Ubuzima
John Meinard Clannes ni umuntu udasanzwe wo mu kinyejana cya 20, uruhare rwabo mu bukungu rwemejwe n'uko icyerekezo cyose cyagaragaye muri siyansi, cyatwaga na cladianism. Incamake mu kinyejana gishize mu 1999, ikinyamakuru cyatanzwe cyarimo ubukungu mu bantu bakomeye bo mu kinyejana. Mu bikorwa by'ibitekerezo by'ibanze by'Abongereza, ibigo nk'iki kigega cy'amahanga ku isi na Banki yo kwiyubaka no guteza imbere byagaragaye.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ubuzima bwumuhanga mu bukungu bufitanye isano rya bugufi na Cambridge, aho yavutse ku ya 5 Kamena 1883 akamara kugeza apfuye. Padiri John Nevil Clabnes yatewe no guhitamo umuhamagaro w'ejo hazaza, wigishijwe muri kaminuza ya Cambridge kandi yumvise inzobere mu bijyanye n'ubukungu, filozofiya na logique. Mama Florence ikuzimu Brown ntabwo yari mu bagore bo mu rugo rworoheje: Umugore yanditse igitabo, akora ibibazo rusange maze amaherezo aba umuyobozi w'umujyi. Akazi ntiwamubangamiye kugira ngo arere abana batatu - usibye John, umuvandimwe Jeffrey na mushiki wabo Margaret yakuriye mu muryango.
Yazanywe mu buryo bwo kwigisha no kwiga amashuri abanza muri Tellege y'icyubahiro, Claynes yamaze kwerekana ubwenge n'ubushobozi bwo kuri siyansi. Kwiga ku ishuri, umusore na we yakoraga mu isomero, aho, usibye gusoma ibitabo, yakundaga gutegura ibisekuruza. Gutunga ubumenyi bwimbitse mu rwego rw'imibare, Ikilatini n'Ikigereki, yabaye umunyeshuri w'ishuri ry'umwami muri Cambridge.
Ni iy'intore z'ubwenge iburyo bwavutse, John yakikijwe n'umuryango mwiza, aho abafilozofe bakiri bato, abafilozofe bakiri bato, abahanga n'abanditsi n'abahanzi bazunguruka. Umusore yari umwe mu itsinda ry'intumwa za Cambridge, aho yasangiwe n'impapuro za mbere za siyansi. "" Intumwa "zigizwe n'uruziga ruvuza - umuryango w'indobanure w'abanyabwenge bato, barimo Bertrand Russell, muri Berginia wolfe, inzogera y'ibiti, George Moore, George Moore n'abandi bahagarariye ibikomeye mu bihe.
Muri kaminuza ya Royal ya Cambridge, Claynes yize mu bahanga mu by'ingenzi Icyongereza Alfred Marshall, washinze icyerekezo cya nemesi muri siyansi ishinzwe ubukungu. Mu 1908, John yarangije kwiga, kurengera uburyo bwe ku buryo bwo kwandura imibare ndetse n'ibitekerezo bishoboka. Muri icyo gihe, yari amaze gutangira gukorera muri komisiyo ishinzwe imari ya cyami ndetse n'ifaranga ry'Ubuhinde.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Kuba uhagarariye ibihe byubusa kandi bishaje, ntabwo byanze ibinezeza bibujijwe. Umubano we wambere wurukundo watangiriye mumyaka yumusore wabanyeshuri, kandi ikintu cyacyo cyari umuhanzi wo muri Scottish Duncan. Urubyiruko ntirwihishe umubano kandi ntitwatinyaga ko imyizerere, ariko igitabo cyabo cyarangiye mu 1909, nyuma yaho, Yohana bwite ya Yohana yinjije ubuyobozi gakondo.Mu 1918, i Londres, icyiciro cya Sergey Dyagilev, ubukungu bwamenyereye umukinnyi wa ballet w'Uburusiya Lopurkhova. Yari umukobwa wa ballet ya ballet ya mariinsky Theatre, kandi umuryango wose wumukobwa uhambiriye kubyina. Ubucuti bwabo bwatangiye mu 1921, na nyuma yimyaka 4, abashakanye barashyingiwe. Igihe, umugore yashoboye guhindukirira no kuzenguruka Uburayi, aba muri Amerika, imbyino hamwe na vacalsinsky kandi bashakanye n'umuyobozi wa Dyagilev - Umutaliyani Randolfo Baroque.
Lopukhova yinjiye mu byiyumvo ku ruziga rw'inshuti za clantnes, nubwo atari afite gushidikanya na Snobberry yahuye n'ubwenge bw'Icyongereza. Yashimishijwe n'abantu boroheye, gufungura no guhita ahinduka umugore mwiza kuri Yohana. Ifoto yingingo ya bombi yarabitswe. Ishyingiranwa ryabo ryaje kwishima, nubwo abashakanye badafite abana: kugerageza gusa mu 1927 birangiye gukuramo inda.
Kurongora Lidiya, UBUYOBOZI BUGARUKA GUSUYE MU BUSOKO RUSTIA. Ariko ballerina ntiyigeze isubira mu gihugu cye, nubwo ubuzima bwe bwose bwakoraga poropagande ubuhanzi n'ubuvanganzo mu mahanga, bavugana na gahunda zerekeye ibya kera kuri radiyo no gusangira kwibuka ibintu byiza. Lopukhova yarokotse umugabo we imyaka 35 arapfa mu 1981 mu burasirazuba bwa Susesi.
