I-Biograge
Zimbalwa izibalo zezepolitiki zaseJalimane ezinesibindi sokumelana nemibono yezangazelasi nakumaKhomanisi ka-Adolf Hitler. Enye yalezi zinto zobuntu uClara Zetkin, onobuthakathaka, kepha onesibindi, umsunguli weqembu lamaKhomanisi eJalimane, umngani osondelene noVladimir Lenin, uRosa Luxembourg noKarl Marx.Ubuntwana nentsha
UClara Icener wazalwa ngoJulayi 5, 1857 eVioora, eningizimu yeLeipzig, eSaxony (ensimini yeJalimane yanamuhla). Intombazane yakhulisa uthisha wasemakhaya uGottfried Aisner noJosephine VitaLey, i-feminist enesizotha.
Ingqikithi yobudala ebuntwaneni yalandelwa nguClara: Wafundela esikoleni sabesifazane bakwaBeipzig wabesifazane ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Augustus Schmidt, esinye sezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zenhlangano yaseJalimane yamalungelo abesifazane amalungelo abesifazane bekhulu le-XIX. Kuliqiniso, ngokungafani no-Schmidt Icener wacabanga kakhulu kakhulu. Ihambelana nemibono yayo kanye nombuthano wokuxhumana, owaphenduka kufaka phakathi i-OSIP Zetkin, umyeni we-Clara wesikhathi esizayo.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
Ngo-1878, iClara Icener yajoyina iqembu labasebenzi bezenhlalo laseJalimane, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, u-Otto, Bismarck, wavuma umthetho ohlukile ngokumelene nosongo socialists. Lo mbhalo wenqatshelwe umhlangano, inhloso yalokho okwakusakazeka kwemibono yezenhlalo, kuvaliwe amakhulukhulu nomamagazini futhi empeleni kwalimala ukulimala kwalolu hlelo lwezepolitiki.
Ngo-1881, ngaphandle kokugcina ingcindezi, icener yasuka eJalimane. ISwitzerland ne-Austria baba "nendlu" yakhe entsha, futhi kusukela ngo-1882 - Paris, lapho u-Osip Zetkin ayesevele edingingweni. Lo mbhangqwana wawuhlala ndawonye, unciphise ukunciphisa iziphetho ngemikhawulo yemali etholwayo evela ekushicilelweni emaphephandabeni, ukuhumusha kanye nokuhlanza izingubo.
Ubuphofu bomzimba obuphikisane nengcebo ye-theodom. Imvelo kaClara Zetkin eParis kwakunguLaura Lafarg, indodakazi kaCharles Marx, nomyeni wakhe uPaul, iNorori enkulu kunazo zonke eMarxism, uJuli wasezepolitiki wezepolitiki we-French Socialism.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki uClara Zetkin wawela ngo-1889, lapho esekelwa nguye eParis, kwenziwa ingqungquthela yokuqala yomcimbi wesibili wezwe lonke. Wenza inkulumo esekelwe emibonweni yeFriedrich Engels no-Agasti Bebel, mayelana neqhaza lomuntu wesifazane emphakathini. UZetkin uthengelwa ilungelo lobulungu obuthakathaka umsebenzi, okuzoba "okubaluleke kakhulu kwenkululeko yezimali kwabesifazane" futhi uzobasindisa engcindezelweni yabesilisa.
Phakathi kweminye imibono yobuntu besifazane uClara Zetkin - Umholo olinganayo kubo bobabili ubulili, umthetho ofanele wendawo yonke kanye nelungelo lowesifazane lokukhipha isisu nesehlukaniso. Ngo-1907, isibalo sahlangana noVladimir Lenin, owaba umngane wakhe. Umholi weSocialism kanye neNadezhda KrupSkaya yakhe ekhethiwe kwakuvame ukutholakala eZetkin, wenza ukuvakasha okubuyisela emuva, neminyaka yokugcina yempilo echithwe ekudingisweni eSoviet Union.
UClara Zetkin angabizwa ngokuthi yi-pacifist. Ngesikhathi sempi yezwe yokuqala, wahlanganyela emibonisweni nasengqungqutheleni enokuthula, lapho kwaboshwa khona ngolunye usuku kwasolwa ngokuvukela umbuso umbuso). Ngakho-ke, lapho esemoyeni eJalimane eqeda isibhamu futhi, lona wesifazane wakhetha ukwenza igunya lezepolitiki.
Ukuba yisekela le-reichstag kusukela ngo-1920 nowesifazane osemdala, uZetki wayekwazi inkululeko emihlanganweni. Isibonelo, ngo-1932, ngosuku lokuza kwamandla ka-Adolf Hitler, waveza ithemba kanye ukuvula "umhlangano weCongress of Soviet eSoviet Germany" futhi wakugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa amabutho naseNazism .
Ngenxa kaClare Zetkin njalo ngonyaka ngoMashi 8, usuku lwabesifazane bamazwe omhlaba lugujwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1882, impilo enesivunguvungu sikaClara Aisner no-Osip Zetkin baqala eParis. Le ntombazane yathatha isibongo sabathandekayo, kodwa emshadweni osemthethweni, abantu abasha abafikanga ukugcina ubuzwe baseGerman. Izingane zazalelwa emndenini: UMaxim (Agasti 1, 1883. R.) noKonstantin (Ephreli 14, 1885.). Injabulo yomndeni yaphenduka ukuba isikhashana - uJanuwari 29, 1889, u-Osip Zetkin ushone ngenxa yesifo sofuba.Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoNgo-1897, uClara Zetkin washada nomculi wesikhathi esizayo uGeorg Friedrich Tsundel, owayeneminyaka engu-18 ubudala. I-Union yawa ngo-1914 ngenxa yomehluko wokubukwa kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala - uClara uphikisana nolaka, futhi uGerorg wagijimela phambili. Owesifazane wakhathazeka kakhulu ngokuhlukana futhi ngo-1928 wavuma ukudivosa.
Ukushona
I-Biography Clara Zetkin iphazamise ngoJuni 20, 1933, ngonyaka wama-75 wokuphila, efeni lesifunda sase-Arkhangelsk eduze kwaseMoscow. Imbangela yokufa imvelo. Bathi, ngo-Eva kaZetkin wakhumbula uRosa Luxembourg, wabheka isithombe sabo esivamile, neZwi lokugcina, kwaqubuka ezindebeni ezifayo, kwakuyigama lentombi. UZetkin uphume, u-Urn unemilotha egcinwe kwi-necropolis eWremlin Wall.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1925 - "Umbuzo Womuntu Wabesifazane"
- Ngo-1929 - "I-Essay emlandweni wokuvela kwenhlangano yowesifazane wase-proletance eJalimane"
- 1968 - "Izinkumbulo zikaLenin"
- 1974 - "Izivumelwano zeLenin Abesifazane Zomhlaba Wonke"