Biography
Nyeredzi mbiri yakaudza voltera kuti airarama kusvika pamakore makumi matatu nematatu. Asi vanhu vazhinji vakakwanisa kunyengedza rufu chairwo, akasimbisa chishamiso, chakakundikana Deluel nerudzi rwemweya kubva kune genus de Rogus de Rogus de Roun. Iyo biography yevafungi veFrance izere nekurwiswa uye kudonha, asi, asi, zita rake rave risingafi kwemazana emakore.Voltaire, uyo akasiya munyori uye akabva adzokera kuEngland, akaita chikwangwani chisingabatsirwe nechimiro chenyika, zita rake rakamira mumutsara mumwe kubva kuDenis Did'_ Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Munyori, mumidziyo yaro pakanga pasina donhwe reropa, kufarirwa nevatongi veStaterina II, mambo wePritz Friedrich "Old Fritz" II uye Muridzi weSwiss Crown Gustave III.
Vaifunga vakasiya vazukuru venhau, nhetembo, njodzi, uye mabhuku ake "pachena, kana tarisiro" uye "akasungwa, kana kuora" makotesheni akapatsanurwa uye mazwi akapatsanurwa.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Francoisa Marie Arue (zita remuzivi pakuzvarwa) akaberekwa munaNovember 21, 1694 muguta rerudo - Paris. Paris. Paris. Paris. Mwana aive aine hil uye asina kusimba zvekuti mushure mekunge aberekerwa, vabereki vakatumira kumupristi. Nehurombo, kuchikepe mukadzi, amai veVolata, vakafa kana mukomana payave nemakore manomwe. Naizvozvo, mutongi wenguva yemberi weDuma weWestern Europe akakurisa uye akarera naBaba, avo vaive mubasa repamutemo.
Kwete kutaura kuti hukama hwemaFrancois diki uye vabereki vake vane hushamwari, saka hazvishamise kuti kare zera remukuru weAruhe rakazviratidza kushamwaridzana Francois aruhe-sr. Akapa mwana wake kuJesukita koreji, iyo yave inonzi iyo lycum ye louis yakakura.
Munyama iyi yekuverenga koreji vakadzidza "ChiLatin uye marudzi ese ekusagadzikana", nekuti jaya, kunyange akawana kudzidziswa kukuru kwemanyorero, nekupenga kwemadzibaba aJesus, akaisa dzidziso dzechitendero pamusoro pehupenyu hwevanhu.
Baba vaamai vakada kuti mwanakomana aende kunhabvu dzake uye akava munyengeri, saka Francois akakurumidza kubatanidzwa kuhofisi yemutemo. Nenguva isipi murume wechidiki akaziva kuti sainzi yepamutemo, iyo mwarikadzi wekare wechiGiriki wechikadzi, kwete nzira yake. Naizvozvo, kuti vasiye kushuvira zvakasvibira nemavara anopenya, Voltaire vakatora iyo ink uye peni kwete yekuverenga zvinyorwa, asi zvekunyora nyaya dzeSatiriki.
Mabhuku
VaVoltaire paaive nemakore gumi nemasere, akanyora kutamba kwekutanga uye haana kusava nechokwadi kuti aisazosiya chiitiko munhoroondo semunyori. Makore maviri gare gare, Francois-Marie Arou anga atokwanisa kuderera muSaloni yeParishi uye vakadzi vane hunyanzvi uye kubwinya kwaMambo wekusekwa. Naizvozvo, mamwe manyorerwo ekunyora uye zviso zvepamusoro zvakatotya kuwana bhuku reVoltaire, vachivanyatsovatambidza nzanga muchiedza chisina kunaka.
Asi muna 1717, Francois-Marie Aruise akabhadhara mawuni ake. Chokwadi ndechekuti jaya rine tarenda rinosekesa rutsi hweHumambo hweFrance kuDhivhiti Korole yeLouis XV - Philip II Orleans. Asi mutongi haana kusvika pamabvu eVoltaire nekuseka, saka munyori akatumirwa kwegore muBastilia.
Asi panzvimbo yekusungwa volatonment yaisarasikirwa neguruva rake rekusika, asi pane kudaro, akatanga kuita mabhuku akaomarara. Pane imwe nguva iri musango, voltaire vakafarikanya nekubwinya, nekuti dudziro yake "Edip", yakanyorwa muna 1718, yakaitwa padanho reTheatre "comda francoz".
