Biography
I-Albrect Durer ngumculi waseJamani ophumeleleyo ophumeleleyo oshiyekileyo kwiSayensi kunye ne-ART. Wabhala imifanekiso, edale imizobo, ukrolo. Inkosi yayikuthanda ukufunda ijometri kunye ne-astrolophy, ifilosofi kunye nokucwangciswa kwedolophu. Inkumbulo yomculi onetalente ye-ART ibalwa ngenani elikhulu lemisebenzi. Umthamo welifa lasekhohlo ngu-Albrecht Durer, thelekisa nengqokelela ye-Rembrandt kunye neLeonardo da Vinci.Ubuntwana noLutsha
Iarhente yeRenaissance yazalelwa eNuremberg nge-21 kaMeyi, 1471 kwintsapho yaseHungary eyafudukela eJamani. Umzobo waseJamani - umntwana o-3 ovela kubantwana abayi-18 kaJeweeler. Ngo-1542, kuphela abazalwana abathathu baphila: i-albrecht, izaphene kunye noHans.
Ngo-1477, uAlbrecht wayengumfundi wesikolo saseLatin, kwaye ekhaya wayedla ngokuncedwa nguyise. Umzali wayelithanda ithemba lokuba inkwenkwe iya kuqhubeka neshishini losapho, kodwa i-biography yoNyana yayihlukile. Italente yepeyinti yexesha elizayo yaphawuleka kwangoko. Ukufumene ulwazi olokuqala kuBawo, inkwenkwe yayizibuza ukuba ifunde kwi-Enger kunye ne-puliseter michael volhemumes. I-Drerr SR. Ikhutshiwe ngokufutshane kwaye ithumele iAlbrectt phantsi komgcini we-cumier.
Iworkshop kaWolggemu yayinolawulo olungenakuphikiswa kunye nokuthandwa. Umfana oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala wathabatha ubuchule bokupeyinta, ukuzoba nokufika emthini kunye nobhedu. I-Debut yayiyeyona "mfanekiso kaBawo".
Ukususela nge-1490 ukuya kwi-1494, i-albrecht yahamba iYurophu, iyonwabisa ulwazi kwaye ifumana amava. E Colmar, uDürer wasebenza noonyana bakaMartin Schouer, owayengenalo ixesha lokuphila. I-Albrecht yayikwisangqa sabantu kunye neencwadi.
Kuhambo, lo mfana wafumana ileta evela kuyise owavakalisa ngesivumelwano nentsapho eFrey. Abazali ababalaseleyo bavumile ukunika intombi yexhego itshata iAlbrecht. Wafumana imeko entsha kwaye waqalisa ishishini lakhe.
Ukupeyinta
Ubuchule bukaDurera bungabi nasiphelo, kunye nombonakalo wezimvo kunye nezinto onomdla kuzo. Ukupeyinta, ukufundiswa kunye nokuzoba kube yeyona nto iphambili kumsebenzi. Umculi ushiye ilifa ebalwe ngamaphepha angama-900 emifanekiso. Ngokwevolontiya kunye nobungqina bemisebenzi, ababhali-mbali bebonisa i-leonardo da vincci.
I-Durer isebenze njengamalahle, ipensile, iintsiba, irhafu, i-maneecolor kunye ne-pin, i-pin yesilivere, ibeka umfanekiso njengenyathelo lokudala ubume bekona kwikona yekona. Izihloko zenkolo zidlale indima enkulu emsebenzini weDürer, ehambelana nemikhwa yobugcisa belo xesha.
Ukucinga okungasenziyo, utyekelo lokufumana kunye nokuvavanywa kuvumela i-GOTI ukuba iqhubeke iphulwe. Omnye wemiyalelo yokuqala yayikukupeyinta indlu yesixeko saseZebraira. Ukufunda malunga nomsebenzi ophumeleleyo womculi, i-Kurfürst Saxon Grifrich ubulumko bamyalela ukuba umbizi wakhe, kwaye lo mzekelo ulandelwe nguPatricia Nuremberg. U-Udrer walandela isiko laseYurophu, ebonisa imodeli kwimvelaphi yendawo entle yokubuyela umva kunye nokusebenza ngokweenkcukacha umfanekiso omncinci.
Ukufika kwendawo ephambili kwimisebenzi yoMdali. Imijikelezo yomsebenzi ivele kwiworkshop yakhe yaseJamani. Iimeko ze-Debut zenziwa zisebenzisa i-anton coberger. I-Nuremberg ibekwe kwiimvavanyo kwaye ihambe, ke inkosi isebenzise iindlela ezintsha kwilizwe lakhe.
Imisebenzi yayithengisiwe kakuhle. Umzobo wabandakanywa noshicilelo lweSixeko, ukudala imifanekiso ukuze u-oda. Ngo-1498, wenza i-Xylography yepapasho "Apocalypse", eyazisa umbhali udumo eYurophu. UDürer wayamkela uluntu lwabasetyhini, elikhokela i-kondrat thtchis.
Ngo-1505, umzobi wadala isibingelelo seCawa yeSan Barticomama eVenice ebizwa ngokuba "yiholide yeRoskov". Iququ lichaza iimonki zikaDominican ezithandazayo neRosary. Embindini womfanekiso - intombi enguMary kunye nosana olunguYesu.
Isikolo sase-Italiya saphembelela indlela yomlindi. Uphucule ubuchule bokuchaza umzimba womntu xa ushukuma kunye nee-angles ezinzima. Umculi uqonde ukubaluleka kwemigca 'Ukuguquguquka kwaye wasusa i-anther yakhe ye-Gothic ngendlela yakhe. Wafumana imiyalelo emininzi yeMifanekiso yesibingelelo. IBhunga laseVenetine laphakamisa imbuyekezo enkulu kuDartor ukuze uMdali asekusele e-Itali, kodwa wayethembekile kwilizwe lakhe. Ubuqaqawuli be-udrer bakhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye kungekudala bavunyelwe ukuba bathenge indlu kwi-pissergass.
