Biography
U-Ernest Rutherford ngumphandi ophuhlise iziseko kunye neziseko ezisisiseko zeFideary physics. Uphando lwenzululwazi lugxile kwisakhiwo sesakhiwo seatom kunye neempawu zezinto ezinamahreyini. Wayesebenza ekudalweni kwethiyori malunga nesityholo se-nuclei yeatom kunye nee-elektroniki eziyijikelezileyo. Izigqibo zancedwa ukuba zenze imodeli ye-atom yeplanethi, eyayisa kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ugqirha ugqirha wafunda i-nuidation yemitha yerediyo.Ngo-1908, i-Rutherford yaba ngumphumli webhaso le-nobel emsebenzini kwinguqu yezinto kunye nokufundwa kwezinto zerediyo. Ukususela ngo-1925 ukuya ku-1930 wasebenza isikhundla sikamongameli weLondon Royal Society.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Ernest wazalwa eNew Zealand, entwasahlobo Grepright, kufutshane nesixeko saseNelson nge-30 ka-Agasti, ngo-1871 kwaye wayeyi-Britanes ngobuzwe. Utata, uTata waseScotsman ngemvelaphi, wafumana ubugcisa bamavili, kwaye umama wakhe wafundisa kwisikolo sasemaphandleni. Umntwana ukhulele kwintsapho enkulu kunye nabazalwana aba-6 noodade aba-5.
Indawo yokuqala yokusebenza yedwa yayiyishishini eliqhubanayo, esekwe nguYise. Isazinzulu sexesha elizayo sifumene ebuntwaneni nakwikhono ezisetyenzisiweyo kwixa elizayo ukwenza izixhobo eziyimfuneko kuvavanyo lomzimba.
U-Ernest ufundwe eHavoulok, kwaye ngo-1887 wafumana i-Scholarship, eyayivunyelwe ukuba iqhubeke nemfundo yabo eNelson. Lo mfana ubonakalise umnqweno omkhulu wokuba ulwazi kunye nomdla kuyo yonke into ejikeleze. Ungene kwiKholeji yaseCanterbury kwaye waqala ukuthoba kwi-chemistry kunye ne-fiziks. Ootitshala bawaxabisa ngokukhawuleza amandla omfundi. Emva kweminyaka emi-4, uRotford wanikwa ngowona msebenzi ubalaseleyo kwimathematics kunye ne-fiziks. Ngo-1892, uErnest waba yinkosi yobugcisa kwaye wabandakanyeka kuphando, uqiniseke ngovavanyo.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ubizwa ngokuba "ngubukhithi lwentsimbi kwi-iron diprigency." Iimvavanyo zinxulunyaniswa nophando lwamaza erediyo e-free rive. Inzululwazi yenze irediyo, phambi koMdali wakhe waseburhulumenteni. Isixhobo sokugcina indawo siye safunyanwa sisixhobo sokuqala sehlabathi.
Ngoncedo lwakhe, imiqondiso yalo ikhutshiwe ukuba oogxa bee-goagod badluliselwe ngelixa bekwisiqingatha seelitha. Uchaza ulwazi olufumeneyo kwinqaku lephephandaba "iindaba zesikolo sentanda-bulumko yeNew Zealand" ngo-1894.
Ngo-1895, iRutherford ifumene iBhaso ePhezulu: iGranti yoQeqesho e-UK. Ithuba elinjalo lahleka kwizifundo ezinqabileyo zesiNgesi. U-Ernest wavela ukuba phakathi kwe-2 kamnandi, phakathi kokhetho olwenziweyo, kwaye wayenethamsanqa: umchasi akazange aqhubeke nohambo. Ugqirha wasebenzisa ithuba kwaye waba ngumqeshwa we-Cavendysheskaya labhoratri eNgilani.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
I-biography yeRutherford yayiyindlela elungileyo. Ukuba yimpuphu engaphantsi koJohn Thomson, elalinegunya kuluntu lwesayensi, wafumana umxhasi. UThomson wajoyina ukuba afunde i-iorsis yegesi phantsi kwempembelelo ye-X-ray.
