Umlando Wemilingiswa
Ibhubesi uNikoleyevich Tolstoy - Umlobi Wefilosofi, ukhuthaza ukwehluleka kobudlova ngodlame. Indaba ethi "Haji Murat", enikezelwe kumuntu okhona, ikhanyisela ngokugqamile lesi simiso.Umlando Wokudalwa Komlingiswa
Insizwa eneminyaka engamashumi amabili naleyo, uTolstoy angena eCaucasus futhi ebambe iqhaza ethathweni. Emihlahleni yakhe, imicimbi ehambisana neHaji Murat ishiwo kaninginingi. Ukuncoma kwalo muntu bekungamampunge, ngakho-ke umbhali walo msebenzi wakhetha i-hadji-murat Hig Highlander nge-prototype yeqhawe lomsebenzi. Umqondo wendaba usuvela ngo-1896. Umlobi waba nomdlandla wokufunda i-biography yeqhawe kanye nokulandelana kwezitha ezenzeka eCaucasus. Ngo-1897, kwavela imidwebo yokuqala yendaba.
Ngo-1898, kwavela ezinye izindatshana ezimbili zokusalungiswa. Lokhu kwalandelwa iminyaka emithathu yomsebenzi owafuna ukungeniswa kwezinhlanzi ezinhlwini zemibuzo kanye nokutadisha amaqiniso. Ngo-1902, umsebenzi wawusesigabeni sokugcina somsebenzi. Kepha uTolstoy wanquma ukwethula kwisibalo sokulandisa eNicholas I, futhi umlobi kwadingeka afunde izinto ezingeziwe. Ukuhlelwa kokugcina kwenziwa ngo-1904.
UHaji Murat wayeyiqhawe elingenasibindi. Ukuhlakanipha kwe-Commander kwamangaza abamele abanye abantu. Ukuhlaselwa komholi wamahhashi kwaziwa ngokuhlukumeza nokuzethemba, nokubuyela emuva - ukungacabangi. UTolstoy wancoma ukuthi uHaji Muratu wakwazi ukuzungeza umunwe womkhuzi ohlakaniphile - uPrince Vorontsov kanye nePrince Argutinsky-Dolgorukova.
Ukuchazwa kwegama lamaSulumane kumane kuchazwa. Kuhunyushwe kusuka ku-Arabic Murat kusho "okuhlosiwe", noHajj - "Pilgrimage". UHaji Murat wazalelwa eHunach. Imibono yakhe yezepolitiki yashintsha ngokuya ngezintandokazi zomuntu siqu.
Wayengumeluleki nomsizi wamaRussia, kwabe sekuyiminyaka engu-15 wakhonza njengomvikeli wezintshisekelo zika-Imam Shamil, owenza uJanyi Murar ama-Avars nommeleli wakhe. Esikhathini esiphambili seqhawe kwakuyizimiso kanye nezintshisekelo zakho. Ngo-22, umholi wezakhamizi zaseHongzakh ekwazile ukubamba amandla futhi wakugcina iminyaka engu-9, njengoba ngakolunye uhlangothi lokubuka komhlaba noShamil.
Wasekela amabutho aseRussia futhi wasala egcekeni ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kweHongzakh. Ngakho-ke owesilisa waba ngumkhuzi wamabutho ama-avaria ane-khan sultan-ahmeda. Kungekudala ngenxa yokuqhenya kwakhe noKhan Khaji-Murat wasolwa ngokuvukela umbuso futhi waxoshwa kuleyo ndawo, lapho bashiye khona baxhumekile ngaphansi kokugadwa kwe-convoy.
Iqhawe likwazile ukuphunyula. Emva kwalokho waba "isandla sokudla" sesitha sakamuva - uShamil. Ngokubambisana, amaSulumane ayeneminyaka eyi-10 ekwesabeni isiRussia, ahlele ukuhlasela kanye nemisebenzi yokujezisa. Kepha ubungane no-Imam baphela ngenxa yokulungela komkhuzi onesibindi.
Okokugcina kwengxabano, waba ngumthungo. I-warlord evuselelayo yamukele ukufa empini ende egcwele, lapho ahlangana khona namasosha amaningana. Ngize walimele, waqhubeka nokushaya ukuhlaselwa. UHaji Muratt wabulawa ngokunqunywa kwekhanda.
