Euclide - Biography, Mapikicha, Hupenyu Hwako uye Kuwanikwa: Algorithm uye node

Biography

ChiGiriki chekare cheGreek Euclidean yakava yekutanga maspitatia yechikoro cheAlexandria uye munyori weimwe yeanonyanya kutaura masvomhu emasvomhu. Nezve Biography yeiyi sayenzi inozivikanwa zvakanyanya kupfuura nezvemabasa ake. Saka, mubasa rakakurumbira re "kutanga" euclium rakataurwa Steereometer, Pliveimetry, zvikamu zvefungidziro yehuwandu, vakagadzira chigadziko chekuvandudza kwakazotevera kwemasvomhu.

Biography yeEuctida inoshambidzika yakatanga muna 325 BC (ino ndeye zuva rekufungidzira, iro gore chairo rekuzvarwa harizivikanwe) muAlexandria. Vamwe vatsvagiri vanoratidza kuti ramangwana remasvomhu rakazvarwa mune dhihwe, uye vakapedza hupenyu hwakawanda hwehupenyu hwevakuru muDhamasiko. Pamwe, Eucerian akabva kumhuri yakapfuma, sezvaaidzidza kuPlato Chikoro chaPlato (panguva iyoyo dzidzo yakadaro yaingowanikwa kune vagari vakapfuma).

Masayendisiti akakwanisa kumisikidza kuti munyori "akatanga" aive mudiki pane vateveri veplato vakakurumbira vaPlato, vaigara vachitevera zana nemakumi matatu nenomwe. Euclid yakavharwa muhuchi pfungwa yePlato uye akagovana mainini mainini.

Ruzivo rwuri pamusoro apa nezvehunhu nehunhu hwehupenyu hweEultida hunokweverwa nevanoongorora kubva kune vanotaura, zvakanyorwa naye kubhuku rekutanga "kutanga kwebhuku rekutanga". Inozivikanwawo kune zvirevo zvemugwagwa uye papp nezvehunhu hwemunhu wekare echiGiriki akafunga. Matanda anonzi anonzi achipindura mubvunzo wemudzidzi nezvebetsero nesainzi, euctide yakaraira muranda kuti amupe mari shoma. Pope akacherekedza kuti musayendisiti aiziva kuva nemutsa uye zvakapfava nemunhu chero upi zvake angave anobatsira mukuvandudzwa kwemasvomhu.

Iyo data yakachengetedzwa paEuclidean idiki uye inosvibisa iyo iyo vhezheni yekugoverwa kwe "Euculide" pseudonym yezvikwata zvese zvesayenzi kubva kuAlexandria. Euclida Alexandria akavhiringidzika neuzivi hweGreek, mudzidzi weSocrates, aigara muzana ramakore mazana mana eCentral BC. Mumakore epakati, Euctida kubva kuMagarwo akatofunga kuti munyori "akatanga".

Masvomhu

Chikamu chakakura chenguva yemahara chakabatwa muAlexandria Library - Iyo Tembere yeRuzivo, Kubva paPtolem. Mumadziro eInstitution ino, musayendisiti wekare wechiGiriki anoita ushamwari hwemitemo yemitambo, nheyo dzeGeometric uye dzidziso yehuwandu hwemagetsi mune geometry. Mhedzisiro yebasa ravo Euclid inotsanangurwa mubhuku "kutanga" - chinyorwa, chakaunza mupiro wakakura mukuvandudzwa kwemasvomhu.

Iri bhuku rine gumi neshanu mavhoriyamu:

• Mubhuku ini, munyori anotaura nezvezvivakwa zvearenda uye matatu, izvo zvakapedza kushandiswa nekushandiswa kwePytagora Theorem kana kuverenga ma paramita ematehwe emakona matatu.
• Bhuku paNhamba II rinotsanangura nheyo uye mapatani e geometric algebra uye anodzokera kuchikwata chezivo akaunganidzwa nePythagreans.
• Mumabhuku III neIV, Euclidean anofunga nezve geometry ye denderedzwa, yakatsanangurwa uye yakarondedzerwa polygons. Munguva yekusikwa kwemavhoriyamu aya, munyori anogona kushanda pakushandiswa kwemabasa ehudyu yehudyu.
• Mune v Bhuku, The Yekare Greek Mathematician yakaona fungidziro yakajairika yehuwandu hwakavandudzwa nebhuku revado.
• Muzvinyorwa zveVI bhuku, munyori anosungira dzidziso yakavanzika yehuwandu hweEduddox mabhuku kune dzidziso yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakadaro.
• Mabhuku ari pasi pehuwandu vii-ix tsanangura dzidziso yehuwandu. Paunenge uchinyora mavhoriyamu aya, masvomhu akatendeukira kune izvo zvisikwa zvakagadzirwa uye akaunganidzwa nePythagreans - vamiriri vekurovedza muviri, umo chikamu chikuru chinogara nhamba yacho. Mumabasa aya, munyori anotaura nezveGometric kufambira mberi uye kuenzana, anoratidza kuva mugumo wehuwandu hwenhamba, ari kudzidza kunyange nhamba dzakakwana, inosuma pfungwa yeNodes (Mukurangarira Mukuratidzira Mukurusa). Iyo algorithm yekuwana divi rakadaro parizvino inonzi iyo Eulide algorithm. Pane fungidziro yekuti bhuku reViii harina kunyorwa naEuclidea iye amene, asi chivakwa che tartan.

