Biography
I-mikhail saltykov-tshiberin ngumbhali waseRussia odumileyo, intatheli, umhleli, irhulumente. Imisebenzi yakhe ibandakanyiwe kwikharityhulamu yesikolo esinyanzelekileyo. Iintsomi zombhali zingezizo ilize, zibizelwe kuzo-zangesiso nje esidleleneyo kunye ne-gropece kuphela kunye neGrovest, ngaloo ndlela igxininisa ukuba umntu wakhe unesiphelo sakhe.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Ubuhlakani boncwadi lwaseRussia kwintsapho entle. U-Evgraf Vasnedevich utata katata wayeyikota enkulu kunamaqabane alga mikhavilovna. Intombi yomthengisi we-Mscow etshatileyo kwiminyaka eli-15 kwaye ishiyele umyeni wakhe kwilali yaseSpas-kwikona, eyayikwiphondo le-tever. Apho, ngoJanuwari 15, 1826, oyena mncinci kubantwana abathandathu wazalelwa kwisitayile esitsha - i-mikhail. Lilonke, bekukho oonyana abathathu neentombi ezintathu kwintsapho yaseSalitykovy (Shiterin-Inxalenye yePseunduzy ekugqibeleni) kunye neentombi ezintathu.
Ngokwenkcazo yabaphandi kwi-biography yombhali, umama, kunye nelitha lezinto eziphelileyo kwintombazana eyonwabisayo kwi-Mistrestress yamandla, ekwabelwana ngayo ngabantwana kwizilwanyana zasekhaya kwaye babanjiwe. I-misha encinci ijikelezwe luthando, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha yawela kwi-rogue. Ekhaya bendihlala ndilile kwaye ndilila. NjengeVladimir Obodimir Obodimir Obledy Buty kwiGrashini malunga nosapho lwe-Saltykov, umbhali wachaza ubuntwana bakhe kwiincoko, kwake kwathi: "Lo mfazi ombi," ukhokelela kumama.
USaltykov wayewazi ulwimi lwesiFrentshi kunye neJamani, wafumana imfundo eqaqambileyo yekhaya, eyayivunyelwe ukuba ingene kwiZiko leMoscow. Ukusuka apho, inkwenkwe, eyabonisa ukugwetywa okungapheliyo, yeza khuseleko ngokupheleleyo kwiTharskoye epheleleyo yeTsarskoye, apho abafundi babelwa khona ngokwetafile yenqanaba.
Omabini amaziko emfundo ayedume ngokuba avelise i-elite yoluntu lwaseRussia. Phakathi kwabaphumeleleyo - uAlexander Puckkin, Prince Mikhail Obolensky, Wilhelm Kühehelbecker, Anton Delvig, ivan tychin. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nabo, uSaltykov osuka kwinkwenkwe emnandi yaguquka, ilwimi olungcolileyo, elihlala lihleli eKarzer, inkwenkwe, engazange abonwe kubahlobo abasondeleyo. Ngelishwa imiqondiso ye-mikhail igama elithi igama elithi "Dusk Lyceum."
Imozulu kwiindonga ze-Lyceum igalelo kulo msebenzi, kwaye uMikhail ekuxeliseni abangaphambili baqala ukubhala imibongo ye-ndyeral. Ukuziphatha okunjalo akuzange kushiywe kungaboniswa: Umfundi ophumelele i-Lyceum Mikhail Saltykov ifumene isikhundla soNobhala weKholeji, nangona wayenomcebisi omkhulu kwizifundo zakhe kwizifundo zakhe kwizifundo zakhe.
Ekupheleni kwe-Lyceum, uMikhail walungisa ukuya kwiOfisi yeOfisi yaMkhosi kwaye eqhubeka nokubhala. Ukongeza, inomdla kwimisebenzi ye-French Sociastry. Imixholo ephakanyiswe ziinguqu zabonakala kwishishini lokuqala elithi "edidayo" kunye "nokuchasana".
