Biography
UThomas Akvinsky ngoyena mbuso wezenkolo yamaKatolika, okwazile ukudibanisa iinkolelo zobuKristu ngengqondo kunye nengqondo. I-biography ka-Towoman yaya kufutshane, kodwa yayizaliswe ziingcinga ezilumkileyo, iinyanga ezisisiseko (umzekelo, "inani lezenkolo"), iminqweno yobupcwalisi. Eyona mpumelelo iphambili kwisicinga sase-Italiya kukuqulunqwa kobungqina obu-5 bobukho bukaThixo.Ikamva
UThomas Aquinas, okanye uThomas (Thomas), wazalwa ngoJanuwari 25, 1225 kwisixeko sase-Itali sase-Italiyane (kwi-Lazio yeLazio), kwinqaba yaseProngokazk. Utata wase-Landf Aquinas wakhonza njenge-Kight kwiKing Roger II, noTheodore, umama Neapolinka, beza nabantwana abasixhenxe.
Ngelixa oonyana abakhulileyo babuqonda ukuba bathandane nomkhosi, abazali babonyulwa kwi-thomas indlela yeSinguBald, uMzalwan 'uCololf, owayesebenza njenge-abtekastery engu-monasteltestes. Kwiminyaka emi-5 ubudala, inkwenkwe yayikwimoyakazi yecawa, ngo-1239 - kwiYunivesithi yaseNaples. Apha, uTomas Aquinas wadibana no-Aristotle, i-Maimonida ye-Maimonide yaseMummogide, i-Arabsopher yeFilosopher Arverrove, ezamfqethelanga iimfundiso zezakwalizwi ze-Itali.
Kwiminyaka eli-19, isithandi sobulumko esincinci sagqiba kwelokuba sijoyine i-odolo yamaKatolika yabashumayeli. I-Foma Aquinas yosapho yayinxamnye nalo mbono. Ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka, iOdodora kwikamva loNyana, amalungu omyalelo azamile ukumbuyisela ukucinga eRoma, kodwa kwindlela ababamba abantakwabo.
Abazali bazama ukumenza unyana wakhe ayeke ukujoyina umyalelo kaMonastic, owayeneminyaka emi-2 wamgcina evalelwe. Kuthi ngenye imini abazalwana bakhokelela kwibhinqa loluntu kwi "Entolongo" yokutshabalalisa isifungo se-chibintacy. UThomas Aquinas wayikhusela ekuguleni kwakhe.
Uloyiso lomfana oselula phezu kwesilingo ubanjiwe emgceni we-Diego Velasquez "isilingo seSt Thomas Aquinsky." Kwi-canvase ibonisa umntu odiniwe, enxibe i-moustic robe thomas, o hugs ingelosi. Omnye umthunywa wezulu usemva, kwaye ngenxa yegxalaba lakhe kukho umfazi omangalisiwe. Phantsi, ezinyaweni zokucinga, gcina uyaxoka.
Isifungo se-chibikelelacy, isithandi-sobulumko sigcinwe de kufe, ubomi bomntu kwixabiso elixhaphakileyo le-Thomas Akvinsky. Wayengabenabafazi nabantwana bakhe.
Ukuqonda ukuba imisebenzi ayizisi neziphumo, kwi-1244 theodore icwangcisa ukubaleka kwe-thomas kuqala eNaples, apho intanda-bulumko idibana ne-jonn von, inkosi ngokubanzi yombutho waseMohani.
Ngo-1245, umfana wangena kwiDyunivesithi yaseParis, umcebisi wakhe yayingumntu wezakwalizwi ukuba inkulu. Ngenxa yokulayisha kunye nokuthobeka, ngokungqongqo kakhulu kwimonki, abanye abafundi baphulukana neFoma Aquinas Sicilia SICL. Ukuphendula kwi-Albert Albert, enkulu yathi i-quato yesiprofetho:
"Umbize ngenkunzi yenkomo ethe cwaka, kodwa imibono yakhe iya kuthi icele kakhulu ukuba umhlaba wothukile."Ukulandela utitshala, kwiminyaka emi-3 kamva, uThomas waya eCologne, apho wacacisa khona imithetho yeTestamente Endala. Ngo-1252 wabuya waya eParis ukuze afumane inqanaba lezesiko lezemidlalo. Kwimfihlakalo phambi kweemfundiso emva kweminyaka emi-4, ifilosofi yayicetywa ukuba ibe yirente yeDyunivesithi yaseParis, kwi-1268th thomas kwakhona yathatha isikhundla.
UThomas Aquinas wawushiya umqobo kwimbali yeCawa yamaRoma Katolika: ngo-1261, uPopu Uv uyalele ifilosofi ukuba aqambe iholide entsha yomzimba kunye negazi likaKristu. "UPange Lingoa", "UTantm Ergo" kunye ne "Pentis Angelicaus" zenziwa namhlanje.