Sele nge-1898, iRutherford yaqhutywa luphuhliso lwayo, ifunda "imitha yokuzimela". Ke obizwa ngokuba yi-Uranium radiation radiation. U-Ernest uqonda ukuba igcwala amasuntswana afanelekileyo kunye ne-beta ye-beta ye-Elecrons. Izifundo ezifanayo zakhokelela iPierre kunye ne-maria curie.
Amaqabane abhale umsebenzi, owaziswa ngo-1898 ngeParis Academy yeSayensi. Utsalele ingqalelo yeRostford umbono wobukho bezinto ezininzi zerediyo. U-Ernest wenza isigqibo malunga nesiqingatha sobomi, ocacisa iimpawu zezinto, kwaye waba yintloko yesiqingatha sobomi.
Ngo-1898, ekufundeni ukuba isikhundla sePrindo Eyunivesithi sasingenamntu eCanada yaseCanada, uRutherford wafudukela kwindawo entsha. Ke ekugqibeleni wakhupha kwi-Thomson. Ngaphandle kwamava ohlanganisiweyo, ubungqina bubonakalise ubuchule obuthathaka bokufundisa. Kodwa iqhekeza lecweyo liqalise ukwazisana nabantu abaqhelekileyo, naphakathi kwabahlobo bakhe, abantu abathandanayo babekulungele ukuthatha inxaxheba kuphando lwenzululwazi.
Ubambiswano noFrederick Soddy uvunyelwe ngo-1902-1903 ukuqulunqwa komthetho kwiinguqu ezikhutshwayo. Ithi amaxesha okubola akwenzi ukuqulunqwa kwezinto kwaye awanakho ukuthoba okanye ukumiswa. Amaqabane aphuhlisile kwaye imithetho yenguqu. Emva koko, le datha ixhaswe i-DMMMERY MEMEECEVEV ngoncedo lwenkqubo yexeshana. Yajika ukuba iipropathi zeekhemikhali zento ixhomekeke kwityala le-kernel yeatom yayo.
I-Ernest Rutherford ikhuphe abasebenzi bezenzululwazi 2: "I-radioudical", ikhutshwe ngo-1904th, kunye ne "guqut" zerediyo "ye-1905. Ugqirha wagqiba kwelokuba ii-atom zingumthombo wemitha yerediyo, kwaye iqhubeke nokufunda isixhobo se-kernel. Uye wafaka iimvavanyo zokudlulisela i-foil yegolide yamasuntswana, ukuzibuza ukuhamba kwamasuntswana kunye nokuziphatha kwabo.
Inzululwazi yokuqala ibeke phambili ingcinga yesakhiwo seatom. I-Rutherford iphakamise ukuba i-atom ifana nehla ngentlawulo elungileyo, kwaye ngaphakathi ayihlawuliswa i-elektroni. Inzululwazi yaxoxa loo nto, ihamba phantsi kwempembelelo yamandla e-couplomb, i-electrone izama ukungena embindini weatom, kwaye xa ishiya ibhalansi, ukuguquguquka kunye nemitha yemvula kwenza ukuba i-oscilting.
I-Dieporications Supeantitions ichaze ubukho be-radiation victra, esele ihlabathi. Iimvavanyo zivumele ukuba siqonde ukuba ii-atom eziqinileyo zibungakanani njengokubuyela umva phakathi kwabo. Umphandi wayekholelwa ukuba i-kernel ibekwe embindini kwaye ithwala ubunzima bonke, kwaye ii-electrons zisendleleni engapheliyo. Wayila imodeli ye-atom.
U-Ernest Rutherford wayekholisa, kodwa iingxabano zavela malunga nokungafani kwesigwebo. Imodeli yakhe ayizange ihluthwe nemithetho ye-elektrodynamics, ikhutshiwe nguJames Maxwell kunye noMichael Faraday. Bangqina ukuba intlawulo eshukumayo ilahlekile ilahlekile amandla ngenxa yemitha ye-elektromagnetic, ke i-Rutherford iqhubeke nophando.
