Ku ya 27 Mutarama, 2020 harahira imyaka 76 kuva iherezo rya Leningrad. Kubona kumenya iyi nsanganyamatsiko, abana batangirana nintebe yishuri. Bize uburyo Leingrad yarushijeho guhunga, aho ari yo uburyo abantu babaga ku butaka bwayo, igihe abafasi bashoboye gutsindwa no kurekura umujyi. Iki gihe kitoroshye cyafashe ubuzima kandi mbona abantu barwanya. Ariko miriyoni z'abantu b'intwari zarokotse, kandi mbikesha kwibuka ibyo bibuka tuzi inkuru y'ukuri.
Amamiliyoni afungiye mu mujyi
Kugera kwa Leningrad byatangiye ku ntambara ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu, ku ya 8 Nzeri 1941. Yakozwe na Fashiste kugira ngo arengere umujyi kandi aragifata. Leningrad (ubu St. Petersburg) yari afite akamaro k'ingenzi ku ngabo z'Ubudage. Gufatwa kwe byatangiye muri Nyakanga 1941, nyuma y'ukwezi ku rugamba urugamba rwegereje umujyi. Abanzi ntibashoboraga kubyifatamo, bityo umuryango waciwe, uhuza Leningrad n'ibindi bice by'igihugu. Abadage bahisemo kujya mu bundi buryo no gusenya umujyi wa ismomomo. Nyuma yo gufata abanzi ba Shlisselburg, amaherezo bahagaritswe ku isi kuva kuri Sushi.
Nyuma yibyo, abatuye Leningradi batangiraga ibibazo byibiribwa. Ntabwo ari ibikoresho bihagije. Hariho rero umugambi wa Fashiste, bifuzaga ko abantu bapfa bazize inzara n'imbeho. Ariko ntibari biteguye gutegereza ko abantu bose bapfa, bityo rero ibisasu byatewe ibisasu byatunganijwe. Inzoro zarimbuye ububiko bwibiryo byafasha abaturage gukomeza igihe kirekire.
Umwanzi yateguye ubwoba mu baturage, yagerageje gukumira imirimo y'ibigo by'ingenzi. Ariko abagongusha bari bakomeye kandi bashize amanga, bagiye ku ishuri, amavuriro, tipography, ishuri ry'incuke, ikinamico. Bakomeje kubaho. Abantu miliyoni 2.5 bakomeje gufunga mu mujyi, ibihumbi 400 bari abana. Bamwe bapfuye mu gihe cy'isasu, inyubako zarasenyutse.
Inzara na garama 125 z'umugati
Nyuma yo gusenya ububiko bwibiryo byabuze rero, ibisasu byifashisha. By'umwaka wa Leningrad wari ukwezi kwambere mu mwaka wa 1941. Abakozi bahawe garama 250 z'umugati ku munsi, byari ifunguro rya mu gitondo, na sasita, na nimugoroba. Abandi bose bakiriye garama 125. Ababyeyi bahaye umusagi ku bana kugira ngo batapfa bazize inzara. Mbere ya 25 Ukuboza, abantu bari inzara, kuko iki gice cyari gifite agaciro. Hariho imbaraga nyinshi zo gukora, kwishyura ibitotsi no kurya ibiryo ntabwo byagenze.
Mu mpera z'Ukuboza, imigati yiyongereye. Abakozi batangiye kubyara garama 100 z'umutsima mwinshi, kandi asigaye yongeyeho 75. Nubwo byari bikiri igice cy'ubuto, abantu bagiye mu mihanda barishima. Uku kwiyongera kubaha ibyiringiro byo gutsinda.
Hamwe nubukonje bwimbeho i Leningrad, urupfu rwaje. Amazi ashyushye no gushyushya ntabwo, abakuze hamwe nabana. Gushyushya mu gitaga, guterwa ibikoresho ibikoresho n'imbuga zaguye. Yapfuye azize imbeho no kunanirwa. Abafite imbaraga zo kwimuka, bagiye kukazi bakora umunsi wose. Umuvuduko wo kwimura abantu ntacyo wari ufite, kuko hari ibyiringiro byo gutsinda. Igihe nyacyo cyo guhagarika umutima ni iminsi 871. Imyaka 2 namezi 5 abantu barwanira umujyi nubuzima bwabo.
