford waveza uhlobo lokubhikisha ngokumelene nonya lwabantu nezobutha.
Ekugcineni, izwe elibhaliwe lahlangana ne-Utopia, lilandisa ngekusasa, lapho, lapho abantu bahlala khona amarobhothi nezinja, benomqondo. Kulomsebenzi, uSaimuk wanikezwa umklomelo omangalisayo wamazwe omhlaba ngo-1953, ngemuva kwalokho wathola udumo olulindelwe ngasikhathi sinye emhlabeni wonke. Kuyo yonke le minyaka eminingi ye-Crintive Biography, umbhali wanikezwa ezinye izikhathi ezi-3 umklomelo ohlonishwayo wemibhalo "uHugo" nesikhathi esingu-1 - "Neule".
ESoviet Union ngomlobi onethalente, ngo-1957 kuphela, ngemuva komagazini othandwayo "amandla athandwayo", wahunyushwa futhi washicilelwa enye yezindaba zakhe, ezazibizwa ngokuthi "okokuqala ngqa kuMercury". Kuleli phuzu kuqhubeke, izizukulwane eziningana zentsha yaseSoviet kanye nabantu abadala baqala ukubiza uClifford ngomunye wababhali abathandanayo abathandanayo. Imisebenzi yakhe yanyatheliswa ngochungechunge olubizwa nge- "Mira Clifford Simak".
Ngawo-1960, uSaikeleki waqanjwa amanoveli amaningi, futhi sekuvele eminyakeni eyishumi elandelayo agcizelele ukubhala okuholela nezindaba, ngoba isimo sakhe somzimba saqala ukonakala ngokushesha.
Naphezu kwalokhu, umbhali waqhubeka edala cishe waze wafa kwakhe okwenzeka ngo-1988. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-8 ngaphambi kwalomcimbi omubi, kwashicilelwa omunye wemisebenzi yakhe yakamuva - indaba ye- "Grotto Dancing Deer". Ukuze kulokhu, umsebenzi weSaimak wanikezwa ngasikhathi sinye ngemiklomelo emithathu eyinhloko yemibhalo, eyayikhona kuphela emhlabeni wezinganekwane zesayensi: "I-Locus", "Neule" no "Hugo" no "Hugo" no "Hugo" no- "Hugo" no- "Hugo" no- "Hugo" no- "Hugo" no- "Hugo".
Umsebenzi wokubhala uClifford Simak esikhathini esizayo waba ugqozi sabasebenzi abahlukahlukene bezobuciko bomhlaba. Imisebenzi yakhe eminingana yasinda ekuvikelweni njengamafilimu ubude obugcwele kanye nama-serials. Ngo-1993, uMqondisi waseRussia uYuri elhov wasusa le filimu ebizwa ngokuthi "Anomaly", isimo sathathwa kulelo noveli "Yonke inyama - utshani". I-Aktera Alexander Filippeenko ithembela ukufeza indima yomlingiswa ophakathi neHyram.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo yilezo zincwadi zobuciko be-SIDAK nazo ziboniswe emhlabeni wemfashini ephezulu. Ngo-2012, izingilazi zomkhiqizo zaseRussia ezibizwa ngeFakoshima, umsunguli wazo kwakunguMklami Konstantin Shileev. Lapho wenza izesekeli ze-copyright, indoda yaphefumulelwa amafilimu uStanley Kubrick, kanye nemibhalo yezemibhalo yababhali efana neSaimak, eBradbury, Heinline kanye nemithombo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1929, unkosikazi osemthethweni kaClifford Saimak wayengowesifazane ogama lakhe lingukhiye KuKhenberg Simak. Ngokushesha emva kwalokho, abasanda kushada baba ngabazali bezingane ezimbili.Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izincwadi zombhali waseMelika zikhungathekile ngezehlakalo ezimangalisayo, impilo yomuntu siqu yendoda yalinganiswa ngokwanele futhi yazolile. Kokunye izingxoxo, uClifford okukhulume ngawo, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yobuntatheli kanye nemisebenzi yokubhala, wayethanda ukuhamba eyodoba, kanye nokuqoqa izitembu nokudlala i-chess.
Ukushona
UClifford Donald Saimak waphila impilo ende futhi ecebile, futhi washona eneminyaka engama-83 edolobheni laseMinneapolis ngo-Ephreli 25, 1988. Imbangela ngqo yokufa ayimenyezelwa, kepha ingacatshangelwa ukuthi bathonya ukufa kwakhe okuvuka kule nkinga yempilo.
Amacaphuna
"Impilo akuyona eyabantu balezo zinto abangacabangi ukuthi" "ukuguga kungenye yezijeziso zethu, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, futhi elinye lamalungelo abantu angenakubonwa" "Ngangingakaze ngibe nayo indlela yokufakazela lokho Iqiniso leqiniso ngokwalo "I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1962 - "Cishe bafana nabantu"
- 1963 - "Isiteshi Sokudlulisa"
- Ngo-1966 - "Lapho esendlini isizungu"
- Ngo-1968 - "Goblin Reserve"
- 1973 - "Epilogue"
- 1974 - "Izithombe zempi kaMarathon"
- 1977 - "Mfowethu"
- 1978 - "Ukubuka Okusemuva Okusha"
- 1980 - "Ukucula kahle"
- Ngo-1981 - "Lungisa Ulimi!"