Biography
I-Eucliden yamandulo i-Euclidean yaba sisikolo sokuqala seSikolo sase-Alexandria kunye noMbhali wenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zemathematics. Malunga ne-biography yesinzululwazi yaziwa kakhulu kunemisebenzi yakhe. Ngenxa yoko, kumsebenzi odumileyo wesi- "Isiqalo" i-ECTreames ecaciswe, i-filimitry, imiba yethiyori yamanani, yenzelwe isiseko sophuhliso olulandelayo lweMathematics.
I-biography ye-Euclida ityholwa nge-325 BC (lo ngumhla oqikelelweyo, owona mnyaka wokuzalwa ungaziwa) eAlexandria. Abanye abaphengululi bacebisa ukuba iMathematicaiki yexesha elizayo yazalelwa edash, kwaye ichithe uninzi lobomi babantu abadala eDamasko. Mhlawumbi, i-Euclide yase-Euclidean yavela kwintsapho etyebileyo, njengoko wayefunda kwisikolo sase-Plato wasePlato (ngelo xesha isifundo esinjalo sasifumaneka kuphela kubahlali abazizityebi).
Izazinzulu zikwazile ukufumanisa ukuba umbhali "waqala" kwakungaphantsi kweendlela ezidumileyo zikaPlato, owayehlala kwinkulungwane yama-44 ukuya kwengama-347 waza wasweleka kwi-212 yexesha lethu. I-Euclid igcinwe kwinkalo yefilosofi yePlato kwaye yabelana ngezibonelelo zayo eziphambili.
Olu lwazi lungasentla malunga nobuntu kunye nendlela yobomi base-Euclida itsalwa ngabaphandi abavela kumagqabantshintshi, obhalwe nguye kwincwadi yokuqala ". Kwakhona eyaziwa kwiingxelo zesitrato kunye ne-papp malunga nobuntu bengcinga yamandulo yamaGrike. Izibonda zokutyhola zathi ukuphendula umbuzo womfundi malunga nenzuzo kwiSayensi, i-Euclide yayalela ikhoboka ukuba limnike iingqekembe ezimbalwa. Upopu ukwaqala ukuba inzululwazi yakwazi ukuba nobubele kwaye kuthathelwe nawuphi na umntu onokuthi ube luncedo kuphuhliso lwenzululwazi yemathematics.
Idatha egciniweyo kwi-Euclidean incinci kwaye ingaqhelekanga ukuba inguqulelo yolwabiwo lwe "Euclide" puusudonym yeqela lonke lezazinzulu kwiAlexandria lonke. I-Euclida Alexandrian ididekile neFilosopheri yamaGrike i-Euclide evela kwiMegir, umfundi weSocrates, owayephila ngenkulungwane yama-400. KumaXesha Aphakathi, i-Euclida evela Megar ifumene umbhali "yaqala".
IMathematics
Inxalenye ebonakalayo yexesha lasimahla i-Euclide igcinwe kwithala leencwadi lase-Alexandria - itempile yolwazi, esekwe kwiPtolem. Kwiindonga zeli ziko, inzululwazi yamandulo yamaGrike ebandakanyeka kumbutho wemithetho ye-arithmetic, imigaqo yejometri kunye nethiyori yamanani angenangqondo ngejometri. Iziphumo zomsebenzi wabo i-Euclid echazwe kwincwadi ethi "Isiqalo" - isincoko, esasizisela igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lweMathematics.
Incwadi inemiqulu yeshumi elinesihlanu:
- Encwadini i, umbhali uthetha malunga neepropathi zendlela efanayo kunye nonxantathu, ogqibezela isicelo ngokusetyenziswa kwe-pytagora theorem xa kubalwa oonxantathu abanxantathu.
- Incwadi kwinombolo II ichaza imigaqo kunye neepateni zejometri i-algebra kwaye ibuyele kwimpahla yolwazi eqokelelweyo yiPythagoreans.
- Kwincwadi III kunye ne-IV, i-Euclidean ithathela ingqalelo ijometri yesangqa, ichazwe kunye ne-polygons ebhaliweyo. Ngexesha lokudalwa kwale miqulu, umbhali unokufaka isicelo ekusebenziseni imisebenzi yemvubu ye-chios.
- Kwincwadi ye-V V, iMathematics yamaGrike athathwa njengethiyori ejikelele yenani eliphuhliswe yincwadi ye-EVDOX.
- Kwisixhobo seNcwadi ye-VI, umbhali unamathela kwimfundiso iyonke yobungakanani bencwadi ye-EUDDOX kwimfundiso yawo.