Kunomthombo wokupapashwa, umbhali waqalayo akazange aqanduse. Iphephancwadi elithi "Amanqaku asekhaya" ngelo xesha ayephantsi kocango lwezopolitiko olungekho mthethweni, wathathwa njengeyona nto iyingozi.
Ngesigqibo seKhomishini yoLawulo, iSaltykov yathunyelwa kwikhonkco kwiVYANTKA, kwiofisi yerhuluneli. Kwikhonkco, ukongeza kumsebenzi osemthethweni, uMikhail wafunda imbali yelizwe, eguqulela iingoma zeklasikhi yaseYurophu, waya kuninzi kwaye wanxibelelana nabantu. I-Saltykov iphantse yahlala ilungiselelwe kwiPhondo, nokuba wayefikelela kumcebisi kumgaqo wephondo: ngo-1855 uAlexander II wathwalwa ngesithsaba, kwaye malunga nesiqhelo siya kuba silibele nje.
UPeter Lanskaya weza kuhlangula, abameli bomntu onesidima, umyeni wesibini uNatalia uCumpkin. Ngoncedo lomninawa wakhe, uMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaPhakathi, uMikhail wabuyiselwa eSt. Petersburg kwaye wabeka indawo yemiyalelo ekhethekileyo kweli sebe.
Uncwadi
I-Mikhail EvGravich ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zoncwadi zaseRussia, ngobuchule benza ulwimi lwe-Esopovi, iinoveli kunye namabali angekaphulukani. Ababhali-mbali, umsebenzi we-SALTYKKOV-SHITERIn ngumthombo wolwazi ngemilinganiselo kunye namasiko aqhelekileyo kuBukhosi benkulungwane ye-19. I-Peru yombhali yeyakwimibandela enjalo "ngokungcola", "ithambile" kunye "nokukhumbula".
Emva kokubuya kwi-Sanetykov ye-Saltykov, amava okunxibelelana namagosa anesifo saseRussia afunyanwa ehlaziyiwe kwaye uNikolai Shiterin wapapasha umjikelo wezincoko zephondo, ezonwabo zeentlobo zabahlali baseRussia. Imibhalo yayilinde impumelelo enkulu, igama lombhali, ukubhala iincwadi ezininzi, okokuqala ziya kunxulunyaniswa ne "isincoko", abaphandi bokuyila kombhali baya kubabiza ngokuba luphuhlise uncwadi lwaseRussia .
Kumabali anobufundisi obukhethekileyo, abalula - abasebenzi bachazwa. Ukudala imifanekiso yamanene namagosa e-Ecegravich ekhokelele kuphela malunga neziseko ze-Serfdom, kodwa ikwagxile kwicala lokungaziphathi kakuhle kunye nesiseko sokuziphatha.
Iphezulu yobuchule bendalo yeRussia prosaik ithathwa njenge "mbali yelinye lesixeko". Ibali likaTytric, eligcwele i-Allegory kunye neGrotece, abantu bexesha elingaxaswanga ngoko nangoko. Ngapha koko, umbhali ekuqaleni watyholwa ukuba uyayilungisa uluntu kwaye izama ukonakalisa izibakala.
Kumaqhawe aphambili, abanini dolophu babonisa i-palette etyebileyo yabalinganiswa nabalimo sikawonke-wonke - izinyobo, abakhonzazana, abasengozini, abakhathazekileyo, ezinyaweni. Obona bantu baselula benza ukuba bathobele ngokungaboniyo, bakulungele lonke uhlobo lwegrey, elisebenza ngokuzinzileyo, kuphela ukuba libekho ekufeni.
I-farewell kunye negwala ye-ballytykov-frickov-friclin bagculela "i-pisrur ipropudrome". Umsebenzi, ngaphandle kwento ekubhekiswa kuyo njengentsomi, ayibhekiselwanga ukuba bangabantwana. Intanda-bulumko ihlanjululwe kwibali malunga neempawu zabantu, wagqitywa ukuba ubekhona, wavalelwa kuphela kwimpilo yakhe, yayingaqondakali.