"Ukunqulwa kweVolkhvov" kubhaliwe ukubuya kwabo e-Itali kwaye ubonakalisa izinto ezikwindawo yokuphinda-phinda e-Itali. Lo mfanekiso uchaza iyelenqe lebhayibhile. Imisebenzi yeDürer, eyenziwe ngexesha ukusuka kwi-1507 ukuya kwi-1511, iphawulwa ngolingano, i-pragmatic, indlela engqongqo yomfanekiso. I-durer ilandele iminqweno yabathengi kwaye inamathele kwisiko elondolozekileyo elingazange linciphise umjikelo wemisebenzi yalo ye-Penetian.
Intlanganiso kunye ne-emdroror maximillia ndaba luphawu lomntu wokuyila. Emva kokufunda imisebenzi yomlindi, umlawuli wayalela ukwenziwa komfanekiso wakhe. Kodwa andikwazi ukuhlawula kwangoko, ngoko ndamisela ibhaso leminyaka lebhaso lonyaka. Wamvumela uDureru ukuba ahlukane nokupeyinta, ukufumba kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi. "Imifanekiso ye-maximillian" yaziwa kwilizwe liphela: inqaku elivelisayo liboniswa nge-grenade etyheli ezandleni zakhe.
Umculi waseJamani waphembelela ubugcisa obuhle baseMantla eYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-16. Waphakamisa uhlobo losasazo, egcina umfanekiso wenzala. Inyaniso enomdla: U-Durr Keshil amampunge ngemifanekiso yakhe. Wayiqonda loo mifanekiso njengendlela yokugxininisa imeko kwaye uzibamba kwinqanaba lobomi oluthile. Oku kuphinda inqaku langoku lefoto. Inomdla kwimiboniso yakhe yokuzibonakalisa kunye nempahla ye-ostolist nempahla yokunxiba, ehonjiswe ngoboya.
UDürer wagcina imizobo eyenziwe ngexesha loqeqesho, ngoko ke imisebenzi ye-grafic namhlanje yenza enye yezona ndlela zinkulu kwihlabathi. Ukusebenza kuMfanekiso, i-Albrecht Dürer yayingaphelelanga kwiminqweno yomthengi kwaye ityhilwe kuyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Wayeziva inkululeko efanayo, ukudala ukrolo.
"I-knight, ukufa kunye noMtyholi" ngumculi odumileyo ngokukrola, efanekisela indlela yomntu. Ukholo luyamkhusela kwizilingo, uMtyholi ulinde okomzuzwana ukuba abe ngumkhombandlela, kwaye ukufa kubalulekile ekufeni. "Abakhweli abane be-Apocalypse" -sebenza kumjikelo webhayibhile. Ophumeleleyo, iMfazwe, indlala nokufa hlambulula wonke umntu kwaye wonke umntu usendleleni, vumela wonke umntu ngokweempumelelo.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1494, i-Albbrecht Durer ngokunyanzelisa utata wakhe watshata namaGernes Rreay, ummeli we-genis endala. Njengoko ihlala yenzeka ngaloo maxesha, abantu abaselula abakhange babone phambi komtshato. Umzobo waba kuphela kwendaba evela kumyeni. I-Dredr yayingeyonto yokufumana iZiko losapho kwaye yayizinikele kubuchule. Iqabane lihlala libanda. Mhlawumbi esi seso sizathu sokuba ubomi bobuqu buqu bunxulumene kuphela nemisebenzi yakhe.
Ngokukhawuleza emva komtshato, i-albrecht yashiya iqabane lakho elincinci, lishiywe e-Itali. Wahlala enemvakalelo ngokunxulumene nenkosikazi yakhe lonke ubomi obuhlanganisiweyo. I-Drerr ifumene ukwamkelwa, ifumene imeko kunye nesikhundla kuluntu, kodwa soze sifikelele kwimvumelwano no-Agne. Umanyano aluzange luzise inzala.
Ukufa
Emva kokubhubha kuka-Mximillian I ngo-1520, intlawulo yePrimiyar yeDrürer iyekile. Uthathe uhambo lokucacisa iimeko, nokuba eNetherlands, egula.
Abaculi bebhayoloji bathi umculi wabetha imalariya. Uhlaselo lwe-angerment lwalukhathaza imbeko kude kube yimihla yokugqibela. Emva kweminyaka esi-8, ngo-Epreli 6, 1528, umgibe wasweleka kwi-Nuremberg yakhe.
Sebenza
- 1490 - "IIMPAPO ZOBawo"
- 1490-1493 - "Usindiso olumangalisayo lwenkwenkwe engcolileyo yaseBregfey"
- 1493 - "CE, Mntu"
- I-1496 - "porterf rightrich III Bigh"
- 1496 - "Saint Jerome enkqantosini"
- 1497 - "amagqwirha amane"
- 1498 - "Apocalypse"
- I-1500 - "Ukuzingca kwimpahla yokunxiba, ucalucalulo"
- I-1504 - "Ukunqula iMagi"
- I-1507 - "Adam no-Eva"
- I-1506 - "iinyikima zeholide ezivela kwiRoses"
- I-1510 - "Ingcinga yeNtombi"
- I-1511 - "Ukunqula UTelity oNgcwele"
- I-1514 - "I-Melancholy"
- 1528 - "hare"