Biography
Mikhail Saltykov-shkchrrin munyori weRussia anozivikanwa, mutori wenhau, mupepeti, nyika. Mabasa ake anosanganisirwa muMapurators Chikoro Crriculum. Nyaya dzekukodzera dzemunyori hazvina zvavanenge pasina, ivo vanonzi mavari - ivo havangove chitunha chete uye grotesque, nokudaro vanosimbisa kuti munhu anofungira zvake.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Geneus yeRussia mabhuku kubva kumhuri yakanaka. Baba vaVevasiri veVasilityevich vaive nekota yemuzana yemuzana yemakore zana vakuru pane vapadzi vemazana olga mikhalovna. Mukunda weMutengesi weMutengesi akaroora aine makore gumi nemashanu uye akasiya murume wake mumusha weSpas-kona, iyo yaive iri mune yeTVER mudunhu reTVER. Ikoko, Ndira 15, 1826, gotwe pavana vatanhatu vakazvarwa pane itsva chimiro - Mikhail. Zvakare, kwaive nevanakomana vatatu nevanasikana vatatu mumhuri yeSaltykovy (Shchedrin - chikamu chePseudominominm pakupedzisira) uye vanasikana vatatu.
Maererano nezvirevo zvevatsva vezvinyorwa zveBiography yemunyori, amai, vane nguva yeManor vakasara mumusikana anonakidza mukusangana kwesimba, vakagovana vana pamhuka uye vakabatwa. Misha mudiki yaive yakakomberedzwa nerudo, asi dzimwe nguva iye dzimwe nguva akawira mumatombo. Kumba kwaigara kuchema uye kuchema. Sezvo Vladimir Obolensky akanyora mune memoirs pamusoro peiyo yemumhanzi yemhuri, munyori akarondedzera achiri mudiki mukukurukurirana, akambotaurwa kuti Akavenga "mukadzi anotyisa uyu," anotungamira kuna amai.
Saltykov akaziva mitauro yechiFrench uye yechiGerman, yakagamuchira dzidzo yekutanga imba, iyo yaibvumidzwa kupinda muMoscow Nobility Institute. Kubva ipapo, mukomana, uyo airatidza kuti asiri-chaicho chokunyepedzera muTranskogets tsarskoye lycarskoye, mune dzidzo yaive yakaenzana neyunivhesiti, uye vakapedza kudzidza vakapihwa mapoka petafura.
Misangano yose yedzidzo yaive nemukurumbira wekubereka iyo yeiyo yeRussia nzanga. Pakati peVadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza - Alexander Pushkin, Prince Mikhail Obolensky, Wilhelm Kühe Hehelbecker, Anton Delvig, Ivan Purchchin. Nekudaro, kusava navo, Saltykov kubva kumukomana anoshamisa akangwara akatendeukira kune asina kujairika, mutauro wakashata, kazhinji wakagara muKarzzeri, mukomana, asina kumbooneka shamwari dzepedyo. Zvinosuruvarisa Mikhail Zviratidzo Nicknamised a "Dusk Lyceum."
Mamiriro ekunze mumadziro eRycum akabatsira pabasa, uye Mikhail mukutevedzera vatangariki vakatanga kunyora nhetembo dzezvinhu zvakasununguka. Maitiro akadaro haana kusiiwa asina kucherechedzwa: Mupanduki Mikhail Saltykov akagamuchira chinzvimbo chemunyori wepakoreji, kunyangwe aive neyakaora zano repamusoro muzvidzidzo zvake muzvidzidzo zvake.
Pakupera kweLycum, Mikhail akagara kuti ashumire muhofisi yehofisi yemauto uye akaramba achinyora. Mukuwedzera, kufadzwa nemabasa evaFrance Socialists. Iwo mahesi anomutswa nekuchinja kwairatidzwa mu "bhizinesi" rekuvhiringidza "uye" zvinopesana ".
