Pakati pezviuru zvezviuru zvenyeredzi izvo nzvimbo yekunze inobviswa, pane imwe nzvimbo yekuwedzera zvinhu mune nguva dzose kufamba. Izvi zvinosanganisira: Meteorite, mota, meteor, comet uye inoshamisika. Vamwe vacho vachikunda mamiriro epasi, achiwira mumakungwa kana nyika, vamwe vanopiswa kana kuputika kuti vasangane nepasi pevhu. Aya miviri yekuwedzera uye maitiro avo ane 24cm.
Chii chinonzi meteorite uye chii chakasiyana kubva kuMeteor?
Jeri "Polar Owl": Mamiriro ekuvharirwa uye akabatwa nemhosva
Iyo meteorite inonzi nzvimbo iyo nzvimbo, iyo yakasvika pasi, isina kupiswa uye isina kupwanya mumhepo yayo. Kumhanya kwemuviri wekuwedzera uri pasi pekutarisisa kubva ku17 kusvika 70 km / s.
Nekukanganisa kuiswa kwezvinhu zvinofamba munzvimbo ine chekuita nenyaya iri kutariswa, iwo mazwi anotevera anodikanwa:
- Comet -Zvinhu zvinokwakuka zvakatenderedza zuva uye zvinosanganisira ice uye gasi. Sezvo iwe paunosvitsa kupenya kukuru kweiyo solar system, comet inoumbwa muswe, iyo yakatambanudzwa kumamirioni emakiromita.
- BHUKU - zvinhu-zvinopenya zvinhu zvechinzvimbo chimiro, mumuswe weiyo loop loop inoumbwa. Mukuita kwekubhururuka, mota iri kuburitswa, yakafanana nevanogunun'una, dzimwe nguva muviri wekudenga uchitarisa kuputika.
- Esteroids - zvinhu zvekunze zvine zvinhu zvine chekuita nechikamu chemitumbi madiki eiyo solar system. Kufamba mumatareji akatenderedza zuva, yavo dhayamita kubva pamakumi maviri emamita kumazana emakiromita. Vazhinji vevana maasteroids yakaomeswa pakati pezvinyorwa zveMars uye Jupita.
- Meteoras - miviri yekuchekerera ichipisa pamusuwo wemamiriro epasi uye anomiririra zvasara zvemawuntiids kana zvikamu.
Kubvarura kubva pane zvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvakakodzera kuti musiyano mukuru pakati pevaMeteorite kubva kune meteor ndeyekuti yekutanga inosvika pamusoro wepasi, uye yechipiri inopisa pasuwo remamiriro ekunze.
Mhando dzeMeteorites
Kuumbwa kwaMeteorites kwakakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu:
- Dombo (anenge 93%), kunyanya inosanganisira silicates. Kune maviri subgroups: chondrite naAnondrites. Chondriti inosiyaniswa nehuwandu hwechirevo cheSimbi, ivo zvakare vane chondra - mafomu ekupasira anosanganisira siriki. Ahondrita - protoplanetifi zvidimbu zvezvinhu zvekunze zvinonyungudika uye kupatsanurwa nesimbi uye simbi.
- Simbi (5.5-6%) - are are-nickel alloy. Kuumbwa kwavo mune zvidiki zvidiki zvine manyura.
- Ibwe-dombo (1.5%) - yakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri. Mesomoiderites genile-stone meteorites nekutsamwa kwesimbi. Pallasites ndege zvinhu zvinhu zvine simbi dzinosanganisira magnesial Crystals kana zvasara.
Meteorites anowana mazita avo, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yekungodha, senge, semuenzaniso, tunsky kana kuti ane hanya chelyabinsk meteorite.
Ko meteorite akauraya dinosaurs akawa kupi?
Mwedzi, uyo une mamiriro emamirioni, ayo ari mamirioni enguva shoma kushoma kupfuura pasi, rinodonha nguva zhinji meteorites. Pashure pacho, zvidimbu zvevamwe vavo vakatumirwa vakananga pasi - vanowanzoonekwa mudenga uye vanonzi "nyeredzi dzinowira."Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti vazhinji ve "vashanyi vanobva munzvimbo" vanopisa mumhepo yepasi kana kunyudzwa mumakungwa, pane mamiriro ezvinhu anouraya. Kunyangwe nyaya dzevakabatwa nematombo dzichidonha kubva kudenga dzakasangana neye Okasky Epoch, chiitiko chekutanga chakanyorwa chinoonekwa chiitiko chakaitika muna 1888 muTurkey. Ipapo Meteorite akapinda mumamiriro ekunze akauraya murume. 2016 anozopemberawo - ipapo mushure mekuvhunduka kwazwi anokonzerwa nekutanga kutakura muviri weimwe nhengo muIndia, mutyairi webhazi akafa muguta reWellor.
