Biography
Akumangalisi ukuba uSir Walter Scott ubizwa ngokuba nguyise woncwadi lwesiNgesi, kuba lo mbhali ubhiyozela waba ngomnye wokuqala owayeza kunohlobo lwenoveli yembali. Umbhalo obhaliweyo wenkosi onesiphiwo wabasesitheriya wabekwa phi ababhali abaninzi ngenkulungwane ye-19 kunye neminyaka engama-20. Ixhalabile ukuba imisebenzi kaWalter Scott yaguqulelwa kumhlaba woBukhosi baseRussia ngesantya sokukhanya: Inoveli ebhalwe nguMman obhalwe nguSuby Salons kumazanane aphezulu kunye neNkosi.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Umbhali odumileyo wazalwa umntwana wesithoba nge-15 ka-Agasti, 1771 kwi-Scotland yaseScotland - Edinburgh, isixeko, esiziitempile kunye nezitrato zezityeni. I-novelst yexesha elizayo ikhule kwintsapho enkulu yasePresbyterian (bekukho abantwana abali-13, kodwa kuphela kwesithandathu), eyayihlala kumgangatho wesithathu kwisikhuselo se-alley, esikhokelela kwisango leyunivesithi yakudala.
I-Walter Scott inyukele kusapho lwe-Wortter Generagey Walter Walter Joter. Isahluko sentsapho sasihlala sibhekiswa kuncedo olusemthethweni lwabathengi ababalaseleyo, kodwa i-walter-upoure ngenxa yokuthozama kunye nokuthamba akuphumelelanga ukuwondla ilizwe. Umama wombhali, uAnna Rutherford, wayeyintombi ye-Eduricy yezamayeza esebenza kwiZiko lase-Edinburgh. UAnna wayengumfazi othozamileyo, efundwe kakuhle kwaye wamkela izinto zakwantique kunye namabali embali. Ezi mpawu zamzuzisa uNyana.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba utsho ukuba ubuntwana bobuntwana bayonwabile: Ukugula okungalindelekanga kwetyhefu ubukho benkwenkwana. Inyani yile yokuba xa uWalter wazaliseka unyaka onesiqingatha, waphulwa ngokukhubazeka kwabantwana, waza umntwana walwa nobomi yonke iminyaka ezayo. Ngo-1775-1777, uWalter wanyangwa kwiindawo ekuchithelwe kuzo iiholide, kwaye wayenefama katatomkhulu (apho, e-Scott okokuqala waza waqhelane ne-Epic kunye ne-folklore). Kodwa esi sigulo singalindelekanga sifana neWalter ebomini bakhe, kuba umbhali omkhulu wasala ngonaphakade (ilahlekile ekushukumiseni komlenze wasekunene).
Ngo-1778, umfana wabuyela kwi-niver yakhe yaya e-Edinburgh kwaye waqalisa ukuya kwiziko lokuqala lemfundo. UWalter wayengonwabanga zizifundo, ngakumbi umbhali wexesha elizayo engayithandi ifomula ye-algebraic. Kodwa kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-Scott ivutha umntwana obalaseleyo: Sele eneminyaka emihlanu, wafunda imisebenzi yamaGrike yamaGrike kwaye inokuvuswa ngokulula ukuba ichukunyiswe yintliziyo.
UWalter ubomi bakhe bonke babezibandakanya kwimfundo, kwaye ibhentshi yesikolo engazange ishiye igalelo kulwazi lombhali. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kwanomguqulo woncwadi lwe-doanten u-conban u-conban watsho ukuba ubuchopho bomntu yinto engenanto apho unokuzalisa khona nantoni na. Isidenge siyayenza: Dlulisa umnqweno ofunekayo kwaye awumfuneko. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, loo mzuzu uza xa kufuneka into eyimfuneko ukuba ikho.
Ke ngoko, ukuya kwi-Attic "Attic", uWalter ubeka apho kuphela oluncedo, njengoko besitsho, ngokuyintloko. Ke ngoko, kwixa elizayo, umthwalo omkhulu wolwazi olufanelekileyo lwanceda uScott phantse nasiphi na isihloko.
UWalter-umfundi wayengumntu onobubi, amadraqueter we-bish kunye nescuff kwaye adinwe ukuba aqhubeke notshintsho. Ukongeza, uWalter kwikhefu phakathi kwezifundo uphumeze ukubandakanya ukubambisa: izihlwele zabalingane bahlanganisane ngekamva le-noveliso kwaye xa uqhuba umamela iinoveliso zama-Adventure.
Kwiminyaka ye-junior, iScott yayidume nge-climber: Umfana ophuhlisayo woyisa iincopho zentaba, ukondla amachaphaza umzekelo kanesibindi, isibindi kunye noqeqesho oluhle lwezemidlalo. Xa umbhali wexesha elizayo wayeneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, wangena kwikholeji. Kodwa isifo sikaGenia saphinda senza uhlengahlengiso: Emva konyaka, i-Scott yaselula yasinda kwi-Tomorshage yeThemu, ngenxa yokuba ingakhange ikwazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda.
