Ubuzima
Mary Mon Mon Monryossori ya minitessori ntabwo izasiga umuntu utitayeho. Yahinduye rwose isi kubana n'ababyeyi babo. Maria yari afite ubushake buhagije, ibyiringiro n'umwuka by'umwuka, kugira ngo ibyo bigeragezo byose, byateguye ikinyejana cya xx, komeza ikibazo cyubuzima bwe bwose kandi ntucike intege.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Maria Montessori yavutse ku ya 31 Kanama 1871 mu Butaliyani mu muryango w'umuyobozi. Nyina yari afite imizi ya AristoCt, yarize neza kandi yishora mu kurera umukobwa we. Mu 1875, Maria yagiye mu mashuri abanza i Roma, aho imyaka ibiri yari yarahinduye se.
Afite imyaka 13 yinjiye mu ishuri rya kabiri rya tekinike. Birashimishije kubona iki kigo gifite uburenganzira bwo gusura abahungu gusa, naho Mariya abaye umukobwa wa mbere wagaragaje uburenganzira bwe bwo kwigisha kandi yambuka imigi ye.
Maria yarangije neza amashuri mu myaka itatu, Maria yakomeje amasomo ye mu kigo cya tekiniki. Ngaho, urwego rwayo rwinyungu zahinduwe na algebra nubuhanga kuri siyansi isanzwe yibintu. Ikigo kirangiye, umukobwa yashakaga gukomeza kwiga imiti. Byari umwanzuro ushize amanga, Data ntiyashoboraga kumwakira, kandi imyaka itari mike batavuze.
Ku mukobwa utangaje kandi uzi ubwenge, nta miryango ifunze. Mu 1890, yajyanywe muri kaminuza ya Sapiroz akoresheje uwumva neza amasomo ku bumenyi karemano. Bidatinze, ariko, yabaye umunyeshuri wuzuye. Mu 1892, Maria yahawe impamyabumenyi yanyemereye kwinjira mu ishuri ry'ubuvuzi muri kaminuza imwe. Ingorane zatangiriye mu masomo ya autopsion, ntiyemerewe kwemererwa hamwe n'abantu, - yagombaga kunyura mu myitozo yagerageje wenyine. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Maria Montessori yamenye amasomo ndetse ahabwa igihembo cyamasomo.
Igihe cyose umunyeshuri wabanyeshuri yakoze (harimo kuko yambuwe inkunga yibintu) mu ivuriro, muri serivisi ya ambulance. Mu 1895, yakiriye umwanya wungirije mubitaro. Mu myaka ibiri ishize yo kwiga, ejo hazaza h'i Pedagogy yamaze abanyamaguru n'imitekerereze, yakoraga mu biro by'abakozi bashinzwe kugisha inama bya pediatric, amaherezo yabaye umuhanga mu buvuzi bw'abana.
Mu 1896, Maria yarangije muri kaminuza, yabaye Dr. Ubuvuzi. Mu nyigisho zayo zo kurangiza, hari se wamenye ko umukobwa we atari impfabusa yakiriye amashuri kandi ko akwiriye kubahwa. Abenegihugu amaherezo bibutse.
Nubwo nyuma yo kwiga Maria Montessori ntabwo yakoraga ubuvumbuzi bumwe, kubaha byubashye bimaze kuba ko kwihangana no kugira inyota yubumenyi byatumye bahabwa abanyeshuri benshi amashuri makuru.
Siyanse na Pedagogy
Gushishikazwa muri Pedagogy muri Maria Montessori byavutse mu gihe cyo gukorana na "Frenastian" (ubudaco bw'umutego) mu 1896-1901. Gukomeza, umuganga yiganye kandi yimuriwe mu rurimi rw'Ubutaliyani rw'imirimo ya Eduard Segen na Jean Itara. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi, byagaragaye ko kimwe cya kane cy'abana b'inyuma bagize amahirwe yo kuba abanyamuryango ba societe yuzuye.Ku barwayi be kuva ku myaka 2 kugeza kuri 7, cyane cyane, intebe ntoya, ndetse n'indwara zidasanzwe zo kwigisha, intego yacyo yari gukora ubumenyi bwo kwitanga, akazi ku nzu (guhanagura Umukungugu, koza amasahani, usukure inkweto) kandi witondere ubusitani. Kubera ubutegetsi butunganijwe neza bw'umunsi, ariko icyarimwe ubwisanzure bwo kugenda no guhitamo imirimo ye, abana, nk'uko abibonye. "
Sisitemu yuburezi ya Montessori yagenze neza kuko abana bamwe badasanzwe bagaragaje ibisubizo byiza kuruta urungano rwabo rwa NormotiPcial. Guverinoma yatanze hashyirwaho ikigo cya orthofrenic, aho abarimu bitegura gukorana n'abana basigaye mu mutwe. Maria yashyizeho umuyobozi we, kandi yagumye muri uyu mwanya kugeza mu 1901. Ikigo cyagenze neza kandi gishyigikiwe n'abayobozi.
Mu 1907, kubera inkunga y'amafaranga, Maria Montessori yafunguye "inzu y'abana", aho abana bazima barigaga. Inzu yari ifite ubwoko bw'incuke igezweho (cyane, ubusitani bukozwe n'ubwoko bwayo), hamwe n'umwanya woroshye abana bafite umwanya. Abana bashoboraga kugenda mu bwisanzure bagahitamo isomo ryabo. Maria ntiyigeze agira uruhare mu bikorwa by'abana, ariko arabareba. Muganga rero asanga abana bakunze guhitamo imirimo ifatika kuruta gukina. Uburyo bwo guteza imbere hakiri kare Montessori yashinzwe ku bushake bwayo bw'umwana, ibitekerezo byayo bikaba no guteza imbere ubushobozi karemano. Ibisubizo by'indorerezi byasobanuwe mu gitabo "Uburyo bw'amafaranga y'ubumenyi, yakoreshejwe mu myigire y'abana mu ngo z'abana."