Ngo-1265, icawa yaphinda yaguqukela kwi-Thomas ukuba icele uncedo: Utata olandelayo waseRoma, uClement IV wanika i-italian kwi-bogoslov.
Ngo-1272, eshiya isithuba serente yeDyunivesithi yaseParis, uThomas Akvinsky wafudukela eNaples, apho washumayela khona abantu. Kunye nonyaka emva koko, abanye abacinga ukuba baqaqazelwe nguThixo. Intsomi itsho ukuba emva kwendibano ekuseni kwimona yaseDominican eNapical, kwi-chapel kaPicalas, uTomasi wayeliva izwi likaKristu:
"Undichaze kakuhle, Tomas. Nguwuphi umvuzo owufunayo emsebenzini wakho? "UThomas uphendule:
Akukho nto ngaphandle kwakho, Nkosi.Olunye unqikelelo lwenzeka ngoDisemba 1273, xa ngexesha lentshumayelo yeFoma Aquinsky yabetha i-ecstasy ende. Wala ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo omkhulu, kamva obizwa ngokuba "yimali yenkolo". Emva kokuphumla ekucingani, kwavuswa ukubhala unxano, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba ugqibezele isivumelwano.
UPopu Gregory X wabhengeza ukubhangiswa kweCawan yesibini yeLyon, eyona njongo yayo yayiluluxolelaniso lwecawa yamaRoma Katolika. Intlanganiso yamenyelwa kwiFoma Aquinas. Endleleni, ukhwele kwi-esile kwindlela yaseRoma yeRoma, le ndoda yambetha intloko yayo malunga nesebe lomthi owileyo kwaye ugula kakhulu.
Isithandi-sobulumko sasiwa kwi-montekatsassino ngonyango. Ukubuyisela impilo, uThomas waqala endleleni, kodwa kwakhona ka-Zalenogo. Wayekhunjulwa kwi-Abbey ye-fossanov. Iimonki zimbamba iintsuku ezininzi. UThomas Akvinsky wasweleka nge-7 kaMatshi, i-1274 etafileni - wathetha ngengoma yengoma yengoma.
Emva kweminyaka engama-50, nge-1823, uPopu John XXII wabhengeza i-foma Aquinas yaBangcwele, kwaye nge-7 kaMatshi, wasweleka kwikhalenda yomthendeleko waseRoma emva kwemini yeSt. Thomas Aquinsky. Emva kowe-1969, umhla uguqukile nge-28 kaJanuwari. Intsalela yesithandi-sobulumko idluliselwe rhoqo: ngoJanuwari 1369 - kwiCawe yeNdloko ye-Jakin eToulouse, ukusuka kwi-1789 ukuya ku-1779 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1989 ukuya ku-1979, ibuyiselwe kwiCawe yeMonastery, apho Basahleli.
Ifilosofi kunye nemibono
UThomas Aquinas akazange aziqhelise kwintanda-bulumko, ethathela ingqalelo amahedeni awo ukuba "alikhanyele inyaniso kunye nobulumko bobuKristu." Wayekholelwa ukuba ifilosofi isebenza imfundiso, kuba isityhilelo sikaThixo sisizathu esibaluleke ngakumbi. Ngaphandle kwamabinzana angenaluncedo, uTomas wafunda uAristotle, oboniswa kwiithiyori zayo.
Ukuthatha njengesiseko senqanaba le-4 lolwazi lwenyaniso ye-Aristotle-amava, ubugcisa, ulwazi nobulumko, uThomas Aquinas wachaza eyakhe. Wabhala ke ukuba ubulumko buyazi ngoThixo, oko kukuthi, ngaphezulu kwamanyathelo onke. Ukucinga ngokukhawuleza kwabelwe kwaye kwabelwe iintlobo ezi-3 zobulumko: UGrace, isiXeko (Ubulumko boKholo) kunye neMetafsicalical (yobulumko).
Njengo-Aristotle, uThomas Aquini wajonga umphefumlo ngento ethile, ekhoyo ngokulandelelana neminqweno yomntu, ibonakaliswa ngokubonakalayo nembi. Umphefumlo womntu unikwe ukunxibelelana neNkosi emva kokuba ifile.
Ke ngoko, ukucinga ukuba, ummi oqinisekileyo ufuna ukuphila ngobulungisa ukunxibelelana noMdali kwelinye ilizwe lehlabathi. Kule Tomas, uyayiphindaza imibono ye-Protor yeZimvo zeNtliziyo yamaKristu ka-Augustine Augustine Augustine Augustine, okanye uAugustine of Gloous.