Enye ifanitshala kubantu abadala 'ngumnini-mhlaba wasendle ", umsebenzi ophilayo nowonwabileyo onesikhanyiso seZinizul Raid, apho abantu abalula banxamnye nomlawuli we-will.
Umsebenzi wokubhala we-saltykov-tshiberin wafumana uphawu olongezelelekileyo xa iproset yaqala ukusebenza kwi-ofisi yoHlelo leMagazini yeThuti. Ukususela ngo-1868, ulawulo ngokubanzi lopapasho lwe-poet luyimbongi kunye noluntu wikolai nekrasov.
Kwisimemo sobuqu se-mikhail yokugqibela i-Evovich intloko kwisebe lokuqala elibandakanyeke ekupapashweni kweentsomi kunye nokutshintsha imisebenzi. Ininzi lencoko yalo ye-Saltykov-tshiberin ikwapapashwa kwiphepha "amanqaku".
Phakathi kwawo - "ikhusi le-Monrepo", ngokwesithsaba solonwabo-umzobo wobomi bosapho oba ngumxholo othi, "I-Diaryari yePhondo eyaguqulwa kwiRussia, "IPoompara kunye nePoompareshahi", "iileta ezivela kwiphondo."
Ngo-1880, incwadi eyahlukileyo yapapasha inoveli ye-Epoch-Wovel "inkosi golocy" - Ibali malunga nosapho, apho uninzi lwenjongo kukoyisa kwaye lungasebenzi kakuhle ukuba lube ngumthwalo kunina, ngokubanzi, usapho Uhlala nguMthetho kaThixo kwaye ungacingi ukuba uTogo ushukumisela ukuzitshabalalisa.
Ubomi Buqu
Ndikunye nenkosikazi yakhe uElizabeth, i-mikhail saltykov yadibana kwikhonkco leVyatka. Intombazana yavela njengentombi yentloko yentloko ngqo yombhali, irhuluneli ye-Apollo petrovich Boztin. Eli gosa lenza umsebenzi kwicandelo lezemfundo, ezoqoqosho, ezomkhosi nezamapolisa. Ekuqaleni, isicaka esinamava sasisoyika ukukhululeka kwe-SALTYKOV, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, la madoda abe ngabahlobo.
Kusapho lukaLisa obizwa ngokuba yiBety, le ntombazana ibizwa ngumbhali, eyayingaphezulu kweminyaka eli-14, Michel. Nangona kunjalo, kungekudala i-bolt yatshintshelwa kwiVladimir kwinkonzo, kwaye usapho lwahamba emva kwakhe. I-Saltykov inqatshelwe ukushiya imida yePhondo leVyatka. Kodwa, ngokutsho kwentsomi, waqhekeza kabini umlomo ukuze ubone intanda.
Kwakunxamnye nomtshato kunye nonyoko wase-Elizabeth Aporlonia, u-Olga Mikhailovna: AyingoMtshakazi omncinci kancinane, ngoko ke i-dowry yentombazana ayiqinileyo. Umahluko kule minyaka ibingathandabuzekayo nge-vladimir cice. UMikhail wavuma ukulinda unyaka omnye.
Ulutsha lwatshata ngoJuni 1856, umama kamama weGroom emtshatweni akazange eze. Ulwalamano oluvela kusapho olutsha lwalunzima, amaqabane ahlala exabana, umahluko wabalinganiswa wachaphazeleka: uMikhail - uthe tye, woyika indlu yakhe. UElizabeth, ngokuchaseneyo, uthambile kwaye unomonde, akachaphazeli ulwazi lwesayensi. I-Saltykov ayizange ithande i chemistry kunye ne-coquetry yomfazi wayo, yabiza iinjongo zeqabane "azifuneki."
Ngokutsho memoirs ka Prince Vladimir Obolensky, uElizabeth Apolloovna kwincoko wayithabatha unptipad, wenza izimvo ukuba angahambelaniyo ityala. Ubudenge boMfazi oPhekayo wabeka umdlali kwi-fikhail evuthayo kwaye inomsindo uMikhail evrefovich.
