Ubuzima
Mikhail Khodorkovsky ni rwiyemezamirimo na nyiri societe nini ya peteroli yu Burusiya. Nk'uko leta ya 2003, yabonaga ko ari umwe mu bakire cyane kandi bafite imbaraga muri gahunda y'imari y'abaturage bo mu Burusiya, umurwa mukuru we yasuzumwe kuri miliyari 15 z'amadolari. Mu 2005, yabaye umuntu w'ingenzi w'umugizi wa nabi Urubanza kuri Yukos kandi rwashinjwaga uburiganya no kunyereza imisoro.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Khodorkovsky Mikhail Borisovich yavutse ku ya 20 Kamena 1963 mu muryango w'akazi wa Metropolitan. Ababyeyi be Marina Filippovna na Boris Moiseevich bari injeniyeri wa shimi ku ruganda rwa Kalibr rutanga ibikoresho byo gupima neza. Nk'uko Mikhail abitangaza ngo bene wabo kuri se bari Abayahudi, ariko we ubwe yumvaga ari we ubwenegihugu.
Umuryango wa Magnate uzaza wabayeho nabi munzu rusange kugeza 1971, nyuma ababyeyi bakiriye amazu yabo. Mu bwana, Khodorkovsky yakundaga ubushakashatsi na chimie, yerekana amatsiko muri iki cyerekezo.
Ushaka gutsimbataza impano ya shimi nyayo, ababyeyi bahisemo guha Mikhail ku ishuri ryihariye ry'imibare n'imibare No 227, amaherezo umusore yinjiye muri uwo musore yinjiye mu kigo cya Moscou chemique. D. I. Mendeleev. Muri kaminuza, Khodorkovsky yafatwagaga umunyeshuri mwiza w'ishami, nubwo ari ukuri ko gusaba amafaranga gukabije kugira ngo akore igihe cyabo cy'ubusa bwo gukora nk'umubaji muri koperative. Mu 1986 yarangije muri kaminuza n'icyubahiro maze ahabwa injeniyeri w'ikoranabuhanga.
Mu busore bwe, Mikhail, hamwe n'abantu bahuje ibitekerezo, bashizeho ikigo cya siyansi na tekiniki yo guhanga urubyiruko, babaye umushinga we wambere wubucuruzi, babifashijwemo nibyo yabonye amafaranga yambere. Mugereranije n'ibikorwa muri NTTM, umutunzi wa peterolijo hazaza yize mu kigo cy'ubukungu bw'igihugu. G. Velkhanov, aho yahuriye na mwene wabo w'abayobozi muri Banki ya Leta ya Usr Alexei Golubovich.
Banki "gutera ubwoba"
Murakoze "ikiruhuko" cya mbere, Mikhail Khodorkovsky yafashe selile ikomeye mu isi y'ubucuruzi bunini kandi mu 1989 yakoze iterambere ry'ubucuruzi n'ikoranabuhanga ", kuba umuyobozi w'inama ye. Banki ya Khodorkovsky yari umwe mu ba mbere yakiriye uruhushya rwa banki ya Usss Cundr, amwemerera gukora ibikorwa by'imari, Minisiteri y'imari na Rosvooruchi.Mu 1992, ubuzima bwumwuga bwa Khodorkovsky bwabonye ikindi cyerekezo atangira gutanyagura ubucuruzi bwa peteroli. Ubwa mbere yakiriye gahunda yo kohereza uwayoboye ikigega cy'ishoramari cy'inganda na EEC. Umwanya mushya wahawe Mikhail uburenganzira nububasha nububasha bwungirije nimbaraga zungirije. Nyuma y'amezi make, yabaye Minisitiri wungirije wuzuye. Gukora mu mirimo ya Leta, byari ngombwa kurekura ku mugaragaro umwanya muri banki "gutera ubwoba", ariko abanyagihugu b'Amajyepfo basigaye mu ntoki.
Muri kiriya gihe, Oligarch yahisemo guhindura ingamba za Banki ya Menatep. Ishyirahamwe ry'imari kuko ibisubizo byatangiye kwibanda kubantu benshi, babifashijwemo, bakoze ibikorwa byubukungu na serivisi zisaba ibibazo mumibiri ya leta. Igihe kirenze, gutera ubwoba byabaye urwego runini rwo kujya mu nganda z'ishoramari. Icyerekezo cyibanze ni inganda na metallurgy, perrochemie nibikoresho byo kubaka, kimwe nibiryo n'imiti.