- Iincwadi phantsi kwamanani VII-IX ichaza ithiyori yamanani. Xa ubhala le miqulu, iMathematics iphinde yaguqukela kwizinto ezenziweyo kwaye ziqokelelwa nguPythagoans-abameli bemithambo, apho indima ephambili ithatha inombolo. Kule misebenzi, umbhali uthetha nge-geometric eqhuba kunye nenqanaba, engqina ukufihlakala kweseti yamaxabiso, kufunda amanani afanelekileyo, wazisa umxholo we-node (owona mgangatho mkhulu). I-algorithm yokufumanisa ukuba le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-Euclidel Algorithm. Kukho ingcinga yokuba iNcwadi ye-VIII ayibhalwanga nguEuclidea ngokwakhe, kodwa nguMyili weTartan.
- I-Tom ngenombolo ye-X ngowona msebenzi unzima kwaye ujikeleze "okuqalisa", oqulethe ukulungelelaniswa kwamanyala. Ukubhalwa kwale ncwadi kunobuhlobo bokwaziwa: Inokubhalwa zombini yi-EuclideAN ngokwakhe kunye ne-theette yaseAthene.
- Kumaphepha eNcwadi ye-XI, intetho yesibalo malunga neziseko ze-tereometry.
- Incwadi XII inemigca yobungqina kwimithamo yeecones kunye neepiramidi, ubudlelwane bommandla wesangqa. Ukwakha obu bungqina, sebenzisa indlela yokuqonda. Uninzi lwabaphengululi bayavuma ukuba le ncwadi ayibhale hayi i-euclide. Umbhali onokwenzeka yincwadi ye-evedox.
- Izixhobo zencwadi ye-XIII zinolwazi malunga nokwakhiwa kwee-polyhedra ezichanekileyo ezichanekileyo ("imizimba yasePlatonic"). Inxalenye ethile yomisoloweyo onikezwe kwivolumu inokukhulisa iAthene.
- Iincwadi XIV kunye ne-XV, ngokutsho kwembono eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi, ikwangabanye ababhali. Ke, ivolumu yommangaliso "yaqala i-Gypsycle (ikwahlala eAlexandria, kodwa kamva e-Euclida), kunye ne-Euclida), kunye ne-Euudlida i-Miletsky (yayakhe icawa ye-St. Sophia kwixesha leSithandathu kwixesha lethu).
Ngaphambi kokuba imbonakalo 'isebenza', i-Euclidean isebenza ngegama elifanayo, i-chiotry ephambili ye-theoretmetic arithmetic kunye ne-chiont chios, i-chios, i-chios, i-chios, i-chios, i-chios Zonke zinyamalala kuye wonke umntu emva kokuvela kwe-Euclid.
Kumawaka amabini eminyaka, amaququ amahlanu "aqala" kwincwadana yoqeqesho esisiseko kwiJometri. Umsebenzi uguqulelwa kwisiArabhu, emva koko kwisiNgesi. "Isiqalo" sihlengahlengisiwe amaxesha, kwaye ukubala esisisiseko sezibalo ezichaziweyo kuzo zihlala zihambelana nanamhlanje.
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zokuba umbhali oqukayo ekubulaweni komsebenzi akazizo ezabo, kwaye ngaphambili kwaziwa iithiyori. Eyona nto iphambili yomsebenzi we-euclid yayikukuqhubela phambili kwezinto, inkqubo yenkqubo kunye nolwazi lwedatha esasazeka kunye. Ezinye iincwadi i-Euclid ziqale uluhlu lweenkcazo, kwincwadi yokuqala kukho noluhlu lwee-axioms kwaye zifumeze.
Iimpikiswano ze-Euclide zahlulahlulwe zangamaqela amabini: iikhonsepthi ngokubanzi ezibandakanya ubungqina ngokubanzi benzululwazi, kunye ne-axioms yejometri. Ke, kwiqela lokuqala kukho ingxelo enjalo:
"Ukuba izixa ezibini zilingana nesithathu, emva koko zilingana omnye komnye." "Iphelele ngaphezulu kwenani lamalungu".Kwiqela lesibini, umzekelo, ezi ngxelo zilandelayo:
"Ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na inqaku kuye nawuphi na umntu onokuchitha." "Zonke iikona ezithe tye ziyalingana omnye komnye.""Isiqalo" ayisiyiyo kuphela incwadi ebhalwe ngu-Euclide. Ubhale nenani lemisebenzi kwi-Catoptric (ishishini elitsha loochwephesha, ukuya kuthi ga ubukhulu becala loo nto ibanga umsebenzi wezibuko). Iqela eliqela, inzululwazi inikezelwe kufundisiso lwamacandelo eenkolelo. IMathematics ikwaphuhlise iingcinga kunye nee-hypotheses ezinxulumene nendlela yokuhamba kwemizimba kunye nemithetho yoomatshini. Waba ngumbhali wezixhobo eziphambili ezisebenza ngeJoemetri-ebizwa ngokuba yi "ye-Euclidean Fortives". Uninzi lomsebenzi walo mfanekiso mva wamandulo wamaGrike akazange afike kule mini.