ASTROPHYSS, mushure mekuongorora iyo data kubva muna 1860 kusvika muna 2018, yakagumisa kuti miviri yakakura yemasumbu yakafanana neye chelyabinsk meteorite (15-20 m) yakakwira pasi makore ese makumi maviri nemashanu.
Crater Chkshulub, iri pachitsuwa cheYucatan uye maCraters makuru pasi pano, ane kudzika kwe15-20 km km uye dhayiti ye 180 km. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti akaumba makore makumi matanhatu nemasere, apfuura mumakore makumi matanhatu apfuura munguva yeCalk mushure mekudonha kwesteroid, zviyero zvacho zviri 10 km. Simba rinobva mukukanganiswa raive 100 tertanton muTTatil rakaenzana, kureva kuti, mamirioni enguva yakanyanya chombo chine simba kwazvo.
Iyo nzvimbo yechinhu yakabhururuka nekona ye60 °, iyo ndiyo mamiriro ezvinhu akawandisa nekuda kweiyo sarufa, pamwe neyekuverenga masaini, iyo meteorite yakakonzera tsunami nehurefu hwegumi nemakumi mashanu -100 m.
Nekuda kwekunyepedzera kwechinguva chenguva pfupi neyekuvapo kwedinosaurs, kudonha muviri uyu wekunze uye kunzi chikonzero chakauraya vaimbove vagari vepasi. Uku kufungidzira kwakaitwa muma1970 mashanu nema alvares, mhuri yevesaenzi, afiripi Louis neMwanakomana wake, geologist Walter.
Vakawanawo zvirimo zvakakwirira zveIridium padunhu rekudonha, rakasvika kubva kunharaunda. Hyparez's hypotz inotora mhinduro munharaunda yenharaunda yesainzi, uye muna 2010, apo masayendisiti aive nemhedzisiro yechikepe chenguva pfupi, hypothesis akatanga kufungwa nezvake.
Vakakurumbira Meteorites
Iyo meteorite yakakura, yakarongedzwa nevanhu mukunyatsoita eru, inoonekwa se goba - misa yayo yakaenzana nemakumi matatu emamita. Nzvimbo iri pamepu, iyo muviri wekudenga, ndiNamibia - Chiitiko chakaitika anenge zviuru zvisere makore apfuura. Muviri weCosmic akawanikwa nguva pfupi yadarika - muna 1920, muridzi weGoba-wes purazi mukurima nyika yake akawana chinhu chikuru chesimbi. Iyo geob meteorite kubva panguva yekuonekwa kwayo yakarasika 6 matani uye 84% yaisanganisira yesimbi, uye muna 1955 yakaratidzirwa nenhaka yenyika.
Fakhan meteorite, inowanikwa muguta rimwe chete muChina muna 2000, pamwe ndiyo yakanaka kwazvo muviri muviri wakawanikwa nemunhu. Iyo yakaonekwa kudenga chinhu chinoreva mhando yevawallasites, uye muchimiro chayo mune yegoridhe makristasi eOlivine, pamwe ne "huchi" hwe "huchi" hwe "huchi" hweiyo nickel nesimbi. Zvinotendwa kuti yakaumbwa mabhiriyoni mazana mana emakore apfuura mune maitiro ekugadzira iyo solar system.
Tuns phenomenon
Muna June 1908 Pedyo nerwizi, rwizi Tinuska muHurumende yeRussia pakanga paine donhwe muchinhu: Denga rakavhenekerwa nemwenje wechiedza, ruvara rwechiitiko, maererano nemazwi echiono, yaive tsvuku, yero uye chena. Vanhu vakakwira pedyo neTunuscian meteorite, vanonyadziswa vakawira pasi, vakanyunyuta nezve fivha yakasimba.Mhere kubva mukuputika zvakanzwika ari kure kwegumi kubva kuEpicenter, mhedzisiro yekuputika mafungu akanyorwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvepasi, uye miti iri paChienda Makumi 2 2 yakaitwa nemidzi. Sensors airatidza simba rekuputika rakaenzana ne2040 mt muTNT zvakaenzana. Pasinei nekuwedzera kutsvagisa, masayendisiti akatadza kuona zvinhu, izvo zvaizosimbisa kusawirirana kwemuviri wemuviri we cosmic pamwe nevhu.