Tale "Haji Murat"
Okuqukethwe kwendaba kutshela nge-Herbrom Avarza, ephikiswa amabutho aseRussia eCaucasus. Ngemuva kokushiya u-Imam, wacasha kuChechen aul, wabe esebaleka. Iqhawe lanquma ukuya kuthengiselwano nabaphikisi futhi baqala ukusiza abaseRussia. Wahlanganisa uhlelo lokunqoba phezu kuka-Imam nokukhululwa komndeni, owathunjwa nguShamil.
Ukuba sesimweni sokuthunjwa, uHaji Murat uthola ukwamukelwa okufudumele okuvela kubangane abasha. UPrince Vorontsova onamahloni uqopha i-biography ye-anvar, futhi umfundi uba ngufakazi ezigabeni ezibalulekile zempilo yeqhawe. Ngenxa yobuholi bukaNgqongqoshe Wezempi Chernyshev, isivumelwano noHaji Muratt siyaphuka, futhi uyagijima. Ngenxa yokujaha, iqhawe elinesibindi liphenduke lithinteke. Iyabulawa, futhi baletha ikhanda kwinkosana.
Isibindi sikaDiji-Murat sanqoba izintaba uqobo. Wayehlala ephikisana nezikhulu ezinhle kakhulu zamabutho aseRussia, njengoba kukhethwe icala futhi kwaqubuka. Lapho kudala umsebenzi, uTolstoy waphefumulelwa ukwesaba nokuzimisela kweqhawe lakhe. Inkululeko-enothando nenesibindi yalwa impilo yakhe yonke.
Ngenxa yomndeni, waya ezivunweni ezingakhululeki futhi waba isiboshwa. Isibindi esiphakeme, esaphishekela izinhloso zakhe, besingafuni ukuhlala isikhathi eside kwabaseRussia, sabona ukuthi wayengeke athole izixazululo zawo zenkinga yazo.
-Vikayo
Ibhubesi likaTolstoy kwakungeyena kuphela umculi, owahlabeka umxhwele ngabalingiswa beHaji Murat. Abaqondisi be-USSR, iTurkey kanye ne-Italy bakha iziteshi zefilimu ezisekelwe encwadini yombhali. Ifilimu lokuqala "udeveli omhlophe" - laphuma ngo-1930 e-USSR. Umqondisi u-Alexander Volkov umemezelwa endimeni enkulu kwifilimu yomlingisi u-Ivana Mozroshin.
Ngo-1959, uRicardo Freda wasusa ifilimu le-vela kakhuwa - uDeveli omhlophe ngokubamba iqhaza kukaSteve Rivza. Ngo-1968, kwadalwa iphrojekthi edumile eTurkey. Indima enkulu kwifilimu yenziwa nguGünit Arkin. Kwathi ngo-1966, uGeorgy Deliaty waba yimicimbi yomlando ehilela uJan Murat. URasul Gambatov wabhala umbhalo wesithombe, kepha ifilimu ayivunyelwe ukudubula ukucwaswa kweSoviet.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ukusebenza ekwakhiweni kwendaba, uLev Nikolayevich Tolstoy wafunda inani elikhulu lezinto zokwakha. Wayefuna ukudlulisa ngokuthembekile umlingiswa nokuvela kwe-warlike iqhawe, futhi achaze kahle amaqiniso omlando wangempela. Ukubhala umdwebo wokuqala, umlobi ufunde amakhasi angaphezu kuka-5,000 wamarekhodi nezinto zokwakha. Indaba ikhombisa imininingwane ayifundile emibonweni kanye nemibhalo esemthethweni.
- Isibindi nethempeli likaHaji Muratus lanqoba umoya wobukhulu obunothando, futhi waze wahlangana nesihlobo se-highlander. Indodana ka-Angvar Gullah encwadini yahlanganyela nomlobi imininingwane yempilo kaYise.
- UTolstoy akazange alwele uhlelo lukaDadji Murat futhi akazange avumele le ndaba ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Leso kwakuyisinqumo somlobi. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, wanyathelisa incwadi ebizwa nge- "Potethunzious Artworks L.n. Tolstoy, "lapho kungeniswa khona le ndaba. Ushicilelwe eMoscow ngo-1912, ngemuva kokwenza ukuhlelwa ngokwemithetho yokubalwa. EBerlin, ngawo lowo nyaka, le ncwadi yenziwa ngaphandle kokuhlela. Abafundi baseRussia baqala ukufunda le ndaba ngo-1917.