U-Elizabeth wayebuthanda ubomi bakhe obuhle kwaye wafuna umxholo wezezimali ofanelekileyo. Kule nto, umyeni, owakhonzayo ngaphambi komxholo we-pice-irhuluneli, wayenokufaka igalelo, kodwa rhoqo aziziza ematyaleni kwaye wabiza ukufunyanwa kwepropathi ngumthetho ongengowolunye uhlobo. Ukusuka kwimisebenzi ye-saltykov-frinterin kunye nezifundo zobomi bombhali, kuyaziwa ukuba wayedlalela kwipini, egculelwe epiyoni kwaye weva ingcali kwisigama esingaqhelekanga.
Nangona kunjalo, uElizabhete noMikhalili babehlala kunye ubomi bakhe bonke. Inkosikazi iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde ifumane inkosikazi yomyeni wakhe, yaza yaba yinkosikazi elungileyo, emva kokubulawa kombhali kubangela ukuba ayalele ukuba lifa ifa, ngenxa yoko usapho olungakhange luzimisele. Intombi kaElizabhete nonyana kaKonstantani bazalwa emtshatweni. Abantwana abazibonakalisa ukuba bacaphukile njani utata osaziwayo, kunye nezintanda zabo. I-Saltykov yabhala:
"Ngelishwa siya kuba ngabantwana bam, akukho mibongo ezintliziyweni, akukho zinkumbulo zemvula."Ukufa
Impilo yombhali osele ikhulile, obandezeleka ngenxa yesikrati, sisiphoso ngokunzulu ukuvalwa 'kwamanqaku asekhaya "ngo-1884. Kwisigqibo esidibeneyo senkonzo yangaphakathi, okusesikweni kunye nokukhanya kwabantu, impapasho yamkelwa njengomnikezeli weengcinga eziyingozi, kunye nabasebenzi beBhodi yoHlelo - amalungu oluntu oluyimfihlo.
Iinyanga ezidlulileyo zobomi be-saltykov-frityrin echithwe ebhedini, iindwendwe ziyacelwa ukuba zidluliselwe: "Ndixakeke kakhulu." I-mikhail evhlovich isweleke ngoMeyi 1889 ukusuka kwiingxaki ezibangelwa kukubanda. Ngokutsho kombhali, bangcwatyelwa ecaleni kwengcwaba le-Ivan Turgenev kwi-vykovsky yamangcwaba aseSt. Petersburg.
Iinyani ezinomdla
- Kwizityu ze-aristocal ', ngokwendlela efanayo, i-mikhail evhlobich ayisebenzi. Ngokutsho kwabanye, intsapho yakhe yinzala yesebe elingelo lize lilowo.
- I-Mikhail Saltykov - I-Shoterin yeza negama elithi "ukuthamba".
- Abantwana kwintsapho yombhali babonakala beneminyaka eli-17 ubudala.
- Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi zemvelaphi yePseundenym Generin. Eyokuqala: Uninzi lwabalingane begama lokugqibela babehlala kwilifa likaSaltykov. Okwesibini: I-Shiterin - ifani yomthengisi, umthathi-nxaxheba wentshukumo eyahlukileyo, imeko apho umbhali aphandele ngenxa yemisebenzi esemthethweni. "I-French" Version: Enye yeendlela zokukhetha ukuguqulelwa kwegama elithi "isisa" kwisiFrentshi - Libraral. Incoko enkulu kakhulu ityhilwe kumbhali kwimisebenzi yakhe.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1857 - "I-Gubernsky isincoko"
- Ngo-1869 - "ibali malunga nendlela ezimbini zabantu abaninzi babini?
- Ngo-1870 - "Imbali Yelinye"
- Ngo-1872 - "kwidayari yephondo eSt. Petersburg"
- Ngo-1879 - "I-Shelter Monrepo"
- I-1880- "Nkosi golocy"
- I-1883 - "I-ProPtud Piskar"
- I-1884 - "I-Karas Agest"
- Ngo-1885 - "konya"
- 1886 - "Isithsaba sikaCrowber"
- I-1889 - "i-postnokgo abadala"