Izvo zvinongova nebhuku rekuburitswa, munyori wekutanga haana kufungidzira. NZIRA YEMAHARA "NYAYA DZESVONDO" Panguva iyoyo dzaive pasi pehukuru hwezvematongerwo enyika hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwaionekwa huchikuvadza.
Nechisarudzo cheKomisheni Yekutarisira, Saltykov yakatumirwa kune chinongedzo kuVyatka, kuhofisi yeavo gavhuna. Mubatanidzwa, kuwedzera kune basa repamutemo, Mikhail akadzidza nhoroondo yenyika, akashandura kuumbwa kwevanhu veEuropean Classics, vakaenda zvakanyanya uye vakataura nevanhu. Saltykov zvakaramba zvichisevedzerwa mudunhu, kunyangwe kana asvika kune wezano kumutongi wedunhu: Muna 1855 Alexander II akakweretwa pachigaro cheumambo, uye nezve zvakajairika zvichangokanganwa.
Peter Lanskaya akauya kuzonunura, mumiriri weanobika akanaka, murume wechipiri Natalia pushkin. Nekubatsira kwehama yake, gurukota rezvemukati, Mikhal rakadzoserwa kuSt. Petersburg uye akapa nzvimbo yemirayiridzo yakakosha muDhipatimendi iri.
Mabhuku
Mikhail Evgrafovich inoonekwa seimwe yemabhuku anopenya eSatirist mabhuku eRussia, achinyatsoita mutauro weEsopov, zvinyorwa uye nyaya dzadzo dzaisarasikirwa nemusoro. Kune vanyori venhoroondo, iro basa reSaltykov-shkcherrin ndiyo sosi yeruzivo rwetsika uye tsika zvakajairika muguta rechi 19 Russian Humambo. Peru yeMunyori ndeyako mazwi e "kuseka", "nyoro-kureba" uye "kungwara".
Pakudzoka kubva kuLink Saltykov, chiitiko chekutaurirana nevakuru vekuratidzira kwakashandurwa uye nikolai shkchcrin yakaburitswa kutenderera kwemhando dzeprovince, nhandaro yemhando dzevagari veRussia. Zvinyorwa zvakamirira kubudirira kukuru, zita remunyori, kutanga kunyora mabhuku akawanda, zvevanyori ve "vatsvagiri vezvakaringana zvinoda kuvadana chiratidzo mukuvandudzwa kwemabhuku eRussia .
Munyaya dzinoshamisa dzinodziya, vanhu vakareruka - vashandi vakaoma vanotsanangurwa. Kugadzira mifananidzo yevakuru nevakuru, Mikhail evgraffic yakatungamira chete nezve nheyo dzeSerfdhomu, asiwo dzakatarisana nerutivi rwetsika rwevamiriri veimba yepamusoro uye yetsika dzehukama.
Pamusoro pekusika kweiyo Russian Prosart inoonekwa se "nhoroondo yeguta rimwe". Satyric nyaya, izere nefungidziro uye grotesque, vanhu venguva yazvino vasina kukosheswa. Uyezve, munyori pakutanga anopomerwa mhosva yekuti anoseka nzanga uye anoedza kupomera chokwadi.
Mumagamba makuru, maguta eguta anoratidza pendi rakapfuma revatambi vevanhu uye vanodzikisira veruzhinji - chiokomuhomwe, vashandi, vasina hanya, vakasarudzika nezvinangwa zvisina kufanira, vaipokana. Vanhu vari nyore vanoita sekuteerera nemhosva, vakagadzirira kuita zvese grey misa, izvo zvinoita zvine simba, kungova pamucheto werufu.
Kuregererwa kwakadaro uye kutya kweSaltykov-shkchedrin kuseka kuseka mune "pisur Promudrome". Iri basa, kunyangwe iro rinonzi rinotaurwa seyakajairwa ngano, haina kutaurwa kwete vana. Uzivi hwakageza kunze kwenyaya nezve hove, dzakapihwa hunhu hwevanhu, rakagumiswa kuti kuvapo kwakasurukirwa, kwakavhara chete pane zvake zvakanaka, kwaive kusarongeka.
