Biography
I-Xenophon yombhali wamaGrike kunye nombhali-mbali owayenemisebenzi emininzi. Kuyo, waqokelela iingcinga zakhe kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba nemicimbi yezoqoqosho, yezopolitiko nefilosofi. Inqaku loncwadi laqaliswa njengomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nomphathi.Ikamva
I-Xenophon yazalwa malunga ne-430 bc. NS. eAthene. Iingcali zibonisa ukuba ivela kwintsapho etyebileyo eyayitsalelekile kubakhweli. Iminyaka yobuntwana neqela lolutsha lombhali laphumelela kumqolo wemfazwe yePelopogu. Oku kubangela imfundo yomkhosi kangangokuba wafumana umfana. Ukususela ebudaleni, uXenophon wayengumlandeli weSocrates, ophembelela kwicandelo lehlabathi langoku lombhali.
IAthene ilahlekile emfazweni, kunye neemvakalelo ezichasene nedemokhrasi ezazithathela phezulu kwindawo yelizwe, zatyhalela i-xenophon. Ujoyine uKira. Emva koko, umphathi wakhokelela kubudlelwane ngexesha lokutshutshiswa kwamaGrike. Ngokudibeneyo kunye nomanyano, le ndoda yayiye yathatha iBhabheli, yathatha inxaxheba kwidabi laseKundika, yatyelela iArmenia naseBrazantium, i-Cransya kunye ne-Pergam. EMesopotamiya, iqhawe laphakama entlokweni yamajoni amaGrikhi nakwikright yayingumphathi-mkhulu.
EAthene, le ndoda yagwetywa ngenxa yokungcakazwa kweBhunga likaRhulumente njengeBhunga leSpart. I-Xenophon imanyene nomlawuli waseSparta Azta -heciam, owayekhonza phantsi kwetyala lakhe. Kangangexesha elithile, imfazwe echithwe kwipropathi eboniswe kufutshane nesixeko saseSurdsa, apho wayezibandakanya khona phambi kwemfazwe ngokulwa. Idabi elaselwakazi lasekhohlo latyhileka kuye kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba aye eKorinte. Ngeli xesha, xa isigwebo sapheliswa kwilizwe lakhe, unokubuyela eAthene, kodwa i-biography ye-Xenophon yayiyinkuni emfutshane kungekudala.
Unobangela wokusweleka komphathi, yayikukuxhela. Akukho lwazi malunga nobomi bomphathi.
Indalo
Imisebenzi yombhali iye yasinda ekwimeko entle kwaye yafika kwiintsuku zethu. Ababhali-mbali babelana ngoomatshini bombhali kwizikhokelo - "inkxaso" yokuxolisa "kunye" ne-pier "kunye nencwadi yembali" kunye "Imbali yamaGrike". Kwakhona, imisebenzi ye "Agesilai", "Imeko" yeLacaangan "," iGieron "ekhwelelweni ihashe" kunye neminye imisebenzi iqatshelwe ngokwahlukeneyo.Intanda-bulumko ebalulekileyo kunye neWatchwammisi yombhali zibonakala ngokucacileyo kwimibhalo. Ukuba ngumkhuseli waba bantu baseAthene, wayechasa idemokhrasi. I-Xenophon ihlome imfundo yeSpartan ngokumbeka njengomzekelo wama-Akhneians. Umbhali uhlala egxotha iingcinga zakhe kumntu wesithathu, enamathela kwiincoko ezingaqhelekanga, umthathi-nxaxheba ochasene noko uShyari ochasayo.
Iindidi ezisisiseko ze-Xenophon zithathwa njengezihlalo kunye nokufunda ngokusisigxina. Wayeshumayela imfuneko yokwazi ukugcina uqoqosho kunye nobukho bezakhono zomkhosi. Umfanekiso owobhala ewuqwalasela umsebenzi wokuba unyamezelo lwenyama. Kwimisebenzi yombhali, uvule uvelwano lwabantu bomhlaba ophakathi, oba sisiseko sombuso. Kwabo bangathethiyo kwaye bayakwazi ukusebenzela ukuxhamla ilizwe lasebusweni.
