Ubuzima
Umwanditsi na filozofiya Henry Toro bitwa isi mbere yisi kwisi: yabaga mwishyamba ntayorohewe kumyaka 2, amezi 2 niminsi 2. Ubunararibonye bwashyizeho ikintu cyingenzi muri biografiya cyigitabo "Walden, cyangwa ubuzima mu ishyamba." Umurage uhanga Toro - Ingingo, Inyandiko, Ibisigo, inyandiko - ni metero 20.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Henry David Toro yavutse ku ya 12 Nyakanga 1817, muri Massachusetts, mu muryango wicyongereza wijimye: se John yakoraga mu ruganda kugira ngo umusaruro w'ikaramu, kandi nyina wa Cynthia yitangiye mu murima.
Amatwi y'umwanditsi, David Henry Toro yitiriwe nyirarume kumurongo wa se. Ku munyeshuri, yabonekeye muri Henry David, amazina ashingiye ku mazina. Izina ryumufilozofe rikomeza kuba rimwe.
Henri Toro yazanywe na Helen na Sophia, muvandimwe John. Bose bari bategereje ubuzima bwonyine nubuzima burambye. Yohana yapfuye afite imyaka 27 avuye muri Tetanusi, ahasigaye astuberculose: Helen yapfuye afite imyaka 36, Henry - kuri 44, Sofiya - mu myaka 57.
Muri 1833-1837, Toro yize muri kaminuza ya Harvard, ariko impamyabumenyi ntiyakiriye - baravuga, banze kwishyura inshingano ($ 125 kumafaranga agezweho). Mubyukuri, Toro yizeraga ko impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza ya Harvard idahagararirwa.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Henri Toro yabayeho wenyine, ntabwo yigeze ashaka kandi nta mwana yari afite. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ubuzima bwe bwite bwari ingingo yo kwikekwaho mugihe cyo mugihe. Yashinjwaga kuryamana kw'abahuje igitsina ndetse no kubaho. Amakuru yari agirinzwe mumikino yumubiri nabagabo cyangwa abagore ntikwabitswe.Ubuvanganzo na Filozofiya
Gakondo kuba barangije Harvard Sphere - Ubucamanza, Itorero, Ubucuruzi, Ubuvuzi - ntabwo byashimishije Toro. Ahubwo, mu 1838, Henry hamwe na murumuna we yafunguye igitabo Cyumuco. Abanyeshuri bigenga imikino ngororamubiri yize kumuhanda, kandi ubucuruzi bwize kurugero rwibiti byaho. Academy yarangiye mu 1842, nyuma y'urupfu rwa John Toro.
Inyungu z'umwanditsi muri filozofiya n'ubushakashatsi byakangutse Ralph Waldo Emerson numwe mubatekereza cyane muri twe. Numucyo ukuboko kwe muri Nyakanga 1840, inyandiko ya mbere ya Toro "Avl Persia Flark" yasohotse mu kinyamakuru gikira. Byari bigizwe n'inyandiko za Diary.
Toro yari umunyaruganda, filozofiya yize mu mibanire ya kamere n'umugabo. Ahari niyo mpamvu mu 1845 yubatse akazu ka mwishyamba maze iba yizishwe.
Igitekerezo cyo kwimukira mu bantu batumva twajugunye umwanditsi wa William Eller Channing nk'umuti wo mu guhanga. Ku ya 4 Nyakanga 1845, Toro yatangiye iyi igeragezwa ry'umwaka w'imyaka 2. Yabayeho muri Waldensky, mu nzu ya Emerson.
Ndetse no mu ishyamba Toro yasanze abasoresha. Muri Kamena 1846, basabye umwanditsi kwishyura umwenda, bakusanyirijwe mu myaka 6. Yanze, aho yaraye muri gereza.
Uburambe bwavuyemo bwa Toro bwakoreshejwe mu nyigisho "Uburenganzira n'inshingano z'umuntu mu gushyikirana na guverinoma". Nyuma, bavutse mu nyandiko y'imibereho kandi ya politiki "kutumvira kw'abaturage" (1849), biyeguriye gukunda igihugu no guhangana n'ubucakara.
Ku nkombe za Waldensky Toro yafashe igihimbano cyamashanyarazi yibyanganiye yinzuki "icyumweru kumugezi hamwe na Merrimak" (1849) byeguriwe umuvandimwe John. Inyandiko yandikishijwe intoki ntiyashishikajwe n'abamamaji, bityo Toro yacapishijwe kopi igihumbi ku kiguzi cye. Ibitabo bigera kuri 300 biratandukanijwe.
Henri Toro Igeragezwa mu gasozi Zarijwe ku ya 6 Nzeri 1847, kandi ntakurikije ubushake bwe: Umugore wa Emerson yari akeneye ubufasha mu bukungu, kandi umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yari akeneye ubufasha mu bukungu, kandi umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yari akeneye ubufasha mu bukungu, kandi wa filozofiya ubwe yari agiye mu Burayi.
Imyaka yakurikiyeho ya Toro Yatanze inyandiko yandikishijwe intoki "Walden, cyangwa ubuzima mu ishyamba" (1854). Umwanditsi yamaze kwitandukanya imyaka irenga ibiri, ariko mu gitabo aragabanuka kugeza umwaka. Nibyiza kwerekana iterambere ryumuntu muburyo bwumwaka.
"Walden, cyangwa ubuzima mu ishyamba" ntabwo yashishikajwe no mu gihe, ariko nyuma abanegura bita igitabo cyiza muri Toro bibliografiya. Umusizi w'Abanyamerika Robert Frost yasize amagambo nka we:
"Igitabo kimwe [toro] kirenze ibintu byose Amerika yigeze kurema."Kuva mu 1851, Toro yari menshi cyane muri kamere, yakurikije amashusho, yeze, gukura kw'ibiti. Ingaruka zabaye imirimo myinshi kuri Botanike. Rero, mu nyandiko "gukomeza ibiti by'amashyamba" (1852), Toro yasobanuye uburyo amashyamba yagaruwe nyuma yumuriro cyangwa ibikorwa byabantu.
Urupfu
Mu 1835, umwanditsi yarwanye igituntu. Iyi ndwara yaje gupfa. Mu myaka yashize, Toro yashyizwe umunyururu. Itegereze iherezo ryihuta, yahinduye imirimo itavugiye - "amashyamba ya mane" (1864) na "Kode ya Cape" (1895).Toro yapfuye ku ya 6 Gicurasi 1862. Umubiri we ushingiye ku irimbi rya hollow Hollow muri Counth. Imva ya Hermit isa cyane: imanza n'amafoto, ijambo ryonyine "Henry" ryakozwe ku mva.
Amagambo
- "Niba utabimenyekana, noneho ushimishijwe cyane."
- "Ducire ubuzima bwawe uko wishimye mu gitondo n'isoko."
- "Sinigeze mpura n'umufatanyabikorwa nk'ugunga."
- "Intsinzi isanzwe igera ku bahuze cyane ku buryo bayishakisha."
Bibliografiya
- 1849 - "Icyumweru Kumurage Cyuzuye na Mergirak"
- 1849 - "Kutumvira kw'abaturage"
- 1850 - "Yankees muri Kanada"
- 1854 - "Walden, cyangwa ubuzima mu ishyamba"
- 1854 - "Ubucakara muri Massachusetts"
- 1859 - "Uregwa Kapiteni John Brown"
- 1862 - "kugenda"
- 1863 - "Ubuzima nta hame"
- 1864 - "Amashyamba ya Mane"
- 1865 - "Kode ya Cape"