Yukos
Mu 1995, Khodorkovsky yajuririye Visi-Premiere Yambere ya Federasiyo y'Uburusiya Olla Soskovtsu yakoresheje imigabane ya Leta ya Montep kuri Leta ya Leta ya Yukos, iyambere mu bubiko bwa peteroli .
Nyuma ya cyamunara, Metutep yabaye nyir'imigabane ya 45% muri Yukos, hanyuma Banki ya Bank yabonaga indi migabane 33% ya gisirikare ya peteroli. Nyuma kuri cyamunara Yongeye kuba nyir'umubare utangaje wimpapuro ubwazo za peteroli yubucuruzi bwuburusiya no kugenzura hejuru ya 90% byimigabane ya Yukos.
Kuba nyiri Yukos, Khodorkovsky yishora mu gusoza isosiyete ya peteroli yo guhomba mu kibazo, ariko umutungo wa Menutep wabuze ibi. Olicarch yafashe imyaka 6 n'ishoramari ry'amabanki mu rwego rwo kuzana Yukos mu bihe bikomeye, kubera ibyo byagonze biba umuyobozi w'isoko ry'ingufu ku isi hose.
Ingorane zo gukora ubucuruzi ntizakubuza Mikhail Borisovich mu 2001 n'uko bashinze umushinga wa Fiso Fondasiyo ya Fondasiyo, Yakobo Rothschild, Ambasari wahoze ari Ambasaderi w'akabandi muri UsSr Artman. Nyuma yaho, shingiro, umuyoboro wose wuburusiya - imitwe ya politiki "ifunguye Uburusiya" yaremewe, bwatotejwe ku butaka bwa federasiyo y'Uburusiya. Nyuma yo kwibohora kwa Khodorkovsky, ishyaka ryakomeje imirimo yayo iyobowe.
Yukos Ubucuruzi
Mu Kwakira 2003, icyo gihe, Mikhail Khodorkovsksksky, wabaye umwe mu bantu bakize mu Burusiya ndetse n'isi, bafata ku kibuga cy'indege cya Novosingk kandi basaba kunyereza umutungo w'inzego za Leta no kunyereza imisoro. Nyuma yibyo, hafashwe ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na biro ya Yukos, kandi ububiko na konti byose bya sosiyete batawe muri yombi n'ubushinjacyaha bwa Federasiyo y'Uburusiya.Nk'uko abashakashatsi babivuga, nyuma yemewe n'urukiko, magete y'amavuta mu 1994 yashyizeho itsinda ryabagizi ba nabi, ibikorwa byabo byari bigamije kubona imigabane mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko kugira ngo babike ku biciro by'isoko. Kubera iyo mpamvu, isosiyete ya peteroli yo mu Burusiya yatangiye gutandukana, kubera ko ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byahagaritswe, n'amafaranga yose yo mu mutungo wa Enterprises yagiye kwishyura umwenda kuri Leta.
Dukurikije ibyavuye mu rubanza rwambere rwinshinjabyaha muri Gicurasi 2005, Khodorkovsky yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 8 akorera ijambo muri koloni y'ubutegetsi rusange. Kandi uru rubanza rwa Yukos rujyanye n'abandi bayobozi b'ikigo kandi rwarakorwaho iperereza.
Mu 2006, ku bijyanye na Khodorkovsky n'umufatanyabikorwa we w'ubucuruzi, umuyobozi w'inama y'Ubuyobozi ya Menatep Platon yatangije ibibazo bya kabiri by'ibyaha bijyanye n'ubujura bwa peteroli, ibirego byari bigizwe n'ibindi 14. Khodorkovsky yise icyaha kitumvikana cyamushinja. Rwiyemezamirimo yabajije: niba yibye amavuta yose yunko, kandi ni toni miliyoni 350, ni ukubera iki umushahara w'abakozi, ni ukubera iki umushahara w'abakozi, imisoro yahembwaga leta mu rwego rw'amadolari y'Amadorari 40 z'amadolari ategura kubitsa?
Ukuboza 2010, urukiko rwemeje Khodorkovsky na Lebede'umwacyaha, bakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 14 kubera ko igifungo cya burundu, nyuma y'igihe cyo gusoza cyaragabanutse.
