Ubuzima
Ekaterina Ii - Umugabe munini w'Uburusiya, ingoma yayo yabaye igihe gikomeye mu mateka y'Uburusiya. Epoch ya Catherine cyane irangwa na "Igihe cya Zahabu" cyubwami bwu Burusiya, ubuzima bwumuco nubuzima bwumwamikazi yubatswe kurwego rwuburayi.
Ubuzima bwa Catherine II bwari bwuzuyemo umucyo kandi wijimye, imigambi myinshi n'ibikorwa byinshi, ndetse no mubuzima bwumuyaga burasa no kwandika.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Catherine II yavutse ku ya 2 Gicurasi (21 Mata, ku buryo bwa kera) bwo ku ya 1729 muri Prussia mu muryango wa Guverineri Shtrbst na Duchess ya Holilytein-Gottorpskaya. Nubwo pedigree ikungahaye, umuryango w'abaganwakazi ntabwo wari ufite imiterere ifatika, ariko ibi ntibyabujije ababyeyi gutanga umukobwa kwiga mu rugo. Muri icyo gihe, ejo hazaza h'Uburusiya ku rwego rwo hejuru yize icyongereza, Umutaliyani n'Igifaransa, bigaruriye kubyina no kuririmba, kandi nanone byakiriye ubumenyi kubyerekeranye n'amateka, geografiya na tewolojiya.
Nkumwana, Umuganwakazi ukiri muto yari umwana wurugomo kandi ufite amatsiko afite imico "yiyamu". Ntiyigeze yerekana ubushobozi bwe bwo mu mutwe kandi ntiyagaragaje impano zabo, ahubwo yafashaga nyina uburere bwa mushiki wa mushiki wa murumuna we Augustus, yanyuzwe n'ababyeyi bombi. Mu rubyiruko, nyina yise Catherine II Fie, bivuze ko Ferica nto.
Mu myaka 15, byamenyekanye ko umwamikazi cezybst yatoranijwe na Elizabeti Njye nk'umugeni wa Sheiri kwa Peter Swerurovich, waje kuba umwami w'abarusiya Petero wa III. Umuganwakazi na nyina batumiwe rwihishwa mu Burusiya, aho bagiye bayobowe n'inama ya Rebbek.
Umukobwa yahise atangira kwiga amateka yikirusiya, ururimi na orotorigisi, kugirango amenye neza ko mu gihugu cye gishya. Bidatinze, yahinduye Orthodoxie kandi yamenyekanye na Catherine Alekseevna, bukeye ahagarika Petero Fedoovich, wamujyanye na murumuna we.
Ingoro yo Guhaha no kuzamuka intebe
Nyuma y'ubukwe hamwe na Peter III mu buzima bw'ejo hazaza, yakomeje kwiyitaho, akomeza kwiyitaho, akomeza kwiyitaho, akomeza kwitangira kwiyigisha, akomeza kwiyitaho, akomeza kwiyitaho, akomeza kwiyitaho, akomeza kwiyitaho, akomeza kwitangira kwiyitanga, akomeza kwiyitaho, akomeza kwiyitaho, akomeza kwiyitaho, kwiga filozofiya n'inyandiko z'abanditsi bazwi ku isi, nk'uko uwo mwashakanye atagaragaje inyungu. Muri we no kwinezeza kumugaragaro nabandi bagore mumaso ye. Nyuma yimyaka 9 yubukwe, mugihe umubano uri hagati ya Petero na Catherine washyinguwe, Umwamikazi yibarutse umuragwa ku ntebe ya Pawulo, yahise atoranya kandi ntabwo yamuhaye.
Noneho, mu mutwe wa Catherine, harateganyaga gutegura ihirikwa ry'uwo mwashakanye n'intebe. Ameze neza, biragaragara kandi ategura uburere bw'ingoro, Ambasaderi w'icyongereza Williams na Chamberllor wo mu Bwami bw'Uburusiya - Kubara Alexey Beeuzhev yamufashaga.
Bidatinze, byaje kugaragara ko abantu bizewe ry'ejo hazaza h'Ubudage bw'Uburusiya bahemukiwe. Ariko Catherine ntiyatereranye iyi gahunda kandi abona abafatanyabikorwa bashya mucyaka. Babaye abavandimwe ba Orlov, bafasha FYITROTOR KHITROV na Wahmistr Grigory Potemkin. Yitabiriye ishyirahamwe rya Colace na banyamahanga bagenewe inkunga yo guha ruswa abantu bakeneye.
