Ubuzima
Ati: "Ndi Umuyahudi w'amaraso, Ikirusiya mu muco, inyigisho z'Abasoviyeti". Abanyeshuri b'ishuri ryaremwe n'umukurambere w'umukino wa kera ni Harry Kasparov na Vladimir Kramnik.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umukinnyi wa Chess yavutse muri Kanama 1911, ku munsi wa Avan Okurchnitsy, mu mudugudu w'igihugu wa koookell kuri Isthmus ya Karelian. Noneho amavuko mato ya botvinnik yitwa Repiko mu rwego rwo kuba umuturage we uzwi cyane - Umuhanzi wu Burusiya Ilya Renin.
Mu myaka ya mbere yikinyejana cya 20 mumudugudu, ibara ryumutungo wuburusiya Chikovsky, Maxim Gorky, FYIDOR SHALyaPin, Vladimir Shalyapin, Vladimir Syaakovsky, mumudugudu wa Villas (cyangwa yagumye). Niba ibyamamare byatangiye kubabaza amenyo, kuko ubufasha bajuririye ababyeyi b'Ukurukuru w'ejo hazaza: nyina wa Cipher Rabinwavich yakoraga nk'umuganga w'amenyo, kandi se wa Mosesirabi, kandi se wa Mosesirabis, kandi se wa Mosesirabi, kandi se wa Mosesirabi, naho se wa Mosesirabi, kandi se wa Mose Girshovich araba yarabaye umuganga w'amenyo. Umuryango wa Mikhail Isaka na we wazamutse mu muryango.
Ababyeyi ba Chess bashyizemo umwuga, gusa, ahubwo no ku bihe bya impinduramatwara, kimwe n'ubwenegihugu. Ariko, se yabuzaga nyina kuganira nabana kuri Idiš, kuko yashakaga ko abahungu bashira neza.
Imbere y'impinduramatwara, ababyeyi baratandukanye, ariko barambiwe zahabu umutekinisiye w'inyoni yavuye mu mutwe. Ubukwe bushya bwa Moses gircevich yerekanye Mikhail na Isaka kwa Mariya mushiki wa Mariya.
Hamwe na chess, grandmand y'Ukuru rw'ejo hazaza yahuye n'imyaka 12 gusa, mbere yibyo, umuhungu ashishikajwe no gufotora hamwe nimikino ngororamubiri. Amashuri Makuru Botvinnik yakiriye mu kigo cya Leningrad Polytechnic cyitiriwe Mikhail Kalinin. Noneho mu nyubako nyamukuru ya kaminuza, aho Mikhail Moiseevich yigaruriye injeniyeri y'amashanyarazi mu busore bwe, yashizweho mu kigo kitazibagirana.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Abazi bose Mikhail Moiseevich barangije umukinnyi wa Chess azwi cyane nkumukinnyi wa motilomb. Ibyishimo mubuzima bwite umugabo yungutse muri ballerina ya Kirov Theatre ya Gayane Ananova. Mu 1933, nyuma yo kunganya na nyirakuru Salom, Botvinnik ku birori byagize amahirwe yo kubyina na mugenzi wawe wa mugore w'ejo hazaza - Umunyalina Ulanova. Umukinnyi wa Chess yavuze ko ubuhanzi bwo kuzunguruka icyarimwe n'amaguru abiri mu kwibandaho neza kuruta umufatanyabikorwa.Urubyiruko rwashyingiwe mu 1935. Umwaka umwe mbere yubukwe, José Raul Kapablanca yavuze ko Gayane afite amagambo yo muri filime "imbohe ya Caucase" nyuma yimyaka 34 - "kandi ubwenge, nubwiza." Ahari iki kintu cyahawe umukobwa ufite umuhanga uzwi cyane yahaye Michael Icyizere cyo guhitamo umugeni, maze atanga igitekerezo cyo guhitamo umugenzacyaha n'umubyinnyi wumutima.
Umukobwa umwe rukumbi wa Olga ufite impano yavutse mu 1942 muri Perm: mu mujyi, hanyuma yitwa Molotov, yimurwa na Theatre ya Kirov. Mu kwimurwa, umuryango w'abantu barindwi (harimo na Serafim Samoilovna, Nyanya Oli n'ubwonsa mucyumba cyonyine, na nyuma y'intambara, bakira inzu y'ibyumba bibiri muri POSCOW muri iki gihe cy'isi .