Abakatiwe bakabije bari mu bukoloni bugororotse mu mujyi wa Segelian wa Segezha, kandi bakiganiro byinshi by'imanza z'inshinjabyaha hejuru ya Khodorkovsky yahindutse mu Burusiya. Uru rubanza rwamaganwe ku mugaragaro n'umuntu wa Borris Akunani, umunyapolitiki wo muri Korkow, uwahoze ari umuyobozi wa Moscou, umwe mu bagize Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa perezida wa Luzmila Alekseeva n'abandi Emera ko amategeko yarenganijwe "mubi kandi bibi cyane". Iteresha igihano cya Khodorkovsky n'uburengerazuba - Amerika yanenze amategeko y'Uburusiya, ubwigenge bw'amato, politiki y'imisoro mu Burusiya no kutavogerwa kw'umutungo.
Mu myigaragambyo no kutishimira, Khodorkovsky mu gihe cyo gukora igihano inshuro 4 yatangaje ko ari intagondwa. Byongeye kandi, kuba muri koloni yaranzwe nibintu bitandukanye ". Nyuma y'interuro ya mbere muri koloni ya Chita, yaguye mu gihano cy'isasu, kubera ko igihe yahumetswe na minisiteri y'ubutabera bwa Minisiteri y'Uburusiya ku burenganzira bw'abagororwa, burabujijwe ko burenganzira bw'imfungwa. n'amategeko. Ahantu hamwe, muri Chita, imfungwa Khodorkovsky na we yabaye "igitambo" cya Alkamer Kuchma, wagabanije isura ya oligarsict icyuma. Nk'uko Kuchma abitangaza ngo abantu batazwi bamusunitse ku cyaha, mu buryo busanzwe bw'ijambo "yakomanze" birwanya Mikhail. Umugororwa yabwiye kandi ko yasabwaga gutanga ibimenyetso imbere ya kamera yaciwe mu maso ya Khodorkovsky arwanya inyuma y'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rya nyuma ry'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina.
Ku ya Ukuboza 2013, Perezida w'Uburusiya Vladimir Putin yashyize umukono ku itegeko kuri imbabazi no kubohora Khodorkovsky. Uwahoze ari umutware wa Yukos yakuwe mu bukorikori, ndetse yibagirwa gutanga icyemezo cy'indege cyo kwibohora, maze yohereza Pulkovo kugera ku kibuga cy'indege cya St. Petersburg, aho Mikhail yari afite umuyobozi w'Ubudage yindege yinjira i Berlin.
Ageze mu murwa mukuru w'Ubudage, Khodorkovsky yavuganye mu kiganiro n'abanyamakuru, avuga ko nyuma yo kwibohora atari ashaka kugira uruhare runini muri politiki, gutera inkunga Abarusiya barwanywaga. Gahunda y'ingenzi ni ibikorwa rusange byari bigamije kwibohora imfungwa za politiki mu Burusiya.
Kuvugurura ibikorwa bya politiki
Mu myaka yashize, igitekerezo cyahoze ari amavuta yahoze cyahindutse mu matora - imbere y'amatora ya perezida, yashyize mu bikorwa bye ko abahanga bashimirwa nk'icyifuzo cyo guca hejuru. Khodorkovsky ubwe avuga ko yiteguye kuba perezida wa Federasiyo y'Uburusiya kugira ngo ahinduke Perezida w'Uburusiya kugira ngo ayobore mu Burusiya no kugabura ingufu za perezida ashyigikira sosiyete, Inteko ishinga amategeko n'urukiko.
Muri Ukharian no mu muri Ukraine muri 2014, nyuma yo guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Leta, Mikhail Khodorkovsky yavuze ko yiteguye kuba umunyamahoro mu bihe bya Ukraine. Hanyuma, avuga kuri stage imbere y'abaturage ba Ukraine, yanenze ku mugaragaro abayobozi b'Uburusiya, kandi abantu b'igihugu ba Ukraine bita abatinyutse, baburanishwa barwanye umudendezo.
Tugarutse muri gereza, Mikhail BORISOVIH yatangiye ibikorwa by'ubuvanganzo. Ibikorwa bye byari bisesengura. Hagati ya 2000, ibitabo "Ikibazo cyo kwibohora" cyagaragaye, "guhindukira", "Intangiriro y'ejo hazaza. Amahoro muri 2020. "
Nyuma byasohotse "ingingo. Ibiganiro. Ikiganiro: Icyegeranyo cyumwanditsi "na" gereza n'ubushake ". Ariko igitabo cya gereza ya rwiyemezamirimo ", umwanditsi weguriwe icyitegererezo cye yari akunzwe cyane. Khodorkovsky yise ubuzima bwa muntu, ifaranga ryonyine riri muri gereza. Mu gasanduku, bifatwa mubihe byose kugirango tujye kumpera, nubwo ubugwari, nubwo waba ugomba gutandukana nubuzima.