Ibikorwa bya siyansi
Kugeza mu 1915, Cleynes yakoraga muri komisiyo y'ubuzima ku imari n'amafaranga kandi yigisha muri kaminuza ya Royal. Muri kiriya gihe, yasohoye inyandiko n'ibitabo bya mbere maze atangira guhindura ikinyamakuru cy'ubukungu, aho yakoraga hafi gupfa. Hanyuma, umugabo yatumiwe muri minisiteri y'imari, aho Abongereza bashoboye kwerekana impano y'abahanga no kwitoza.
Yohana atanga gahunda yo kugarura Uburayi nyuma y'intambara ya mbere y'isi yose, Yohana yarwanyije gutanga umusanzu ukabije mu Budage, ateganya gusenyuka k'ubukungu bwacyo kandi, kubera iyo mpamvu, nk'ibisubizo, haza, intambara nshya y'isi yose. Keysi yagaragaje ibitekerezo bye mu murimo w '"ingaruka z'ubukungu z'isi", yasohotse mu 1919.
Mu myaka ya za 1920, umugabo yahanuye inzira y'ubukungu mpuzamahanga ku isi, igipimo cy'ifaranga na zahabu isanzwe, ivuga ku buryo bwo kuvuga muri "gutoranya amafaranga". Ihungabana rikomeye, ritwikiriye Amerika nyuma yikibazo nyuma yikibazo, cyahindutse ikintu cyubumenyi bwumuhanga washyigikiraga intangiriro yamafaranga yimari nafaranga kugirango agabanye ingaruka mbi zubukungu bwubukungu bwifashe nabi mubukungu bwifashe nabi mubukungu bwifashe nabi mubukungu bwifashe nabi mubukungu bwifashe nabi mubukungu bwifashe nabi mubukungu bwifashe nabi mubukungu bukomeye.
Ingaruka z'imyaka myinshi ni uko imirimo nyamukuru ya Keynes "The Coory Poloy y'akazi, ijanisha n'amafaranga", byasohotse mu myaka ya 1936 abizana mu myaka 20 hamwe na Flark Knight, Harry Dexter yera kandi Milton Friedman. Amagambo yaturutse mu gitabo yinjiye mu bitabo ku bukungu, maze umwanditsi wacyo aba umuyobozi wa Macroeconomics nka siyansi yigenga.
Umwongereza ntiyigeze ateranya gusa ku rwego rw'imari y'isi, ariko kandi yiyongereye mu murwa mukuru wacyo binyuze mu ishoramari. John amaze kubona atyo, John ntiyigeze yatakaje ibintu byose mugihe cyo gusenyuka kw'isoko ryimigabane mu 1929, ariko birahunganya ubuzima bwe, umutungo we warangiye hafi ibihumbi 500.
Urupfu
Keynes yakoze ubuzima bwinshi kandi bafite imbaraga. Ndetse no mu bibazo by'ubuzima, umugabo ntiyigeze yanga ingendo z'amahanga, aho yakemuye ibibazo by'ubukungu ku isi nko kwibaza ku nguzanyo ya Anglo n'Abanyamerika, yakoraga mu 1946. Mu kiganiro cyamasezerano muri Savannah, Jeworujiya, igitero cyambere cyumutima cyabaye Yohana. Kugaruka mu Bwongereza, UBUYOBOZI bwongeye kumva ibibazo n'umutima.Ku ya 21 Mata 1946, mu nzu y'umurima iyobowe na FIR, Iburasirazuba bwa Sulebs, sinshi. Impamvu y'urupfu yabaye igitero cy'umutima. Umwongereza w'imyaka 62 yarokotse mu mugore gusa, ahubwo n'ababyeyi bombi bamwanga umukungugu kubera imitungo y'umuryango Tilton.
Amagambo
- "Nkora leta isuzugura. Gusuzugura politiki ntekereza ku cyemezo. "
- "Icyerekezo kirekire" numujyanama mubi mubikorwa byubu. Igihe kirekire, twese turapfuye. "
- "Icyifuzo gitera gutanga."
- "Ah, niba abahanga mu bukungu bashobora kubikora ku buryo babonye abantu biyoroshya, bubahwa, ntabwo ari bibi kuruta amenyo, - nk'uko byaba byiza!"
- "Nta kibi kiriho ku buryo rimwe na rimwe ari bibi, ikintu nyamukuru ni ukubyumva ku gihe."
Bibliografiya
- 1913 - "KUNANIRA AMAFARANGA N'IMARI MU BUHINDE"
- 1919 - "Ingaruka z'ubukungu z'isi"
- 1921 - "Ibisobanuro kubibazo"
- 1923 - "Ivugurura ryerekeye ivugurura ry'amafaranga"
- 1926 - "IHEREZO RY'ITANGAZO NTIBISANZWE"
- 1930 - "COWY TOGSUSE"
- 1930 - "Iherezo rya Zahabu"
- 1936 - "IJAMBO RUSANGE RW'Akazi, ijanisha n'amafaranga"