Jaya racho rakatanga kuenzanisa neyekuzivikanwa neFrench Iye munyori akavimba nezvemifananidzo yenhoroondo, saka magaro evatambi aigona kuona padanho revatambi, akakamura muKesari, bruta kana migomet.
Chiverengero muzvinyorwa zvebasa reFrancois-Marie Aruha 28 vanoshanda vanogona kununurwa kune yakasarudzika njodzi. Zvakare, voltaire tsika marudzi aristocratic emitauro, kubva pasi pepeni yake yaiwanzoburitswa nemameseji, gallant lyrics uye od. Asi zvakakodzera kuti munyori aisatya kuyedza uye kusanganisa, zvaizoita sezvisina basa zvinhu (zvinoshungurudza uye zvinonyadzisira) mune rimwe bhodhoro.
Izvo hazvina kutya kusveturudza nzira dzekutonhora kwekunzwa kwekunzwa kwekunzwa, pamwe nemabasa ake ekare, mavara ezvekunze aigara achioneka: Chinese vanotaura Sitiya uye vairongedza Zoroastrianis.
Kana iri nhetembo, iyo yekare epopeus voliire "Henriad" yakabudiswa muna 1728. Mubasa iri, Mukuru wechiGiriki weFrance akashora madzishe ekuremekedza kwavo Mwari anoremekedza Mwari, achishandisa mifananidzo isiri yekunyepedzera, asi prototypes chaiyo. Tevere, anenge muna 1730, Voltaire anoshanda pamusoro peiyo yakakosha Satiric Parody "Orleans mhandara". Asi bhuku iri pacharo rakadhindwa munaNaya 1762, izvo zvisati zvaitika, shanduro isingazivikanwe yaive kunze.
"Orleans mhandara" Voltaire, yakanyorwa muSyllabic yakazara, ichimisa muverengi mune yehunhu hwehunhu hwarwo, hamba National Heroine reFrance D'Areka. Asi basa remunyori harisi biography yemutungamiriri wehondo, asi kusimbisa kwakasimba pane iyo mudziyo weSangano reFrench neChechi.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti Alexander Sergeevich uyu akaverenga manyoro ehudiki hwake, mudetembi weRussia akatotsvaga kutevedzera Volanka munhetembo yake "
Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Francois-Marie Aurise akazvisiyanisa uye uzivi prose, iyo yakawana mukurumbira usingaenderane pakati pevanhu venguva dzose. Tenzi waTenzi haana kungobhabhatira iye mubato wenhau, asi akamanikidzwa kufunga nezve kusavimbika kwekuve, hukuru hwemunhu, pamwe nekusava nebasa kwakachena uye kusanzwisisika kwekutadza kwakakwana.
Basa "rakareruka", rakabudiswa muna 1767, rinotaura nezve mishanduro yemisoro yemutsigiro we "dzidziso yemutemo wechisikigo". Manyoro aya musanganiswa wezvinyorwa zve lyrical, romance-kurerwa uye yehunyanzvi nyaya.
Rwiyo runotenderera rwakatenderedza chimiro, ruravira rine ruzha rweRobinson rwepoch yejecha yekujekeswa, iyo inoratidza hunhu hwekuvhenekerwa kwemunhu asati aonana nebasa rake. Asi zvakanyatso kukodzera kutarisisa kune iyo nyowani nyowani, kana tariro (1759), iyo yave yakave yepasi rose sameera.
Chinyorwa kwenguva refu yaive guruva yejira risina tariro, sezvo basa racho rakarambidzwa nekuda kwekushamisika. Sezvineiwo, munyori amene "pipi" iye pachake akafunga nezveiri bhuku neupenzi uye kunyange kuramba kuti azive wake wekunyora. "CANDID, kana Optimism" chimwe chinhu chakafanana neyakafanana plutovsky novel - rudzi rwakagadzirwa muSpain. Sezvo mutemo, iyo huru yekutarisira basa iri ibasa rinounza rinonzwira tsitsi.
Asi bhuku rakawanda rekuvhunduka reVoltaire rinopihwa nekutsamwa kusinganzwisisike uye kutsamwa kwetsvina: Zvese zvekushambadzira zvemagamba zvinogadzirwa kuitira kuti uite nzanga, hurumende nekereke. Kunyanya, iyo Saxon Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz, achirangarira dzidziso yakatsanangurwa mu "tyoditis, kana kururamiswa kwaMwari", vakawira pasi pepal.