• Tom paNhamba X ndiro basa rakaoma uye rakatenderedza mune "yakatanga", iyo ine kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvisina musoro. Kunyorwa kwebhuku iri zvakare kwakaitawo kusingazivikanwe: Zvinogona kunyorwa zvese neiyo euclidean pachezvake uye chifananidzo cheAtene.
• Pamapeji ebhuku raXi, kutaura kwemasvomhu pamusoro pezvisiyo zvekunakidzwa.
• Iri bhuku xii rine humbowo zvirongwa pamavhoriyamu emakonzo uye mapiramidhi, hukama hwenzvimbo endima. Kuvaka izvi humbowo, shandisa nzira yekupera simba. Vazhinji vatsvagiri vanobvuma kuti bhuku iri harina kunyorerawo kwete. Iyo inogoneka munyori ndeye Evdox Bhuku.

• Zvigadzirwa zvebhuku raXiii rine ruzivo rwekuvakwa kweashanu chaiyo polyhedra ("miviri yeplineti '). Chimwe chikamu chezvakapihwa mune vhoriyamu zvinogona kuvandudza athens inobva.
• Mabhuku XIV uye XV, zvinoenderana nezvinowanzogamuchirwa maonero, zvakare ndezvevamwe vanyori. Saka, vhoriyamu yedentu "

Sokuonekwa kwe "choku" Euclidean anoshanda nezita rimwe chete, iro raive riratidzo rwakajeka rwezvakajeka zvezvinyorwa zvedentitme uye geometry, zvakaunganidzwa nehure, hippocratic chiS, fendem. Ivo vese vanonyangarika kubva kune wese munhu mushure mekubuda kweEUCLID.

Kwechirasi zviuru zviviri, mavhoramu gumi neshanu "akatanga" kuita sebhuku rekutanga rekudzidzisa paGeometry. Basa racho rakashandurwa muchiArabic, ndokuzopinda Chirungu. "Kutanga" mazana matatu akanyorwa kakawanda, uye kuverenga kwenhamba yemasvomhu kwakatsanangurwa mavari kunoramba kwakakodzera kusvika nhasi.

Chikamu chakakosha chezvinhu zvinosanganisira munyori mune zvekusununguka hazvisi zvavo zvavanowana, uye zvaimbozivikanwa zvaimbozivikanwa. Iko kukosha kwebasa reEuclid kwaive kwekugadzirisa zvinyorwa, kurongeka kwayo uye ruzivo rwe data rakapararira pamwe. Mamwe mabhuku Euclid akatanga rondedzero yetsanangudzo, mubhuku rekutanga kune zvakare rondedzero yeaxioms uye postulates.

Euclie posthates yakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: general concepts inosanganisira kazhinji vaigamuchira zvesainzi, uye geometric axioms. Saka, muboka rekutanga pane zvirevo zvakadaro:

"Kana huwandu huviri hwakaenzana nechikamu chechitatu, ivo vakaenzana kune mumwe nemumwe." "Zvakawanda kupfuura huwandu hwezvikamu".

Muboka rechipiri ndere, semuenzaniso, zvirevo zvinotevera:

"Kubva pane chero pfungwa kune chero pfungwa yaunogona kushandisa zvakananga." "Makona ese akatwasuka akaenzana nemumwe."

"Kutanga" harisi iro roga bhuku rakanyorwa neEULILide. Akanyorawo akati wandei mabasa pane CATOPTRIC (iyo itsva indasitiri yechidimbu, kusvika pamwero mukuru uyo ​​aiti basa remasvomhu). Mabasa akati wandei, musayendisiti akazvitsaurira pakudzidza kwecarial zvikamu. Mathematics akagadziridzawo fungidziro uye hypotheses zvine chekuita neyakajairwa kwekufamba kwemiviri nemitemo yemakaniki. Akava munyori wezvishandiso zvakakosha anoshanda geometry - anonzi "Euclidean Zvivakwa". Vazhinji vebasa reiyi yekare yechiGiriki, yekare yechiGiriki haina kusvika nhasi.