Inyungu igaragara ya sisitemu yuburezi ni ugusabana hakiri kare nubwigenge bwumwana. Kugira ngo bakemure imirimo, abana bari bashingiye ku myifatire, ubwabo bashakishaga ibisubizo. Ibidukikije birimo kubura abana guhanga no kwiga. Byeze ko rero abana batazamura fantasy. Muri icyo gihe, mu kinyejana cya XXI, byagaragaye ko ibikinisho byambere bikenewe iterambere rya fantasy.
Sisitemu y'Uburezi ya Mary Monterassoriya yerekanye ko kumenyekanisha abana abantu ku giti cyabo bigufasha gushyira mu bikorwa byimazeyo ubushobozi bwa buri mwana. Umwarimu yateje imbere amategeko 19 kubabyeyi, ibisobanuro - "abana biga ibibakikije" kandi "bafasha umwana kubikora wenyine." Urutonde rwamategeko kugeza na nubu basenya amagambo. Umwarimu yari yizeye ko mu bwana urufatiro rw'imitekerereze myiza yashyizweho kandi imbibi z'ibikorwa by'umwana bigenwa. Ibibujijwe byose umuntu yishyira wenyine.
Kugeza mu kinyejana cya 20 cy'Imyaka 20, Monteraso Pedagogy Pedagogy yateye imbere yihuta ku isi, ahubwo yari mu Butaliyani bwe kavukire, yasojwe kuva aho yapfuye, nyuma y'umwe mu 1923 nyuma y'urwandiko rwa Benito mussolimini. Umukuru w'igihugu ndetse ku giti cye yasuye amasomo ya Pedagogi, ifoto y'uruzinduko. Ariko nkuko ingengabitekerezo y'Abanazi Ikura, imyifatire kuri sisitemu ya Mwurumo kandi Umuremyi wacyo yarushijeho kuba mubi. Mu 1934, Mariya na umuhungu byabaye ngombwa ko bava mu gihugu. Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, Maria Montessori yagendeye mu bihugu bitandukanye, abigishwa ateza imbere tekinike yayo.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Maria Montessori yahuye n'urukundo rwe akiri mu kwiga muri kaminuza. Wari mugenzi we - umuganga Giusepppe Monteso. Umuryango ntiwatanze uruhushya rwo gushyingirwa ku gihe, ariko 31 Werurwe 1898 bari bafite umuhungu wa Mario. Maria yashakaga kubungabunga umubano rwihishwa n'imiterere yuko nta n'umwe muri bo uzatera umuryango n'undi muntu. Giuseppe ntiyabujije amasezerano kandi bidatinze arongora. Maria na we ava mu ivuriro rya kaminuza maze yizihiza mu kazi.
Mariya rimwe na rimwe yamaganwa kubera ko, mu guteza imbere abana b'abandi, yahaye umuhungu we. Ariko, umwana ntiyari itemewe, nyina yaguye mubibazo bitoroshye. Muri bene wabo ba kure kumurongo wa se, umuhungu we yamaze imyaka yambere gusa. Maria aramufata, akorana umuryango hamwe. Byongeye kandi, nta cyaha kuri Mama muri Mario Montessori cyari gisigaye, yamushyigikiye mu buzima bwe kandi akomeza uru rubanza nyuma y'urupfu rwe.
Urupfu
Maria Montessori yabayeho imyaka 81 apfa mu Buholandi mu 1952. Impamvu y'urupfu yarumvaga ubwonko. Kugeza icyo gihe, yarakoraga, aragenda, yagize uruhare muri kongere ndetse n'inama (mu 1950 yagereranyaga Ubutaliyani mu nama ya UNESCO), yatangajwe ibitabo ("inzira yuzuye" mu 1949).Urubanza rw'umugore w'indashyikirwa rurakomeza: Mu 1929, Maria n'umuhungu we batangiye gushyiraho ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga rya MURESTORI (AMI), rihari. Umusanzu wa Montessori muri pedagogy ni ugereranywa.
Amagambo
- "Ubwo buryo bwa mbere bw'umwana ari ugukora mu bwigenge, nta mfashanyo y'abandi, bityo intambwe ye ya mbere yo gushaka kubona ubwigenge ni ukurega abagerageza kumufasha."
- "Amahugurwa aracyumva gusa uburyo iterambere ryimpamvu, mugihe rigomba kuba isoko yimbaraga zo kuvugurura no kurema."
- "Ubuzima bwose bw'umwana ni urugendo rwo kwiteza imbere, kurangiza kurema umuntu."
Bibliografiya
- 1909 - "Uburyo bwanjye"
- 1910 - "Pedagogy ya siyansi"
- 1916 - "Kwiyigisha no kwigira mu mashuri abanza
- 1922 - "Uruhinja rw'urusengero"
- 1923 - "Kuva ku mwana kugeza mu ingimbi"
- 1923 - "Uburyo bwa Pedagogy ya siyansi, yakoreshejwe mu myigire y'abana mu ngo z'abana"
- 1934 - "Imibare ku buryo bwa Montessori ku bana b'imyaka 5-8"
- 1936 - "Ibanga ryo Kubwana"
- 1949 - "Gukuramo ibitekerezo by'umwana"
- 1949 - "Inzira Yuzuye"