Chelyabinsk "Guest"
Iyi ndiyo meteorite yakawira muRussia - muChilyabinsk munaFebruary 2013 nekuda kwekuora mumamiriro ekunze eastereroid. Chiitiko ichi chakaperekedzwa nehuwandu hwekuvhunduka mafungu achipararira kuburikidza neye chelyabins mudunhu, uye zvakare yakakonzera kuti kuparadzwa kwezvinhu zvakashata uye kukuvara pakati pevana zviuru zviviri zvevanhu vepamoyo. Maererano nekufungidzira kweNASA, iro simba nekuda kwekuputika kwemuviri wedenga hwakaenzana kubva ku50 kusvika 500 ct.
Zvimedu zvechinhu chekunze chakawanikwa munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzeMutengo weCosmicink, uye huwandu hwenyika. Makumi matanhatu neshanu, mumwe wavo anoiswa mune yerudzi rweMuseum ye Southern Urals.
Marii yemeteorite inoita?
MuIjipita yekare, vanhu vane hanya chaizvo nemagariro ari muMeteorites anowanikwa navo, achifunga zvipo zvavo zvevamwari, uye aishandisawo kugadzira zvishongo. Kusvika makumi mana ezana ramakore ekupedzisira, miviri yekudenga yakatumirwa muMuseums uye Myunivhesiti Yesaenzi, uye Sangano Rokutengesa, chiitiko ichi chakakwezva vateresi, vagari vemo vakazotanga kufonera "vavhimi vemeteorite".Kana zvinhu zvekunze zvinonyanya kufadza masayendisiti, nekuti nerubatsiro rwavo, zvinokwanisika kudzidza zvakawanda zvakadzama nezvenguva yenhaka nenhamba nenguva iyo zvakaumbwa, ipapo kune vavhimi meteorites ndiyo nzira yakanaka yekubatsira.
Iyo yakanyanya kudhura meteorite inonzi Fakhan inodhura $ 1.7 miriyoni imwe chete - uremu hwayo hwaive 1000 kg, uye kuumbwa kwaisanganisira iron-nickel zvigadziko uye olivine. Akapwanywa muzvimedu zvidiki uye akaiisa pane fani. Kunyangwe mutengo wakanyanya wekuti unoda kuve muridzi wemuviri unoshamisa wekunze wakazove wakanaka.
Tsvaga
Nzira nhatu huru dzekutsvaga meteorites:
- Kuongorora kwenzvimbo yekutandara kwekutora kwechinhu chinhu, kuchenesa kwakazotevera kwenzvimbo kubva kune vekunze zvinhu uye kuisirwa kwechiratidzo chakakosha.
- Kutsvaga uchishandisa simbi yekuona, sezvo vazhinji meteorite zvinosanganisira simbi.
- Kukudzwa kunotanga mushure memidziyo yakanyorwa zviratidzo zvemuviri wekuwedzera.
Kubva muna 2019 uye kusvika parizvino, 2021, mainjiniya kubva kuUnited States anoitwa mukuedzwa kweMeteorite akavezwa nemakamera uye anoziva kubuda kubva pamiviri yekudonha panguva yekudonha kwavo. Iyo nzira yekunyepedzera haisati yapa kukosha kwakakosha, panguva imwecheteyo inoonekwa kuti nzira yacho yakavandudzwa uye ichakurumidza kusvika kune imwe nhanho.
Meteorites anogarwa nepfungwa kwete chete masayendisiti, vagadziri vemari nevanovhiya uye vavhimi vepamoyo, kuti nekupera kwemweya wekudenga mune imwe nzvimbo yemasekondi, ichisiya kumashure chiuno chinopenya chinopfuta uye kunzwa kwekusangana nenzvimbo isingaperi. Asi nharaunda yesainzi haidaro isingakanganwike kuti, pamwe nekunaka, iyo Meteorite inotakura kutyisidzira chaiko kuvanhu. Naizvozvo, iro basa rekuona miviri yekuwedzera mumatanho ekutanga ekusvika kwavo kuPasi pano hakufanirwe kumbopera kubva muhurongwa.