Mu 1762, Umugabeni yari yiteguye intandaro yumvikana - yagiye muri St. Petersburg, aho abarinzi bari bararahiye, icyo gihe bari basanzwe banyurwa na politiki ya gisirikare y'Umwami w'abami Petero wa III. Nyuma y'ibyo, yanze intebe y'ubwami, yari afunzwe kandi bidatinze yapfuye mu bihe bitazwi. Nyuma y'amezi 2, tariki ya 22 Nzeri, 1762, Sofiya Frederick Augustus Anhalt-Crebstskaya yambitswe ikamba ryambaye ikamba ry'i Moscou maze rihinduka Umugezi w'Uburusiya Catherine II.
Ubuyobozi n'ibyagezweho na Catherine II
Kuva ku munsi wa mbere wo kuzamuka ingoma, umwamikazi yerekanye neza imirimo yayo, atangira kubishyira mu bikorwa. Yahise akora kandi agakora ivugurura mu Bwami bw'Uburusiya, bwakoze ku buzima bwose bw'abaturage. Catherine cyane politiki yayoboye, hitawe ku nyungu z'amasomo yose, kuruta gutsinda amasomo.
Kurambura ubwami mu Burusiya kuva mu gihugu cy'amafaranga, umwamikazi yafashe ibanga afata igihugu cy'amatorero, abihindura umutungo w'isi. Ibi byatumye bishoboka kwishyura ingabo no kuzuza ububiko bwama ingoma ya miliyoni 1 zabahinzi. Muri icyo gihe, yashoboye Boyko gushyiraho ubucuruzi mu Burusiya, yariyongereye inshuro 2 umubare w'inganda mu gihugu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umubare w'amafaranga yinjijwe yiyongereye inshuro 4, ingoma yashoboye kubamo ingabo nyinshi kandi itangira iterambere rya urals.
Naho politiki y'imbere ya Catherine, uyu munsi yitwa "Abliced Absogem," kubera ko Umusomyi wagerageje kugera "ibyiza" muri sosiyete na Leta. Alleticism Catherine II yaranzwe no kwemeza amategeko mashya, yemerwa hashingiwe ku "Umugongo wa Emman Catherine" arimo ingingo 526.
Bavuze ku mahame yagombaga kuyoborwa n'abadepite-abadepite, cyane cyane ku bitekerezo bya Deni Didro, Charles De Montcape, Jean Lerona d'aembert ndetse n'abandi bayirimo. Umushinga w'itegeko watejwe imbere yatumijwe mu 1766 na nECO.
Bitewe nuko ibikorwa bya politiki bya Tsaritsya byari bigifite "imiterere", kuva 1773 yahuye no kwigomeka ku bahinzi bayobowe na Emelyani. Intambara y'inyamanswa yatwikiriye hafi y'ubwami bwose, ariko ingabo za Leta zahagaritse imvururu zarafata Pugachev, nyuma yaciwe umutwe. Niryo tegeko ryonyine ku gihano cy'urupfu, cyasohowe n'Umusomyi mu myaka y'ingoma ye.
Mu 1775, Ekaterina ikomeye yayoboye agace k'ubutaka no kwagura Uburusiya kugeza mu ntara 11. Ku ngoma ye, Uburusiya bwabonye Azov, Crimém, Kuban, kimwe na Biyelorusiya, muri Polonye, Lituwaniya n'icyatsi kibisi. Ivugurura ry'intara ya Catherine, nk'uko abashakashatsi bagize uruhare runini.
Mu gushinga intara, ibigize igihugu abaturage ntibimaze kwitabwaho, usibye, byasabwaga kongera amafaranga y'ingengo y'imari. Muri icyo gihe, abatowe batowe bashyirwaho mu gihugu, basezeranye mu manza z'icyaha n'imbonezamubano.
Mu 1785, Uwabumwe yateguye kwiyobora mu migi. Iteka rya Catherine II ryazanye uburenganzira busobanutse bw'icyubahiro - yakuye abanyacyubahiro kuva ku muyunguruzi, umurimo uteganijwe mu gisirikare maze mpa uburenganzira bwo gutunga ibihugu no ku bahinzi. Ndashimira umwamikazi mu Burusiya, hashyizweho gahunda yisumbuye, yubatswe amashuri adasanzwe arubatswe, ibigo kubakobwa, amazu yuburezi. Byongeye kandi, Catherine yashinze Academy y'Uburusiya, yari mu bihe byagenwe bya siyansi.