Kwi-epoch yokukhanya, iyeza aliphuhliswanga, amasiko amaninzi ezonyango ayo minyaka le yayitsala abafundi banamhlanje unanamhla. Ukuzisa imeko yomzimba kwiqhelekileyo, i-Walter Scott kuye kwafuneka ihambe yonke imijikelezo yesihogo. Inkwenkwe kangangeeyure ezininzi yayimi ye-LUGUNDO CLAUS, yaya kwiinkqubo zegazi, kwaye ihleli kwisidlo seenyanga ezimbini kwaye sihlala phantsi kwimidumba yokutya. Emva konyango olude, ololole minyaka mibini, umfana osandul 'ukubuyela kwidolophu yakhe, waya emanyathelweni kayise, ukuba ngumfundi kwi-ofisi yakhe yoMthetho.
UWalter wayengawuthandi umsebenzi ofanayo kumzali womzali, iphepha volokol kuphela elalangazelela umfana. Kodwa ukusuka emsebenzini wesiqhelo uStot sizama ukuzizuzisa: Ukuthemba iintsuku ezinesiphene, umfana wazama ngoncedo lwe-inkill kunye nepeni eyatyhilwa kwiPhepha leMihlaba elimangalisayo. Kwakhona, ukubhala amaxwebhu asemthethweni asemthethweni, uWalter wafumana umvuzo omncinci, ochithwa kwiincwadi ozithandayo.
Ekunyanzelweni komzali, uWalter ukhethe isenzo esisemthethweni. Ngo-1792, umfana omncinci wadlula kwiimviwo eyunivesithi kwaye wafumana intsingiselo yegqwetha. Ukusukela kule nqaku, iScott idweliswe kuluntu nomntu onobuchule onomsebenzi ogqithileyo kunye nemfundo.
Iminyaka yokuqala yoBomi i-Scott ichithe ngenzuzo: Ukuhamba kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo nakumazwe, kwazi ubomi kunye nezithethe zabanye abantu, kunye neentsomi zemveli. Nangona kunjalo, uhambo olunjalo lwahamba kuphela kumbhali we-novice kwaye ubonakalise iinoveli ezininzi.
Kwangelo xesha, uWalter waqalisa ukuntywila kwiHlabathi eliyintloko leMibongi yaseJamani: umfana onesithukuthezi uguqulelwe kumgca weMatriv. Inguqulelo yaphuma i-Intgnito, engachazwanga ngumbhali, kubandakanya umsebenzi owaziwayo weBurger ebizwa ngokuba ngu "Lennor" (abafundi abathetha isiRashiya ukuba basayine i-vasily zhukovsky) kunye neDeez Von Bon Berlikingan ".
Uncwadi
Mnumzana Walter Scott, njengoFranz Konka, khange bakholwa ukuba intsimi yencwadi inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeyona nto ifumanayo ebomini, kwaye yayingafuni ukufumana uzuko kunye nokwamkelwa, ukuxhonywa ngokubhaliweyo ngaphandle intetho. Ukubhala i-Scott yayingeyonto ngaphandle kokuzonwabisa kunye nokuzonwabisa, apho ubukele obodwa kwaye wenza imvakalelo entsha kunye nepeyinti kwi-sundone.
Inoveli ethandwayo ukuba iyothule kwaye ifanelwe ngokusasaza ixesha elininzi lokuhlala kwakhe - ukutyala imithi. I-boography yendalo yaseWalter Scott yayingekhe iguquguqukayo, kwaye ivela kwimibongo. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala - i-ballad "(1800) - yafundiswa ngamanqaku othando. Umbhali uyaqhubeka nokuqokelela i-scotland Folklore, eyayisekwe kwimibhalo-ngqangi yakhe yetyala.
Ngo-1808, uWalter Scott uba ngumsunguli wokupheliswa koncwadi, wafaka inoveli kwiivesi eziphantsi kwegama "marmion". Ngokumangalisayo, kwane-genius enjalo i-genius yehla nge-gesives kunye ne-DEAPS: wazi-ukuba i-Scott yahlulwe ngabagxeki kwi-Fluff nothuli. Inyani yile yokuba abo bathathwa njengelize ukuba uMaticar Matracar: Intsingiselo kunye nentsingiselo yadityaniswa kwi-protagonist yakhe, kwaye ezo mpawu zazingafanelekanga kwigorha le-lyrical.
UFrancis Jeffrey wathetha le fabul magomion yayiyintloko kwaye iyadideka. Kodwa olo lwamkela uphole ababhali abazange bachaphazele igama lombhali. Ababhali baseRussia bamkela inoveli kwiivesi ezine-bang. Umzekelo, uZhukovsky watolika ngokukhululekileyo kwi-Scott kwiNkundla yaKho "kwiNkundla yaKho", kunye ne-Mikhail Lermontov, ngokungathi kunjalo, 'ethunyelwa ngu-Caucasus. Kwaye kwanathanga i-Byroni yafumana i-plan 'ye-mamiyon "inomtsalane kwaye isebenzise ezinye iinjongo kwindalo yakhe ezininzi.