Chechi yeRoman Catholic yakaunza bhuku iri muBlacklist, asi izvi hazvina kudzivisa "Candida" kuderedza vatengesi Pushkin, Gustava Flamervin, Fedor Dostoevsky uye American Commander Leonard Bernstein.
Uzivi
Zvakaitika kuitira kuti voltaire vakadzokera kumadziro ekutonhora eBastille. Muna 1725-1726, kukakavara kwakaitika pakati pemunyori uye Chevalé de Rogan: Iyo provevatate yakazvibvumira kuti vasiye Francois-Marie Arue, anonzi pseudonym voliire, Sezvo munyori wenhamo yeIzwi muhomwe haikakisi, akabvumira kuzivisa mutadzi:
"Sudar, zita rangu rakamirira kubwinya, neyenyu, kushushikana!".Kune aya mazwi akashinga, uyo wechiFrench akabhadhara pfungwa chaiyo - akarohwa naLacey de Rogan. Saka, munyori akanzwazve nezvezvakaitika zvake, izvo zvakasarudzika, zvakava gondo regondo rekururamisira uye huwandu hwemagariro. Kuuya kunze kwenzvimbo yekusarudzika, kusakosha kwekunyora kumba pamirairo yemambo kwakadzingwa kuEngland.
Zvinokosha kuziva kuti chimiro cheHurumende cheUnited Kingdom, icho chaive chakasiyana nemamishini vekuchengetedza France, vakamurova matipi emunwe. Izvo zvaive zvinobatsira uye kujairana nevanofunga zvechiRungu, avo mune izwi rimwe vakapopotedzana kuti munhu aigona kubata Mwari pasina rubatsiro rwekereke.
Vanofunga French vanofunga "mavara" ehunyanzvi "mukuratidzira" mavara ehunyanzvi ", kusimudzira dzidziso dzaJohani uye kuramba uzivi hwekunyanya kuda pfuma mazviri. Pfungwa huru dze "mavara ehurumeri" aive akaenzana, ruremekedzo rwezvivakwa, chengetedzo uye nerusununguko. Zvakare, voltaire vakachinjika mumubvunzo nezvekusafa kwemweya, haana kuramba, asi aisataura chokwadi chekuti kune hupenyu mushure mekufa.
Asi mumubvunzo werusununguko rwekuda kwevanhu, voltaire yakabva kubva kuIntenerismism yekutsiva. Louis XV, akadzidza nezvechirongwa, akarayira kuti apise basa reVoltaire, uye Muvambi amene akatumirwa kuBasteilia pachayo. Kuti udzivise mhedziso yechitatu mukamuri, Francois-Marie Aruhe akaenda kuChampagne, kumudiwa wake.
Voltaire, mutsigiri wekusaenzana uye mupikisi anoshingaira ezvemunhu akasimba, akatsoropodza mudziyo weChechi muFluff neguruva, asi haana kutsigira kusatenda kuti kuna Mwari. Iye muFrench aive mubatanidzwa, ndiko kuti, anozivikanwa nekuvapo kweMusiki, asi akaramba matanda echitendero uye anoshamisa emapuranga. Asi mumakore makumi matanhatu, mafungiro asina chokwadi akasimbisa voltaire. Vanhu vakararama pavakabvunza kujekeswa, vangave "yepamusoro Instantia" ariko, akapindura:
"Hakuna Mwari, asi izvi hazvifanirwe kuziva manera angu nemukadzi, sezvo ini ndisingadi kuti mutumwa wangu andibudise, uye mudzimai wangu akabuda mukuteerera."Kunyangwe voltaire, zvinopesana nezvinodiwa naBaba, havana kuve gweta, muzivi uyu akaitwawo zviitiko zvekodzero dzevanhu. Muna 1762, munyori "pipi" akapinda mutemberi pakubviswa kwemutongo weRufu, ZALASOV, uyo akave akabatwa nedare rakarukwa nekuda kwekumwe kureurura. Kalas Akazviratidza Christian Xenophobia muFrance: Iye aive muPurotesitendi, nepo vamwe vakareurura Katurike.