"Inzira y'ubuzima"
"Abanditsi" ntibarwaniye ubwabo, ahubwo banafashaga imbere. Batanze intwaro, ibikoresho, amasasu. Abantu 300 bitirirwa mu kirere, bahagaze ku mwanya.
Kugeza ku ya 1941, ibiryo bito byibiryo byatanzwe nindege, kuko ikiyaga cya Lake kitagaragaye igihe kirekire. Iyi niyo mpamvu yo kugabanya umugurisha umugati. 22 Ugushyingo, traffic yatangiye umuhanda wa ice. Igihe kuri "Rask" cyasize bike, umuryango waho uhoraho na Mutarama. Abafashist barashe "inzira y'ubuzima" mu byiringiro byo kuyangiza, ariko ntibatsinze.
Kwimura abantu byatangiye. Iya mbere mu murongo yari abagore, abana, bakomeretse kandi barwaye. Nashoboye kuzana abantu miliyoni. Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1942, umujyi watangiye "kubyutsa": abantu bakuyeho imihanda, basubiza inyubako. Yongeye kongera imigati. Nyuma yumwaka ningabo za Sovieti zabashije guca impeta yo kuzirika. Nk'uko gari ya moshi yubatswe, Km 33 muri Leningrad yohereje ibiryo n'amasasu.
Itariki nyayo yo kuvanaho guswera ifatwa nka 27 Mutarama 1944. Abatuye mu mujyi, ibyumweru 150 byarwaniye ubuzima, babonye salate ya Gala kuri uyu munsi. Kureka byinjiye mu nkuru nkabagome n'amaraso. Abapfuye ibihumbi 641 bapfuye mu bantu bose badasobanutse.
Ibintu bishimishije
Abantu ibihumbi 350 bo muri Leningrad bahawe imidari n'amabwiriza. Muri bo harimo abasirikare, abayobozi n'abajenerali. Abantu miliyoni 1.5 bahawe ibihembo by'igihembo. Na Leningrad yakiriye izina ry "umujyi wintwari".
Mu mihanda yo mu butaka bwo guhagarika, hashyizweho indabyo 1500 kugira ngo zimenyeshe abantu ibitero by'abanzi. Ibiganiro byari amasaha 24 kumunsi. Habujijwe guhagarika amaradiyo mu gihugu cyo gutura. Nubwo abavuga ibiganiro bahagaritse kuvuga, ijwi rya metronome ryakomeje kumvikana muri buri rugo.
Igihe cy'itumba cya mbere i Leningrad cyari ubukonje. Abantu babayeho mubushyuhe bugera kuri -32 batashyushya amazi ashyushye. Ubukonje bwabereye mu mujyi kugeza igihe Gicurasi, urubura rwashyize igice cy'uburebure bwa metero.
Mu 1943, Leningrad yazanye igare 4 mu njangwe z'umwotsi mu 1943 kugira ngo atsinde imbaga y'imbeba n'imbeba. Imbeba zasenyaga ibiryo, bityo ikibazo gisaba igisubizo gihita. Buri muryango wahagaze kumurongo kumatungo. Bidatinze, ntabwo abafite abafashi batsinzwe gusa, ahubwo batsinzwe n'inkoni.
Abantu batuye uturere dufunze ntabwo bari bazi ko abanyagihugu babo bapfuye nuburyo bunini bwamakuba. Abayobozi bahishe ukuri kutazamura ubwoba. Gufotora abantu bapfuye no gusenya inyubako birabujijwe.
Igihe kimaze kumenyekana ku bijyanye no kuzirikana, abayobozi batanze ibitero by'imitsi, ariko gushimangirwa mu burire bukenewe. Abantu ntibari bazi akaga, kubategereje mumujyi. Bahamagariwe kurwanira igihugu cyabo, nuko banga kwimuka.
Usibye garama 125 z'umugati uhagaze, abagosha bariye imitiba, ibiryo by'inyamaswa, uruhu rw'ingurube ku myenda.