I-Scott equbethe imisebenzi "yamachibi amabini" (1810) kunye "namatye" (1813), ngenxa yoko waba ngumsunguli wokwenyani onguhlobo olutsha - umbongo wembali. Ngapha koko, umbhali, njengoShakespeare, ngokuxube ngobuchule kwibhotile enye kunye nentsomi, kwaye ugqibelele. Ngenxa yoko, ibali lemisebenzi yeNkosi yepeni ayizange ibe kwindawo, kodwa ifudukele: Ikamva labalinganiswa eliphembelele utshintsho lwexesha.
Umbhali wamkela Funda iinoveli ze-gothic kunye neenoveli zakudala, kodwa zangehambanga ngaphambili. UWalter wayengafuni ukusebenzisa i-mysticism egqithisileyo, ngenkcitho yayo i-Edgar isoftware eyaziwa ngayo, kwaye wayengafuni ukuba ngumbhali wemisebenzi "yakudala yamandulo. Ngokoluvo lwayo, iintshumayelo ezininzi zingumfundi ongaqondakaliyo we-Epoch yokukhanya.
Nangona uWalter Scott ngokuzalwa ekhathazekile impilo entle, kunye nemehlo embi, wasebenza ngempumelelo kwaye ekwazi ukudala iincwadi ezimbini zonyaka. Lilonke, inkosi yepeni ebomini bakhe ikwazile ukuqamba iinoveli ezingama-28, kunye neejala ezininzi kwaye zikhokelela, amanqaku athile enobuchule kunye neminye imisebenzi yokuyila.
Imisebenzi yombhali, efana nePuritan (1816), "I-Avengo" (1819), "Abbat" (1823), "I-Tatenin" (1827), "ubomi be-napoisman boboaparte" (1827) kwaye abaninzi Abanye baye baba yi-Desktop Bible yababhali beminyaka elandelayo. Umzekelo, uCharlotte Bronte, u-Arthur Coan Doyle, waseByron, uJane Austin nabanye amanani aphakamileyo axhomekeke kule migca.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bobuqu eScott babunengqondo. Kwiminyaka engama-20, i-walter esifubeni iqale i-roll yengcambu ye-cunnity: umfana othile wafumana imvakalelo yothando kwi-willihamne ye-william, eyintombazana yomntu omncinci kunomvuzo weminyaka emihlanu. Umbhali weminyaka emihlanu uphumelele uvelwano kule nenekazi elincinci elinomoya, elalithabatha umphathi obangela ukuba lona, kodwa khawulezisa uthuli ngempendulo engaqhelekanga.
Ngenxa yoko, ilali yakhetha kwiWalter yomnye umfana-uWilliam Asbes, unyana womtya odumileyo. Uthando olungafanelekanga lube sisiqhulo lombhali weenoveli, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kwakhokelela kwimisebenzi emitsha, amagorha awo avela kwiintliziyo ezaphukileyo.
Ngo-1796, umbhali watshata nombhali we-charlottete umchweli, owanika abantwana abanentanda - amantombazana amabini namakhwenkwe. Ebomini, uWalter Scott akazange athande i-advents ye-noisy kunye ne-Adventure egqithisileyo, umvelisi wenoveli kwindinyana wayedla ngokuchitha ixesha elilinganiselweyo, ejikelezwe ziintsapho kunye nabathandekayo. Kwaye nangakumbi uWalter wayengenguye uDozihuan: Indoda idela imitya yecala kwaye yayisekupheleni kweqabane.
Inkosi edumileyo yowethunga izilwanyana zasekhaya, kwaye iyonwabele ikhaya. I-Scott iyazibamba, ngaphandle koncedo, udayisile i-ebbotsford ngesandla ngokufika imibala kunye nemithi.
Ukufa
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje yobomi, impilo yombhali iqaqambile, iWalter Scott yasinda ezintathu zokubetha. Nasekwindla ngo-1832, inkosi eneminyaka engama-61 ubudala yabulala ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo.
Kwinkumbulo zombhali, amatye aqingqiweyo asekwa, kunye neefayile zamaxwebhu kunye neefilimu zobugcisa.
I-Bibliography
- I-1808 - "Marmion"
- I-1810 - "Deva Lake"
- I-1811 - "umbono we-don rodrika"
- I-1813 - iRokby
- I-1815 - "intsimi ye-waterloo"
- I-1815 - "Islands"
- I-1814 - "Waverley, okanye iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu"
- 1816 - "Puritan"
- Ngo-1820 - "Abbat"
- 1823 - "iQuentin Dorvard"
- Ngo-1825 - "Talisman"
- 1827 - "Iingxaki ezimbini"
- I-1828 - "igumbi kunye neetapile"
- Ngo-1829 - "Karl Bold, okanye uAnna Geersenkanskaya, Vigo Mraka"
- 1831 - "Bala iRobert Paris"