Intanda-bulumko
Kumaxesha amandulo, intanda-bulumko yayizele ngamanye amashishini amaninzi enzululwazi. Ke, i-geometri, i-Astronomy, i-Arithmetic kunye nomculo zazithathelwa ingqalelo zesayensi yemathematics, ukuqonda kwento eyimfuneko kufundo olulinganayo lwentanda-bulumko. I-Euclid iphuhlise imfundiso yePlato malunga nezinto ezine ezinikezelwa ngokungqinelana ne-Polyhedra elungileyo:
- Inqaku lomlilo liqinisekile i-tetraherron;
- Inqaku lomoya lihambelana kwi-octareron;
- Umhlaba wezinto unxulunyaniswa ne-cube;
- Into yamanzi inxulunyaniswa ne-ikosadr.
Kule meko, "isiqalo" sinokuthathwa njengohlobo lokufundisa ekwakhiweni 'kwimizimba ephosakeleyo ", oko kukuthi, i-polyhedra echanekileyo. Ukufundisa kuqulethe zonke iindlela eziyimfuneko, ubungqina kunye ne-ligaments. Ubungqina bezinto ezinokubakho zokwakha imizimba zigqityiwe ngokuvuma isibakala sokuba akukho wumbi mizimba ichanekileyo, ngaphandle kwedatha yesihlanu, ayikho.
Phantse yonke i-theorem ye-Euclide kwi "Isiqalo" ihambelana nezikhombisi zomsebenzi wokuzilolonga kubungqina be-Aristotle. Ke, umbhali uhlala efumana isiphumo kwizizathu, esenza ubungqina bobungqina obunengqondo. Kwangelo xesha, uqinisekisa ukuvunywa ngokubanzi, okuhambelana neemfundiso ze-aristotlet.
Ubomi Buqu
Lunye kuphela ulwazi malunga nomsebenzi we-Euclidean kwiSayensi uye kuthi, phantse akukho nto ingaziwa ngobomi bakhe. Kukho imbali kaKumkani wasePtolemy, owagqiba kwelokuba afunde iJometri, wacaphuka ngenxa yobunzima bayo. Emva koko waguqukela e-Euclide kwaye wacela ukuba enze indlela elula ukuya kulwazi ukuba umntu ocinga ukuba wayephendula wathi: "Akukho ndlela yasebukhosini ukuya kwejometri." Eli binzana layo kamva labakhohlisi.
Kukho ubungqina bokuba phantsi kwethala leencwadi lase-Alexandria, le syensi yamandulo yamaGrike yasasaza isikolo sabucala. Kuwo wafunda inzondelelo efanayo yesayensi, kunye ne-Euclide ngokwakhe. Kukwimo yobomi bakhe, i-Euclid yanceda abafundi ngokubhala emsebenzini, bezenzela iithiyori zabo kunye nokuphuhlisa ubungqina obufanelekileyo.
Akukho datha ichanekileyo ngenkangeleko yenzululwazi. Imifanekiso yakhe kunye nemifanekiso yakhe yesiphoso sisiqhamo sokucinga kwabayinyulwayo, wafaka umfanekiso odluliselwe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
Ukufa
Ngokufanelekileyo, i-Euclid iswelekile kwi-260s kwixesha lethu. Owona mabali okufa akaziwa. Ilifa lesifundo senzululwazi lasinda kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini kwaye yaphefumlela abantu abaninzi abakhulu kwinkulungwane emva kokuba efile.
Kukholelwa ukuba oyena mntu wezopolitiko u-Abraham Lincoln wayethanda ukucaphula iingxelo ze-Euclidea kwiintetho zakhe kwaye wayenevolus yakhe "eyaqala" kunye naye.
Izazinzulu zeminyaka elandelayo yeMisebenzi esekwe emsebenzini we-Euclide. Ke, isigaba saseRussia siIkolai Lobachevsky basebenzise izixhobo ze-Greek amandulo ukuba aphuhlise ijometri ye-hyperbolic jometry. Ifomati yemathematics, eyadalwa ngu-Euclide, ngoku iyaziwa ngokuba yi "Euclidean jometry". Inzululwazi ikwadale isixhobo sokumisela ukuphakama kwethoni yomtya kwaye sifunde ubuhlobo bokuphumla, sifaka isandla ekudalweni kwezixhobo zomculo zekhibhodi.
I-Bibliography
- "Ukuqala"
- "Idatha"
- "KwiCandelo"
- "I-phenomena"
- "Iimpawu"
- "IParisms"
- "Amacandelo oMoya"
- "Iindawo zomphezulu"
- "Pseudaria"
- "I-Catoprips"
- "Ukwahlula iCanon"