Ngo-1907, inzululwazi ifudukele eManchester. Apha wayesele eyokuphumezekile kwiziphumo. I-Rutherford inamandla kumaziko ezenzululwazi yamazwe aphesheya, kodwa wayekhetha iYunivesithi yaseVictoria, apho waphinda waphinda waqhubeka nomsebenzi. Ngo-1908, ngokudibeneyo noHans Heiger, wafaka amasuntswana e-alpha.
Ukususela ngo-19126th, uRutherford wayesebenza kunye noNiell Borov, owayenyuka nethiyori ka-Atoba, engqina ubukho beerbit. Ngokuhambelana neengxoxo zezazinzulu, i-elektroni zihambahamba kwi-kernel kwi-orbit. Imodeli yoMbhalo we-Rutherford kunye ne-Bora ye-Bora yayikukuqhekezwa kwezenzululwazi kwaye kwanyanzelwa ukuba kuhlaziywe izimvo ezimiselweyo malunga nento kunye nentshukumo yayo. Ngo-1919, i-Rutherford yaba ngunjingalwazi kwiDyunivesithi yaseCambridge yaye yakhokelela kwilebhu yeCavendysheyada. Ingxelo yakhe yengoma yakhe igqityiwe, inani labafundi liye landa, kunye noluhlu lwamaBhawule ozokuhlonipha amabhaso.
Ngo-1914, uRutherford waba yindoda, yaye ngo-1931 wayifumana inqaku leBharon kwaye waba yinkosi. Ngeli xesha, wasebenza kwiimvavanyo ekuphumeni kwe-nucleus ye-atom kunye nenguqu yezinto zemichiza. Ngo-1920, ugqirha waba ngowokuqala othetha ngobukho bukaDuteron noNeutron, kwaye ngo-1933 baqala ukubandakanyeka kuvavanyo lokufunda nobunzima.
Ubomi Buqu
U-Ernest Rutherford wonwabile ebomini bukaMary Georgina Newton, Hossess yendlu yokubhobula eChristchurch, apho ugqirha wayehlala khona. Ubudlelwane bamaqabane ngaphandle kovavanyo lwexesha: Iminyaka emi-5 idlulile phakathi kokuzibandakanya nomtshato. UMariya watshata ngo-1895, xa sele edume kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Ngo-1901, ekuphela kwentombi ye-Eleylin yabonakala kumhlophe.Ukufa
Unyana wevili nkosi, u-Ernest Rutherford wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwisayensi. Ukufezekisa ukuphakama, waba ngumqondiso wexesha lakhe. Ke ngoko, xa kwakuphuma ukuba ugqirha unesifo se-Ibilical Hernia, kwagqitywa kwelokuba umphathe ngamalungelo. Inyaniso enomdla: Umsebenzi oyimfuneko wawulungele ukufundisa kuphela ugqirha olishumi, njengoko kufuneka ngentlonipho ngomnini womnini we-Bhritane "ye-pirit".
Ukukhetha kukagqirha kwakungekho lula, kwaye lixesha lokusebenza, intlalontle yeRutherford yayigxeka. Unobangela wokufa kwakhe wafaka ucingo oluvela kumagqirha. U-Ernest Rutherford nge-19 ka-Okthobha, ngo-1937, eshiya umhlaba wafumana izinto ezinokufunyanwa kwesayensi kunye neencwadi.
Abaphandi bangcwatyelwa eWestmins Abbey. Imifanekiso yakhe namhlanje ihombisa iphepha leencwadi kunye neendonga zeeyunivesithi zobugcisa kunye nemyuziyam yehlabathi.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1904 - "i-radiound"
- I-1905 - "Inguqu ye-radious"
- Ngo-1920 - "I-BORMORDENT YENKONZO NOKUZIPHATHA NGE-Nitrogen
- Ngo-1923 - "Iigobolondo zeatomic kunye neepropathi zabo"
- Ngo-1923 - "ukwakha i-atom kunye nokwenza izinto zokwenza izinto"
- Ngo-1924 - "Ukulandela i-atom"
- Ngo-1924 - "iiatom. Electroni. I-ether "
- Ngo-1928 - "I-Atomic Nuclei kunye notshintsho lwazo"