Mu bwana, ababyeyi bagerageje gushyira umukobwa mubuhanzi bwabahaye. Ifoto ya Mikhail Moiseevich, wigisha Olga kwimura imiterere ku kibaho. Ariko, nta chess cyangwa umukobwa wa choreografiya.
Mubyo ukunda bidasubirwaho bya botvinnik byari gusiganwa ku maguru na kayak. Mikhail Moiseevich yakundaga kuririmba amashyaka ya opera hanyuma ubwire urwenya. Ariko, ishyaka ryingenzi ryari akazu kuri Niconina umusozi.
Nyundi makuru ku giti cye yateguye umushinga wo mu rugo rw'igihugu, no kubyara ibikoresho byubaka, byatanze isomo ryumukino icyarimwe muruganda rwikora muri Karelia. Ku kazu, Botvinnik nako yazanwe mu gukaraba umupaka no koza ibikoresho, n'uwakira, umukinnyi wa chess yumvise radiyo ya BBC, kandi inzozi z'ubwana ni Finine.
Mikhail Moiseevich na Gayane Daniyelevna babanaga igice cy'ikinyejana, nubwo muri kamere byari bitandukanye rwose. Umugore ni umuturanyi woroshye kandi winshuti hamwe nabaturanyi bose, harimo nuwo mwashakanye Tikhon Khrennikov na Andrei Tupolev, kandi umugabo ahitamo cyane mu itumanaho. Hamwe n'irinzi zo hanze, Botvinnik yafashije imiryango ya murumuna na mushiki wigihugu kimwe wapfiriye mu ntambara.
Gwiza yatandukanijwe n'ubwigenge bw'imanza n'ihame - ntabwo byashyize umukono ku ibaruwa imwe, yamaganwe abakinnyi ba Chess (by'umwihariko, bashyize ahagaragara politiki ikaze ya Isiraheli, bakoze politiki ikaze ya Isiraheli, bakoze politiki ikaze ya Isiraheli, yakoze politiki ikaze, yakoze byinshi Abasoviyeti byamamare mubwenegihugu bw'Abayahudi. Botvinnik, wavukiye mu wumwami Nicolae II, imyaka ya nyuma ya biografiya yabaga i Boris Yeltsin, ariko, bitandukanye n'abagize CPSU, ntabwo yavuye mu ishyaka.
Chess na siyanse
Amezi atandatu amaze kumenyana na Chess, Mikhail yageze ku ntsinzi ya mbere muri shampiyona y'ishuri nimero 157, aho yiga, kandi nyuma yumwaka izina ryumutware ukiri muto, Urutonde rwabanje kuvuga mbere iki kinyamakuru ". Ugushyingo 1925, mu nama ya keleblanca icyarimwe icyarimwe i Leningrad, umwangavu utera imbere vuba yatsinze nyampinga w'isi. Umwaka ukurikira, Mikhail yagabanije aho ya 2 na 3 kuri shampiyona ya Leningrad i Chess hamwe na mazina ye Ilya Rabibich.
Ku myaka 20, Botvinnik yabanje kuba nyampinga wa Ussr, kandi muri Kanama 1933 yakiriye izina, yemeza ko intsinzi ya mbere itabaye impanuka. Umutwe wa chess ya chess ikomeye yisi kavukire kookal watsinze gusa mu 1948: ntabwo ari intambara gusa, ahubwo yanaburaniye Mikhail Moiseevich. Grandmaster yakoraga mu nzererezi z'amashanyarazi yashyizwe mu bikorwa by'ingufu zihuriweho n'ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti. Botvinnik ni umwanditsi wibintu byinshi byavumbuwe kugirango anoze imicungire imashini zamashanyarazi.
Muri rusange, Mikhail Moiseevich yari azi gushishikariza uwo muhanganye muburyo bwe. Cyane cyane iyi mpano yigaragazwa mu mukino - kwihorera ku ikamba rya Chess hamwe na Mikhail Thale mu myaka ya za 1960.
Ibirori 1963 binjiye mu nkuru hagati ya botvinnik n'umusore wa cheque y'Abanyamerika Bobby Fisher, warangije kunganya. Ku kiruhuko, umunyamerika usize inyungu yumurongo umwe kandi yari yizeye gutsinda. Ariko, nijoro, itsinda ry'abatoza rya botvinnik, riyobowe na Efim Geller, ryazanye amahitamo yazanye impinja. Nyuma yumukino, fisher ararira, mu ntera iragenda mumaboko ye.