Ukuqiniswa kwendawo yokujonga i-xenophon kwimbambano yesixhobo seshishini, ubunini bekhoboka, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu osapho yayiyindlela ye-Domoyroy. Oku kukutshintsha kwentanda-bulumko yezixhobo zoluntu. Ingqondo yesimo somsebenzi kwisicwangciso sombhali icinga ukuba abalandeli bakhe baya kugxila kwezi ngcebiso kwimfundo yesimilo kunye nesixhobo sobomi bemihla ngemihla.
Inkqubo kaRhulumente kunye neembono zezopolitiko ze-Xenophon ezichazwe kubume bememorbilius. Akukho kudunyiswa amaPersi nama-Spartan, kodwa umbhali kwakhona umele ezakhe izimvo, azipapasha phantsi kwegama leSocrates. Lo msebenzi liqela leengxoxo ekugutyungelwe khona isikhundla.
Kwi "KROPEDIA", umbhali uveza izimvo zolawulo, eqonda ifuthe lezinto zoqoqosho zobomi. Imveliso enesifo sokudakumba ngumzekelo wentsomi, i-analogue engeyiyo loo mihla. Ngokuchaphazela intanda-bulumko kunye nokuziphatha, umbhali uvakaliswa yinkalipho, ukunyaniseka, uthando, uthando, ukudibanisa ukuqiniswa komfundi, iintlobo zezixhobo kunye noqeqesho ngokubanzi lwabasebenzi.
Imisebenzi yembali ye "Anabasis" kunye "nembali yamaGrike" zithathwa njengezinobuko eziphambili ezinokuthenjwa kwaye zixabisekile. "UAnabhasis" ufake iincwadi ezisi-7. Kucingelwa ukuba ukupapashwa kwabasebenzi kuyenzeka ngokungaziwa, kuba "imbali yamaGrike" uMbhali wamkelwe: Akazimisele ukuthetha ngephulo likaKoreshi.
Ukongeza kwimisebenzi yefom enkulu, umbhali wavakalisa izimvo zakhe kwimibhalo emincinci yezihloko zezopolitiko nezomkhosi. Oku kubandakanya "i-Agesilai", "gieron" kunye "ne-Lac Sedyan". Le mda iqinisekisa isikhundla esichasene nombhali, sidumisa oonobumba, ogqithisele iimpawu zabo kunye nento enamandla. Ukuthetha ngokulinganayo Assaila, umfanekiso waseGieron uguquka ukuba angabi nasifo. Kulo mzekelo, uXenophon uchaza umgangatho ofanelekileyo nomphathi womlawuli.
"I-Lake DedeMonian State" yincoko ngemithetho kunye nezigqibo ezifumana umntu obamamelele. Ithetha kakhulu malunga nenkqubo yeSpartan. Ukungancedisi kwimibhalo yayiyinto encinci yezopolitiko nembali ye-Xenophon. Wayephosakele, ecinga ukuba naliphi na ilizwe, nokuba leliphi na isikali, lakwazi ukusebenza ngokomzekelo weSparta.
Ababhali-mbali kunzima ukuthatha umhla wokudalwa kombhali, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba wayenomzamo, ngesiseko sayo umbhali wabhala imibhalo yakhe. Iirekhodi ezinjalo zibandakanya iinkumbulo zokuzonwabisa.
Imisebenzi yomxholo woncwadi wahlukile ekucingeni nasengqityelweni. Ulwimi lombhali lulula kwaye luyaqondakala, ubisi lwalo lubonakala luyinto entle. Indlela yokutsala enomlinganiso, i-antithesis kunye nokuthelekisa kubonakaliso lwemisebenzi nganye ye-Xenophon.
I-Bibliography
- "Anabasis"
- "Imbali yesiGrike"
- "I-Kiropedia"
- "Agesilai"
- "Iinkumbulo zeSocrates '
- "Ukukhuselwa kweSocrates kwinkundla"
- "Umthendeleko"
- "Dosetoy"
- "UGeron"
- "I-Laketia eliqeleleneyo
- "I-ATAN's 'ingeniso"
- "Malunga nokunxibelelana"
- "Ukuzingela"
- "I-hipprip"