Ibyo Mikhail ubwe yabuze, biratumvikana ninshuti, abavandimwe, abana n'amahirwe yo kureba. Mbere na mbere, nyuma yo kwinjira mu bwisanzure, umucuruzi yagiye ku nyanja, asimbukira na parasute agafunga ku rutare. Nk'uko Mikhail BORISOVIH, kumva ko adrenaline mu maraso yamusubije ubuzima.
Incuro nyinshi mu kiganiro cye na Khodorkovsky bireba ingingo yimibanire na Perezida w'Uburusiya. Mu kiganiro n'abanyamakuru, yavuze kuri Vladimir Putin nka Politiki itari ifite ingamba zo kugenda kuva ku mwanya w'umukuru w'igihugu. Nk'uko umucuruzi avuga ko igihe kirekire ku ngoma ya perezida yerekana ko hari imyumvire mibi y'abarusiya nk'abantu badashobora kubaho badafite ukuboko gukomeye muri sosiyete. Uburyo nk'ubwo bwo gusabana n'abantu ba Khodorkovsky bita "uburyo bw'ivanguramoko".
Muri 2018, umuryango w'Uburusiya w'Uburusiya watangije demokarasi ya demokarasi muri St. Petersburg, hateganijwe ubufasha bw'amategeko no kwiyamamaza ku bakandida bongera abakandida mu matora ku nzego z'akarere, ziteganijwe muri 2019. Nkuko mubizi, ubu inkunga yatewe inkunga yakozwe na Mikhail Khodorkovysky.
Muri uwo mwaka, rwiyemezamirimo yashizweho umuryango gukora iperereza ku bavugizi ba ruswa "dossier". Ugushyingo, urubuga rwa Centre rwatangijwe, aho ibikoresho byamamaza byagaragaye mugihe gito, byerekana ibikorwa byabayobozi. Nk'uko Mikhail BORISOVIH, ibimenyetso byose byabonetse bizimurirwa mu mategeko mpanabyaha.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwite bwa Mikhail Khodorkovsky ntabwo bigoye cyane nkumwuga we ningaruka zacyo. Umutunzi wa peteroli yashakanye kabiri. Hamwe n'umugore wa mbere, Khodorkovsky yahuye igihe yiga muri kaminuza, yari umunyeshuri bigana. Umugore wa mbere wa Khodorkovskyky Elena DobroVevolskaya mu 1985 yibarutse imitwe ya peteroli y'umuhungu, aba muri Amerika amabati, uba muri Amerika akaba muri Amerika kandi yari asanzwe yerekana umwuzukuru wa Se na Diana wa Se.Nk'uko Mikhail BORISOVIh avuga ko ubukwe bwe bwa mbere bwari bubabaje, kubera iyo mpamvu, bahisemo gutandukana n'umugore we, ariko kugeza uyu munsi bagumana umubano w'indimi.
Ubwa kabiri Khodorkovsky yashakanye mu 1991. Umugore we wa kabiri yabaye umukozi wa banki "guteranya" inna, akaba yabonaga urukundo, gusobanukirwa no kumvikana no kumererwa neza. Nyuma y'ubukwe, inna na Mikhail havutse umukobwa Anastasia, maze mu 1999 uwahoze ari umuyobozi wa Yukos yabaye se w'impanga - yavutse abahungu, I wavutse abahungu, Ilb. Abana babaho kandi biga mu Busuwisi.
Nyuma yo kwibohora muri gereza, Mikhail Khodorkovysky na we yimukiye mu baturage b'Abasuwisi muri Canton ya Mutagatifu. Mu Busuwine ibihumbi 11 ku kwezi, ahagarika villa nziza ireba inyanja ya Zurich kandi yamaze kwakira uruhushya rwo gutura mu Busuwisi. Ariko ku bwato bw'ubwenegihugu bw'Ubusuwisi, akeneye gutura mu gihugu byibuze imyaka 12.
Rwiyemezamirimo yahise atsinda mu buremere nyuma yo kwinjira mu bwisanzure, bugaragara hakurikijwe ifoto ye mu bitangazamakuru, ariko hamwe no gukura kw'imikurire (177) kugumana igishushanyo mbonera.