Imwe nzira yemhando yevakuru i "muridzi wemusango muridzi", basa rekugara uye rinofara neyekupaza kwechiedza, umo vanhu vakareruka vanozvipikiswa pachena.
Basa rekunyora reSaltykov-shkkrrin rakagamuchira imwe kusaina kana prose yakatanga kushanda muhofisi yedare rePatriotic Nother Not Photure magazini. Kubva 1868, manejimendi emagariro ebhuku raive nenhetembi uye neveruzhinji Nikolai Nersov.
Pakukoka kwako wega Mikhail Evgraffiti yakananga kuDhipatimendi rekutanga rakaburitswa nebhuku remagariro uye rinoshandurwa mabasa. Hwaro hwechinyorwa chayo pachayo munyori weSaltykov-shkkrrin rakaburitswawo pane "zvinyorwa".
Pakati pavo - "pekugara kweMonrepo", maererano neCropoo Cropowns - Kutsvaga kwehupenyu hwemhuri yemunyori - gavhuna, "bhuku revaStrers "Pompadura ne pomparurshi", "mavara kubva mudunhu."
Muna 1880, bhuku rakaparadzaniswa rakaburitsa epovel-litty Novoly "- nyaya yemhuri, mahupenyu hombe, vana vakatendeuka kwenguva refu vachiremerwa amai, kazhinji, mhuri Hariri kurarama nemutemo waMwari uye kwete kucherechedza kuti zvienderere mberi nekuparadza.
Hupenyu Hwako
Nemukadzi wake Elizabeth, Mikhail Saltykov akasangana muVyatka Link. Musikana akabva ave mwanasikana wemukuru wakananga wemunyori, vice-gavhuna Apollo Petrovich Bottin. Mukuru akaita basa mumunda wedzidzo, hupfumi, mauto emadhipatimusi emapurisa. Pakutanga, muranda wacho ane ruzivo akatya munyu wenyika, asi nekufamba kwenguva, varume ava vakava shamwari.
Mumhuri yaLisa akadanwa Betsy, musikana akashevedza munyori, aive akura kupfuura makore gumi nematatu, Michel. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, Bhajeti rakatamiswa kuVladimir muBasa, uye mhuri iyi yakaenda shure kwake. Saltykov yakarambidzwa kusiya miganhu yeVyatka Province. Asi, maererano nengano, akaputsa zvakapetwa kaviri kuti aone mudikani.
Yakanga yakakombama kuroora naAmai veElizabeth Apolonia emunyori, Olga Mikhailovna: Haisi mwenga chete mudiki, saka zvakare dowry yemusikana haana kusimba. Musiyano mumakore wakonzera kusahadzika pamusoro peVladimir Vice-Gavhuna. Mikhail akabvuma kumirira gore rimwe chete.
Vechidiki vakaroora muna June 1856, amai vagomoka vari muchato havana kuuya. Ukama mumhuri itsva hwaive hwakaoma, vakaroora vanowanzo kukanganiswa, musiyano weavo mavara akabatwa: Mikhail - zvakananga, akakurumidza - akatsamwa, akatya imba yake. Erizabheti, pane zvinopesana, akapfava uye anoshivirira, asina kuremerwa nezivo yesainzi. Saltykov aisadawo chemistry uye cometry yemukadzi wake, akadana zvibodzwa zvemumwe mukadzi "kwete zvakanyanya kuda."
Maererano neMumoirs of Prince Vladimir Obledyky, Elizabeth Apolloovna pakukurukurirana akatora musango wakatora, akataura zvataurwa zvisirizvo. Benzi rakabviswa mukadzi rakaisa iyo inopindirana mumugumo wakafa uye akatsamwa mikhail evgrafovich.