Mu kimwe mu 1963, Petrosyan Tigran yasimbuye Mikhail Moiseevich kuri chess olympus. Buhoro buhoro, Botvinnik yimukiye mu bikorwa byo gukina kandi yibanda ku burere bw'abakinnyi bato no guteza imbere umukino algorithm kuri mudasobwa. Muri Amerika, se wa "amakuru akerekana" Claude Shannon yakemuye ikibazo kimwe.
Ibitekerezo byubukungu muri Mikhail Moisevich nyuma y'urupfu rwa Joseph Stalin ahindukirira Komite Nkuru ya CPSU, kandi mu gukoresha mudasobwa kugira ngo acunge ubukungu bw'igihugu no kunterankunga, ni ukuvuga, guhuza imbaraga z'abasosiyalisiti no mu gaciro. Abakiranira babanza bashakaga kubanza gukuramo ibihugu bivuye mu ishyaka, ariko, bazirikana imiterere ya botvinnik yahinduye imitekerereze.
Urupfu
Mikhail Moiseevich yapfuye ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1995. Impamvu y'umwanditsi wa botvinnik mu kurinda ubulayiki "n'igitabo" SHAH xx "ni kanseri ya pankaya. Amezi 3 mbere yuko urupfu rwa Chess rwatanze ikiganiro cya nyuma, cyashubije nabi chess yihuta, mucyumweru mbere yuko hasurwa nigihugu cye cyakundaga kwitabwaho, kandi mumasaha yanyuma atanga itegeko kugirango bategure gushyingura.Bisabwe na nyirakuru, servid yabenegihugu ntabwo yakozwe kandi Vasily Ibisobanuro gusa byashobokaga gusezera bitinze. Nyuma yo gutwika, Urn hamwe n'ivu rya Mikhail Moisevich yashyinguwe i Columbarium y'i irimbi rya Novoriium, aho ibisigazwa bya Gayane Daniyen byagabanije imyaka 8.
Kwibuka
- Kwizihiza igiceri cya feza "Isabukuru yimyaka 100 yo kuvuka kwa Phess Umukinnyi wa Chess M. M. Botvinnik" hamwe nijambo ryibihe bibiri
- Ikigo cy'Urwibutso mu nyubako nyamukuru ya kaminuza ya St. Pelyburg Polytechnic ya kaminuza ya Petero
- Izina rya Mikhail Botvinnik ryitwa Indege Boeing 737 Aeroflot Airlines
Ibihembo
- 1936 - Tegeka "Ikimenyetso cyubaha"
- 1945 - Icyemezo cya kabiri "Ikimenyetso cyubaha"
- 1945 - Yubashye Umwigisha wa siporo wa usssr
- 1957 - Urutonde rwa Lenin
- 1961 - Urutonde rwa Banner Umutuku
- 1971 - Yubashywe Umuco wa RSFSR
- 1981 - Urutonde rwa Revolution
- 1991 - Yubashye Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga
Bibliografiya
- 1934 - "Huza Flor - Botvinnik"
- 1938 - "Amashyaka yatoranijwe 1926-1936"
- 1939 - "Huje Kwihorera Alekhin - Eywe muri Shampiyonga yisi"
- 1949 - "Ibice byatoranijwe 1926-1946"
- 1951 - "Ishuri rya chess Soviet"
- 1960 - "Asynchronize Imashini icyarimwe"
- 1968 - "Algorithm yimikino ya Chess"
- 1975 - "Umukino Utatu Anatoly Karpova"
- 1975 - "Ku ntego ya Cybernetike yumukino"
- 1978 - "Igice cy'ikinyejana cya Chess"
- 1978 - "Kugera ku ntego"
- 1979 - "Kuva mu mukinnyi wa Chess kugera mu modoka"
- 1979 - "Ku cyemezo cyo gukora imirimo idahwitse"
- 1979 - "Kurinda Grunefe"
- 1983 - "Ibice bya Batiti ya Chess"
- 1989 - "Uburyo bwa Chess bwo gukemura Inshingano Ijambobanga"
- 1997 - "Intego: Kwibuka"