Uzivi

Munguva dzekare, uzivi hwakanga hwazara nemamwe maindasitiri mazhinji ezivo yesainzi. Saka, geometry, nyeredzi, arithmetic uye mimhanzi yainzi sainzi yemasvomhu, iyo nzwisiso inodiwa pakudzidza kukodzera kwehunyanzvi hweuzivi. Euclid yakagadzirisa kudzidzisa kwaPlato nezvezvinhu zvina zvinopihwa zvinoenderana neina kurudyi polyhedra:

• Chinhu chemoto chinoziva tetrahedron;
• Element yemhepo inoenderana ne octahedron;
• Element Pasi rakabatana ne cube;
• Chinhu chemvura chinosanganiswa neIKOSAEDR.

Mundima iyi, "kutanga" kunogona kufungwa nerudzi rwekudzidzisa pakuvakwa kwe "miviri yeplineti", ndiko kuti, shanu dzakarurama polyhedra. Kudzidzisa kune zvese zvinodiwa prerequisites, humbowo uye ligaments. Chiratidzo chezvekuvakwa kwemiviri yakadaro zvapera nekubvuma chokwadi chekuti hapana mamwe miviri chaiyo, kunze kwedatha yeashanu, haipo.

Anenge zvese zveEucemier's Eucem mu "kutanga" anoenderana nezviratidzo zvekurovedza muviri chiratidzo cheAristotle. Saka, munyori anogara achiwana mhedzisiro kubva kuzvikonzero, achigadzira chengetedzo yeuchapupu hune musoro. Panguva imwecheteyo, anoratidza kunyange kubvumidzwa kwakawanda, kunoenderana nedzidziso dzeAristotle.

Hupenyu Hwako

Chete rumwe ruzivo nezvebasa reEuceidean musainzi rwauya kwatiri, chero chinhu chisingazivikanwe nezvehupenyu hwake. Pane ngano yekuti mambo wePtolemy, uyo akafunga kudzidza geometry, akatsamwiswa nekuoma kwake. Ipapo akatendeukira kuEulide ndokumukumbira kuti azive ruzivo rwakapindura kuti munhu anofunga akapindura achiti: "Hakuna nzira yeumambo kuenda kuGeometry." Mashoko acho akazova mapapiro.

Pane humbowo hwekuti pasi peiyo Alexandrialialialialialialialialial, iyi sainzi yechiGiriki yakaita Chikoro ChemSjecal Chemasvomhu. Mariri akadzidza vaenzi vakafanana nesainzi, pamwe neiyo euclidea iye amene. Kunyangwe pakurongeka kwehupenyu hwake, euclid akabatsira vadzidzi mukunyora basa, vachigadzira yavo pfungwa uye kuvandudza humbowo hwakakodzera.

Iko hakuna data chaiyo pakuonekwa kwesainzi. Mifananidzo yake uye mifananidzo iri muchero wekufungidzira kwevashandisi vavo, vakagadzira mufananidzo wakatapurwa kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa.

Rufu

Zvichida, Euclid akafa muna 260s kuguva yedu. Izvo chaizvo zvinokonzeresa rufu hazvizivikanwe. Nhaka yevasayeri musayendisiti yakapukunyuka kwaari kwemakore zviuru zviviri uye akafuridzira vanhu vazhinji kwazvo gare gare kupfuura zana revanhu mushure mekufa kwake.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti wezvematongerwo enyika Abrahama Lincoln aida kutora zvirevo zveEuclidea mukutaura kwake uye aive aine mavhoriyamu akati wandei "naye.

Masayendisiti emakore anotevera anoenderana nemabasa pabasa reEuclide. Saka, iyo Russian Mathematic Chimiro chamasvomhu, icho chakagadzirwa neEULILID, zvinozivikanwa se "Euclidean Geometry". Masayendisiti akagadzirawo mudziyo wekusarudza kukwirira kwetambo toni uye akadzidza hukama hwekupindirana, zvichikonzera kusikwa kwekhibhodi yemimhanzi yemimhanzi.

BHAIBHERI

• "Kutanga"
• "Dhata"
• "PAMUSORO"
• "PHenomena"
• "Optics"
• "Parisms"
• "Conical zvikamu"
• "Nzvimbo dzeMepu"
• "Pseudaria"
• "CATOPTRATION"
• "Kugovera Canon"