Biography
I-Cliffordna Saiaka ithathwa njengenye yabasunguli yentsomi yanamhlanje ye-United States yaseMelika, kunye nombhali wentsomi enkulu yesayensi yaseMelika. Isixeko "seRhafu", "liphile ngovuyo", "uphila ngoluhlobo oluphezulu", "uphila ngoluhlobo oluphezulu", "uphila ngoluhlobo oluphezulu", bathathwa njenge-classic kwicandelo labo - bayasinda ngovuyo isizukulwana sokuqala.UClifford oqokelelwe uncwadi olumnandi kangangeminyaka engama-55, apho amabali angama-127 kunye neenoveli ezingama-28 ezigcweleyo. Ezinye zazo kamva zicace gca.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UClifford Donald Suak (ubhengeze igama lokugqibela le-Fintusta) yapapashwa nge-3 ka-1904 kwidolophu encinci yaseMelika ye-Millsville, eWisconsin. Emva koko, uninzi lwenxalenye yombhali, isenzo satshintshelwa kubasebenzi bakhe bobutsha. Utat'omkhulu kaClifford ecaleni komgca katata, ogama linguShimak, owayefudukele eMelika ukusuka eBohemia, eyindawo eyimbali ephakathi e-Centrabhu, eyinxalenye yesiqingatha se-Czech Republic ukuya namhlanje.
Uncwadi oluyimfihlakalo lwaqala ukuxoxa ukwazi inkwenkwe ukusuka kwiminyaka embalwa, kwaye lwaphembelela obu buchule boMbhali weklasikhi ye-Herbert, eyayinguMdali wexesha ', "umntu ongabonakaliyo" kunye "nemfazwe yehlabathi". Emva kokuba efumene imfundo yesekondari kwenye yezikolo zalapha ekhaya, umfana wafudukela eMadison, apho waqala ukufunda intatheli kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin. Nangona kunjalo, akazange ayithethele idiploma, kuba waziphosa izifundo zakhe.
Ngapha koko, umbhali wexesha elizayo wasebenza kuPapasho olwahlukeneyo lokuprinta lwaye kwada kwango-1939 batyikitye isivumelwano kunye nelinye lamaphephandaba eSixeko saseMinneapolis kunye ne-tetine. Kunye naye, iFlifff isebenzisana rhoqo kumhlala-phantsi wakhe, owawuqhubeka ngo-1976. Ukusukela ngo-1949, indoda yayisebenza njengomhleli ophambili weSebe leNdalo kwi-Minneapolis Iphephandaba, kwaye ukusukela ngo-1961 wayengumnxibelelanisi wophando kunye no-Minneapolis Gunter Gineng therigume.
Iincwadi
Njengombhali, uClifford Saiak wenziwa ngo-1931, yayiyintshayelelo yebali lakhe le-teutut, elibizwa ngokuba "lilizwe elibomvu". Lilonke elilandelayo, le ndoda ichithe ukudalwa kwamabali, njenge "Ilizwi elingelolize", "Ayiphumelelanga indawo", "i-Alecrid yeGoldecy".
Ngo-1933, uSaimak wagqiba ekubeni ashiye imisebenzi yoncwadi. Yayiyisizathu sokuba kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, indalo epapashiweyo iye yaba ibali lesayensi "UMdali", onesithambisi senkolo, esasifane sifumaneke kuncwadi lwentsomi yesayensi. Kule msebenzi, uClifford wawokuqala kubo bonke abameli behlobo endizame ngengqondo ukucacisa into yokuba indalo idalwe nguDesiuurge.
Imbuyekezo epheleleyo ye-saik yokubhala i-ART yenzekile ngo-1938. Ngeli xesha, ukuqaphela kwakufumana ngeendlela ezininzi enkosi ngokusebenzisana nephephabhuku eliqaqambileyo lokumangalisa iintsomi zesayensi, umhleli oyintloko apho uYohane waseJapan. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, imisebenzi ye-Azimov, i-heiniline, katgnier, i-stargeon, del rey kunye ne-van vozhta zapapashwa kolu hlelo. UClifford kunye nababhali bamkelwa nguMdali weGolide yeGolide yeFoble yaseMelika, owathi iminyaka eli-12, ukusukela ngo-1938 ukuya ku-1950.
Imisebenzi yokuqala yombhali, phakathi koonoveli ka-1939 Khupha "iinjineli zendawo", zichazwa ngendlela yokuhambelana ngokupheleleyo nentsomi "ye" yesayensi "eqinileyo". Olu phawu lubonakaliswa lugxile kwicandelo lobugcisa. Okuchaseneyo kubizwa ngokuba "thambile", egxile kwintsomi yokuba uluntu.
Ngokufumana amava okubhala, i-clifford ithathe ikhethelwe kwindlela eshushu kwaye yenze isimbo sombhali owanika igama lombhali onike igama lentetho. Kwimisebenzi yabo kamva, indoda yaxelela ngonxibelelwano olunoxolo nee-UFOs nangeendawo zokomoya zempucso, ezikwicala ezahlukeneyo zendalo enkulu. Abaphambukeli baka-Simaak baya kuphumla kwenye imivalo yephondo ye-witconsin yakhe, kunokuba bazinike inkohliso yomhlaba.
Umbhali wayekholelwa ukuba ubuntu bunamathemba afanelekileyo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bekungaxelelwa ukuba bathethe ukuba umhlali ngamnye wendalo iphela kufuneka aqalise ukufunda kwi "Grader yokuqala". Kwi-Clifford ye-Clifford, lalikhona nexesha xa wayesebenza kwintshona namabali malunga nemfazwe.