Umntu uya kwazi umhlaba ngesizathu, ubukrelekrele nengqondo. Ngenxa yoqobo, ukugwetywa kunye nezigqibo zenziwe, umzuzwana unceda ekuhlalutyeni imifanekiso yangaphandle ye-phenomena, kwaye owesithathu ubonisa indibaniselwano yezinto zokomoya. Ngokubanzi, ulwazi kukuba, ngokutsho kwe-Thomas yaseAquinas, eyahlula umntu kwizilwanyana, izityalo, izidalwa zikaThixo.
Ukwazi ngobuthixo, kukho nezixhobo ezi-3 - ingqondo, iSityhilelo kunye nentuw. Yiyo loo nto, uThomas Aquinas wayengomnye wabafundisi bezakwalizwi wokuqala eqonda ukuba kunokwenzeka okuqonda okuphezulu ngendlela eyiyo. Ngapha koko: Ngowona msebenzi mkhulu "isixa sezenkolo", ukucinga kukhokelele ubungqina obu-5 bobukho bukaThixo.
- Qengqeleka kuqala. Ukuhamba kwazo zonke izinto ezinamandla emhlabeni ukhe wacaphuka kukuhamba kwezinye izinto, kunye nezinto zesithathu. Nangona kunjalo, uThixo waba sisizathu sengcambu.
- Okwesibini-ukuvelisa amandla. Ubungqina buyafana nale yangaphambili kwaye kuthetha ukuba unobangela wento yonke eyakha yenziwa ehlabathini nguThixo.
- Elesithathu yimfuno. Inye into ibeka inokubakho kwaye isetyenziswe ngokwenyani, kodwa zonke izinto azinakuba seziposti. Isiphumo siyadingeka ukukhuthaza ukuguqulelwa kwezinto ukusuka ekwimeko yokwenyani apho into eyimfuneko. Le nto nguThixo.
- Okwesine ngumgangatho wokuba. Abantu bathelekisa izinto kunye ne-phenomena enento egqibeleleyo. Oku kugqibelele kwaye ukhona uThixo.
- Isihlanu secala. Imisebenzi yezidalwa eziphilayo kufuneka ifaneleke, oko kuthetha ukuba kuyimfuneko, ubuza injongo yazo yonke into esehlabathini. Kwaye le nto nguThixo.
Ukongeza kwinkolo, uThomas Akvinsky waqiqa ngoRhulumente. Indlela efanelekileyo yesixhobo sezopolitiko, isithandi-sobulumko sasicinga ngobukumkani. Ukumkani ngumlingani kaThixo emhlabeni, onyanzelekileyo ukuba athathele ingqalelo umdla kunye neemfuno zalowo onke amalungu oluntu, ngaphandle kokukhetha ukukhetha amahle. Kwangelo xesha, ukuthanda kukaMongami kunyanzelekile ukuba bathobele abefundisi, oko kukuthi, uzuko lukaThixo.
UThomas kuqala wachitha umgca phakathi kwesiseko nobukho. Emva koko, lo qalisa ulusizi lwe-Katolika. Eyona nto iphambili ye-Thomas Aquinsky ibizwa ngokuba "luvo olunyulu", oko kukuthi, eyona nto iphambili "yento yento okanye izinto, itrications yempawu. Inyaniso yokufumana izinto okanye izinto zehlabathi zinobungqina bobukho bayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho into enye, inkoliseko kaThixo iyimfuneko.
Kwizimvo zokucinga okuhle kunye nonyango lwakhe, "inani lezemfundiso" lakhiwa yimfundiso, eyayibizwa ngokuba yiTotis, okanye ubuchwephesha. Ithi ayisiyiyo into eninzi malunga nemfundiso yokholo, ukuba yimalini malunga neendlela zokwamkela ukholo ngesizathu. Nangona kunjalo, olona vavanyo luphezulu lweFAMA Aquinsky kukwamkelwa kwayo njengeembono ezisemthethweni zobuKatolika.
Iikowuti
Vumela iingcinga ezigqityiweyo ezincwadini, ziya kuba yimali yakho emiselweyo, kwaye iingcinga onazo, ipesenti ifuna abahlobo, kuba yena ngokwakhe uphumelela, kwaye hayi Ukuze ubancome, kuba unetyala lobomi obulungileyo, kodwa eneneni ukuze enze izenzo ezilungileyo kubahlobo. Abalibali bafuna izilumko kunobulumko bokuba ndizithethile, kodwa kunqabile ukuba bazisole ngento ethe cwaka.Inkqubo
- 1245-1246 - "Inkomfa malunga namagcisa athile odumileyo"
- 1255 - "Kwimigaqo yendalo"
- 1256-1259 - Imibuzo ephikisayo malunga nenyaniso "
- 1259-1268 - Imibuzo Ephicothileyo Ngamandla KaThixo "
- 1261-1263 - "Isixa-mali esichasene nabahedeni" ("isixa sentanda-bulumko")
- I-1265-1274 - "isixa senkolelo"
- 1267 - "imibuzo ephikisayo malunga nomphefumlo"