Mikhail Khodorkovsky Noneho
Noneho Mikhail Khodorkovsky arimo gutera inkunga uburenganzira bwinshi nuburusiya mu Burusiya. Muri bo, "Ibitangazamakuru bya Mbh" kandi "bifungura itangazamakuru". Yatiriwe kandi ko igicucu cyatewe inkunga yerekana "isoko", kiyobora Yuri Dory. Ariko, umucuruzi yahakanye ibyo bihuha. Niwe kandi n'umuyobozi mukuru w'itsinda rya Sinara.
Muri Gashyantare 2020, Rwiyemezamirimo yatanze akazi gashya ubuvanganzo - Manifeste yitwa "Uburusiya bushya, cyangwa Gar gartarbi". Muri icyo gitabo, umwanditsi yazamuye ibibazo byinshi bijyanye n'igihugu cye kavukire: Impamvu bidashoboka kwirinda politiki; Impamvu Uburusiya, dufite ubutunzi bwa peteroli, buracyari mu matongo, kimwe nabandi.
Mu Busuwisi, Khodorkovsky yagize ikiganiro ku ngingo "Uburusiya bufite ejo hazaza." Ibirori byabereye mu kigo cy'Uburayi muri kaminuza ya Zurich. Urugero rwabantu 800 baza gutega amatwi ba rwiyemezamirimo.
Muri Mata, umubare rusange watanze ikiganiro kuri radiyo "echo Moscou" mu rwego rwa gahunda "Nta mwana." Insanganyamatsiko nyinshi zaganiriweho mu kirere, harimo ibibazo bya coronavirus, ibiciro bya peteroli bike, ingabo za postrurline muri politiki y'Uburusiya.
Ukuboza, Mikhail Khodorkovsky yatanze ikiganiro cyiza numunyamakuru Dmitry Dmitry Gordon, wasohotse kumuyoboro "gusura Gordon" kuri YouTube. Mu kiganiro, umucuruzi yamurikiye ibintu byinshi bya politiki, kandi avuga kandi ku bikorwa bye n'umwuga.
Mu kiganiro, Mikhail Borisovich yavuze uko yinjije KGB ya Ussb, nk'uko yari muri gereza kandi ni ubuhe bucuti bwagombaga kugira imfungwa.
Khodorkovsky yagaragaje imyumvire kuri Perezida wa Federasiyo y'Uburusiya. Byongeye kandi, Khodorkovsky yavuze ko gutegeka umutwe wa Ukraine Vladimir zelensky yatengushye.
Yakoze ku mucuruzi n'ubukungu. Yasangiye ukuri ko nyuma yo kurimbuka yari afite amafaranga, none ubu afite umuntu ufite umutekano. Khodorkovsky ntabwo yagaragaje niba milimiaire ari. Ariko yavuze ko yinjiza inshuro 10 kurenza uko yari akeneye.
Ku kibazo cya Gordon ku byo rwiyemezamirimo amara amafaranga, Mikhail BORIYOVIH yasubije ko adakunda guhaha kandi ahitamo kugura kumurongo. Amara amafaranga kubikoresho bigezweho:
Ati: "Ndi umukunzi winyamanswa. Ibikoresho byose bishya hamwe na mudasobwa zigendanwa zisohoka, ndagura no kugerageza. Noneho mpa abasore. Ntabwo rwose ndicuza amafaranga. "Ku muyoboro bwite wutiub-kimwe no mu mbuga nkoranyambaga "Twitter", "na" facebook ", umucuruzi", umucuruzi aharangiza buri gihe umubano uri hagati y'umuryango w'Abarusiya hamwe n'abayobozi. Harimo muri blog ye kuri YouTube, yahangayikishijwe kenshi n'insanganyamatsiko ijyanye n'uburozi bwa Aleison, imyigaragambyo rusange muri Biyelorusiya.
Bibliografiya
- 2004 - "Ikibazo cyo kwiyoroshya"
- 2005 - "Ibumoso"
- 2006 - "Intangiriro y'ejo hazaza. Isi muri 2020 "
- 2007 - "Kwerekana"
- 2010 - "Ingingo. Ibiganiro. Ikiganiro: Icyegeranyo cy'umwanditsi "
- 2012 - "Gereza na Volia"
- 2014 - "Gereza Abantu"