Ngo-1952, inoveli ebizwa ngokuba "sisiXeko" yapapashwa okokuqala, eyayikumjikelezo ongumjikelo wamabali amancinci. USaiak wabhala incwadi ngezo ntsuku xa ubuntu bafumana impikiswano enkulu-qala ilizwe lesibini, emva kwemfazwe yaseKorea. Ukudibanisa kunye nokukhuphela "isiXeko", uClifford wavakalisa uhlobo lokuqhankqalaza ngokuchasene nenkohlakalo kunye nembambano yabantu.
Ekugqibeleni, umhlaba olihlabathi wadibana no-Utopia, uxelela ngomhlaba wexesha elizayo, apho, endaweni yabantu abahlala khona iirobhothi nezinja, ukuba nengqondo. Ngolo nzala, uSaimak wanikwa ibhaso elimangalisayo lamazwe aphesheya ngo-1953, emva koko wafumana idumo elalikwade elilindelwe kwihlabathi liphela. Kuyo yonke iminyaka emininzi yokuyila ibhayili yendalo, umbhali wanikwa amaxesha ama-3 amaBhaso eNcingo eliPhezulu "kunye ne-1 yexesha -" Iinele ".
KwiSoviet Union malunga nombhali onetalente, ngo-1957 kuphela, emva kolwazi oludumileyo "Ulwazi - Amandla", uguqulelwe kwaye wapapasha elinye lamabali akhe, ebizwa ngokuba yi-mercury ". Ukusukela kule nto, kwizizukulwana ezininzi zolutsha lwaseSoviet kunye nabantu abadala baqala ukubiza i-clifford ngomnye wababhali beentsomi endizithandayo. Imisebenzi yakhe yapapashwa ngothotho olubizwa ngokuba "yira clifford fak".
Ngeminyaka yee-1960, iSaiak iqulathe iinoveli ezininzi, kwaye sele idlulile kwishumi leminyaka egxininiswa ngokubhala izikhokelo kunye namabali, kuba imeko yakhe yomzimba yaqala ukonakala ngokukhawuleza.
Ngaphandle koku, umbhali waqhubeka esenza phantse de kwasekufeni kwakhe kwenzeke ngo-1988. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-8 ngaphambi kwesisiganeko esihle, enye yemisebenzi yakhe yakutshanje yapapashwa-ibali le "Grotto Daning Deer". Kule nto, umsebenzi waseSaim wanikwa kwangoko ngamabhaso amathathu aphambili, owawukhoyo kuphela kwihlabathi lentsomi: "Uhlalo", "I-Nugo".
Umsebenzi woncwadi kaCliphford I-SIAK kwikamva iba yinkuthazo yabasebenzi abahlukeneyo bobugcisa behlabathi. Iqela lemisebenzi yakhe lasinda kwiThunga njengezifilimu ezigcweleyo kunye ne-serials. Ngo-1993, iMlawuli yaseRussia ehov isuse ifilimu ebizwa ngokuba ngu "Anomaly", imeko eyayithatyathwe kwinoveli "yonke inyama - ingca". I-Aktera Alexander filippeeenko ithembele ekufezekiseni indima yomlinganiswa obizwa ngokuba yi-hyram.
Inyaniso enomdla kukuba iincwadi zobugcisa ze-SIMAK zibonakaliswa kwihlabathi lefashoni ephezulu. Ngo-2012, iiglasi ze-Russia ezomeleleyo ezibizwa ngokuba yiFkoshima, umsunguli wawo uKnstantin waseTonstantin shoileev. Xa usenza izixhobo zelungelo lokushicilela, umntu waphefumlelwa ziifilimu eStanley Kuburick, kunye nemisebenzi yoncwadi yababhali abanje ngeSaak, iBradbury, heine kunye ne-heiniline kunye ne-heine.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1929, umfazi wasemthethweni wase-Clifford Saingak wayengumfazi ogama linguKHhenberg Sumik. Kungekudala emva koko, abantu abasandul 'ukutshata baba ngabazali babantwana ababini.Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iincwadi zombhali waseMelika zibotshwe yiminyhadala emangalisayo, ubomi bomntu babulinganiswa ngokwaneleyo kwaye bazola. Kolunye lodliwanondlebe, iCliphford ikhankanyiwe loo nto, ngaphandle kokubhala ubuntatheli nokubhala imisebenzi, wayethanda ukuhamba, kunye nokuqokelela izitampu kunye ne-chess chess.
Ukufa
UClifford Donald Saimak wayephila ubomi obude nobusityebileyo, kwaye wasweleka eneminyaka engama-83 kwidolophu yaseMinneapopoli nge-25 ka-Epreli ngo-1988. Unobangela ngqo wokufa awubhengezwa, kodwa unokucingelwa ukuba bakuphembelele ukufa kwakhe okuvela kule ngxaki impilo.
Iikowuti
"Ubomi ablinto yezo zinto ungacingi" "ukwaluphala zenye yezohlwayo zethu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, kunye nelinye lawona malungelo ukungqina i Inyani yenyani ngokwayo "I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1962 - "phantse njengabantu"
- Ngo-1963 - "isikhululo sokudluliselwa"
- Ngo-1966- "Xa endlwini inesizungu"
- Ngo-1968 - "Indawo yeGoblin"
- Ngo-1973 - "Epilogue"
- Ngo-1974 - "Ifoto yedabi leMarathon"
- Ngo-1977 - "Mzalwana"
- Ngo-1978 - "IIMVAVANYO ENTSHA"
- Ngo-1980 - "Ukucula kakuhle"
- Ngo-1981 - "ulwimi olulumayo!"