Chikonzero nei Jein muna 1762 akaurayiwa kuburikidza neye wheelcha, - kuzviuraya kwemwanakomana wake. Panguva iyoyo, munhu anobatwa zvisina kunaka kushusha nehupenyu ainzi tsotsi, nekuda kweizvozvo mutumbi wake wakadhonzwa pachena mumatambo uye akasungirirwa pachivanze. Naizvozvo, mhuri yeKalas yakaunza kuzviuraya kwevana sekuponda, uye dare raifunga kuti Jean rakauraya jaya, nekuti akabvuma Catholicism. Kutenda kuVoltera mushure memakore matatu, Jean Kalas akagadzirwazve.
Hupenyu Hwako
Pamahara kubva kune chinyorwa chezvibereko uye uzivi kudiwa, nguva yekuvhara yakatamba Choss. Kwemakore 17, anopikiswa wechiFrench aive baba vaJesuit Adhama, aigara mumba maFrancois-Marie Arue.
Vadiwa, pamwe nemuseum uye kukurudzira yeVoltaire yaive Marquis du shhle, nerudo rwunoda masvomhu uye fizikisi. Mukadzi uyu akatofanira kushandurira basa rakakosha raIsaka Newton muna 1745.
Emily aive mukadzi akaroora, asi akatenda kuti mabasa ese ari pamberi pemurume anofanira kuzadzikiswa chete mushure mekuzvarwa kwevana. Naizvozvo, iye mukadzi, asingadyisi zvidimbu zvekutariswa, akanyudzwa mukuchinjika nemachira ane masvomhu nevazivi.
NeVoltaire, runako rwakasangana muna 1733, uye muna 1734 rakapihwa pekugara muBastille - Chikwata chakapedza murume / mudzidzisi weupenyu hwake, vachidzoka ikoko kubva kunzira dzakawanda.
Du shbatle isa rusununguko ku-equatices, mitemo yefizikisi uye masvomhu mafomula, saka vanoda kazhinji vakagadzirisa mabasa akaoma. Mukuvhuvhu wa 1749, Emily akafa mushure mekuzvarwa kwemwana, uye voliire, uyo akarasikirwa nerudo rwehupenyu hwake, akapinda mukuora mwoyo.
Nenzira, vashoma vanhu vanoziva kuti mukuti voltaire yaive mamirioni. Kunyangwe muhuduku hwake, muzivi akasangana nevafundisi vakadzidza Francois kuti vatangere capital. Yakawanikwa makore makumi mana, munyori aive mari yekudyara mugehena rehondo yeFrance, akapa mari yekutenga ngarava uye akaiswa mabasa ehunyanzvi, uye kugadzirwa kwehari kwaive kuri mumapoka ake muSwitzerland.
Rufu
Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu, voltaire aive akanakidzwa, akararama panguva imwe neimwe aiona basa rake rekushanyira imba yeSwitzerland yeuchenjeri hwemurume wekare. Muzivi waivanda kubva kumadzimambo eFrench, asi nerubatsiro rwekunyengerera rwadzokera kunyika yeCezanna naPartmsan, maakafa makore makumi masere nematatu.
Izvo zvakasara zvezvirevo zvemunyori uye maonero akavigwa muTomb yenyika muPantheon (Paris).
BHAIBHERI
- 1730 - "Nyaya Karl Xii"
- 1732 - Zaire
- 1734 - "Tsamba dzeruzivo. Tsamba dzeChirungu
- 1736 - "Mharidzo Newton"
- 1738 - "Chinyorwa pane zvimiro zvemoto"
- 1748 - "Nyika sezvazviri"
- 1748 - "Zadig, kana kufungidzira"
- 1748 - "Semiramidhi"
- 1752 - "Micromegas"
- 1755 - "Orleans Mhandara"
- 1756 - "Kudengenyeka kwaLisbon"
- 1764 - "chena uye dema"
- 1768 - "Tsarevna Bhabhironi"
- 1774 - "Don Pedro"
- 1778 - "Agafokl"
Quotes
- "Hazvibviri kutenda muna Mwari, kwete kutenda mazviri - kusanzwisisa"
- "Kune vanhu vazhinji, inogadziriswa - zvinoreva kuchinja zvaunokanganisa"
- "Iwo madzimambo anoziva nezvezvinhu zvevashumiri vavo vasingapfuuri cuckdo pamusoro pezvinhu zvevakadzi vavo"
- "Kwete kusaenzana kunorwadza, asi kupindwa muropa"
- "Hakuna chinhu chisingafadzi, kuti ungaturika sei pakuzivikanwa"