Erizabheti aida hupenyu hwake hwakanaka uye aida zvemari yakakodzera zvemari. Mune izvi, murume, uyo aishandira pamberi pezita remutungamiriri, gavhuna, asi aigara achizviunura aine chikwereti uye anonzi nzvimbo yezvinhu zvisina-galberry. Kubva pamabasa eSaltykov-shkchrin uye zvidzidzo zveupenyu hwomunyori, zvinozivikanwa kuti airidza piyano, akashambidzwa mumasaini uye akanzwa nyanzvi pamazwi asina kujairika.
Kunyange zvakadaro, Erizabheti naMikhail akararama pamwe chete neupenyu hwake hwese. Mudzimai wacho akadzokorora mabasa emurume wake, akazova tenzikadzi akanaka, mushure mekufa kwemunyori akarayiridzwa nhaka yakazivikanwa, kuvonga kwavakarairwa nemhuri. Mukunda waErizabheti, uye mwanakomana waKonsantin akaberekerwa muwanano. Vana havana kuzviratidza ivo kuti vaigumbuka sei kuna Baba vane mbiri, uye vadiwa vavo. Saltykov akanyora:
"Ungurusate ichava vana vangu, hapana nhetembo mumoyo, hapana ndangariro dzemuraraunzi."Rufu
Hutano hwemunyori mukuru munyori, akatambura nekuvhiringidzika, akanyatsotsemurwa kuvharwa kwe "zvinyorwa zvemuviri" muna 1884. Mukubatsirwa kukuru kweshumiro yemukati, kururamisa uye kujekerwa kwevanhu, iro raizivikanwa semurume anoparadzira mazano anokuvadza, uye tsvimbo yedare rezvinyorwa - nhengo dzenziyanani.
Mwedzi yekupedzisira yehupenyu hweMaronda-shkkrin akapedza mumubhedha, vaenzi vakakumbirwa kuendesa: "Ndiri kubatikana - kufa." Mikhail Evgraffich akafa muna Chivabvu 1889 kubva kumatambudziko anokonzerwa nechando. Zvinoenderana nekuda kwemunyori, kwakavigwa padyo neguva reIvan turgenev pane volkovsky cemetery yeSt.
Chokwadi Zvinonakidza
- Kune vane manyorerwo emukomana 'munyu, nenzira imwecheteyo, Mikhail evgrafovich haashande. Maererano nevamwe, mhuri yake izana rebazi risingateereri reGenus.
- Mikhail Saltykov - Shchedrin akauya nezwi rekuti "kupfava".
- Vana mumunyori vemunyori vakaoneka vane makore 17 okukura.
- Pane shanduro dzinoverengeka dzekwakatangira pseudonym generin. Yekutanga: yakawanda varimi vane zita racho rekupedzisira vaigara muzvivakwa zveSaltykov. Chechipiri: shkkrin - iyo surname yemutengesi, mutambi wekuparadzanisa kwekufamba, iyo iyo munyori weti yaidzoreredzwa nekuda kwemabasa epamutemo. "ChiFrench" vhezheni: imwe yesarudzo dzekushandurwa kweshoko rekuti "rupo" muchiFrench - Libéral. Iyo yakawandisa liberal chatter yakaratidza kune munyori mumabasa ake.
BHAIBHERI
- 1857 - "Gubernsky Essays"
- 1869 - "Nyaya yemukuru wemamwe mauto maviri akaenderera"
- 1870 - "Nhoroondo yeGuta rimwe"
- 1872 - "Dunhu Diary mu St. Petersburg"
- 1879 - "Shelter Monrepo"
- 1880 - "Ishe Golvy"
- 1883 - "PMOTUD PISKAR"
- 1884 - "Karas akanakisa"
- 1885 - "Konya"
- 1886 - "Korona yeCrowber"
- 1889 - "Poshhekhonna Angel"