Witondere cyane mu kigo cya Catherine cyishyuye ubuhinzi. Byafatwaga nk'Uburusiya inganda z'ibanze, zagize uruhare mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu. Ubwiyongere bw'ubutaka bwo guhita bwatumye rwiyongera mu mahanga.
Hamwe na we, ku nshuro ya mbere mu Burusiya, umutsima watangiye kugurisha, abaturage baguzwe amafaranga y'impapuro, na bo bakoreshwa n'Umugazi. Nanone, imyirondoro ya Monipin ikubiyemo intangiriro yo gukingira mu Burusiya, byatumye bishoboka kwirinda urupfu rw'ibyorezo mu gihugu, bityo bikabungabunga umubare w'abaturage.
Ku ngoma ya Catherine, impeshyi ya kabiri yarokotse 6 aho igikombe wifuza cyakiriwe mu buryo bw'ubutaka. Politiki y'amahanga ye, abantu benshi babona ko uyu munsi. Ariko umugore yashoboye kwinjira mu mateka y'Uburusiya nk'umunyamahane ukomeye wabaye urugero rwo gukunda igihugu mu bihe biri imbere, nubwo kubura ibitonyanga byamaraso y'Uburusiya.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwihariye bwa Catherine II afite kamere yaka kandi kumunsi wuyu munsi birashimishije. Umaze ku rubyiruko, Uwasozengeri yiyemeje "urukundo rwubusa", yabaye ingaruka zubukwe bwe butatsinzwe na Petero waii.
Ibitabo by'urukundo bya Ekaterina birangwa n'urukurikirane rw'urusiko, kandi urutonde rukunda rurimo amazina 23, nkuko bigaragazwa n'ubushakashatsi bwa "Ekaterinovdov". Ikigo gitoroshye cyagize ingaruka mbi mugihe cya leta cyicyo gihe. Yagize uruhare muri ruswa, ibisubizo by'abakozi babi no kugwa kw'imyitwarire.
Grigory Orlov, Alexander Lanskaya, Gratery Potemkin na Platon y'amenyo, yabaye abakunzi ba mbere ba Monarchyn, bamaze imyaka 20 bakunzwe na Catherine. Abashakashatsi ntibakuraho ko Umugabekazi w'intangarugero yari intwaro yihariye, abifashijwemo yasohoye ibikorwa byayo ku ntebe y'ubwami.
Birazwi ko Catherine yari akomeye abana batatu - umuhungu wo mu mugabo we uremewe wa Peter III - Pavel Petrovich, Alexey Bobrinsky, Alexey Bobrinky, yabyawe na Orlov, na Ananna Petrovna, yapfuye azize uburwayi.
Imyaka izuba rirenze ry'umwamikazi yeguriye kurera abuzukuru n'abaragwa, kubera ko yari mu mibanire irambuye n'umuhungu we Paul. Yashakaga gutsinda imbaraga n'ikamba mu bwumvikane mukuru Alegizandere, witeguye ku giti cye ingoma. Ariko imigambi yayo ntabwo yari igenewe kubaho, kubera ko umurage we wemewe n'amategeko yamenye ibyerekeye umugambi wa nyina kandi yiteguye yitonze kugira ngo arwanire ingoma. Mu bihe biri imbere, umwuzukuru ukunda w'Ubuzuko nyuma yo kwinjiza intebe, aba umwami Alexander I.
Catherine cyane mubuzima bwa buri munsi yagerageje gukomeza kuba abicamanye, ntabwo yitaye ku myambaro yimyambarire, ariko yakundaga inshinge, ariko yakundaga inkwi n'amagufwa. Buri munsi, yishyuye umwuga ukunda nyuma ya saa sita. Umugabenegihugu ubwayo udoda, kuboha, rimwe ku giti cye yambaye umwenda w'ijwi ry'umwuzukuru wa Alexandre. Umwamikazi yari afite impano yubuvanganzo, yashyize mubikorwa ikinamico kumukino wurukiko mu nyandiko.
Nubwo ku rubyiruko rwo mu Bayahudi rwemeje orthodoxie, yashishikajwe n'ibitekerezo by'ababuda. Catherine yashyizeho umwanya w'umuyobozi w'itorero ry'uburasirazuba bwo mu burasirazuba bwa Siberiya na tranbayialia. Guverinoma yamenyekanye ku mugaragaro nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubusambanyi bumurikirwa mu idini ry'iburasirazuba - Tara yera.
Urupfu
Urupfu rwa Catherine II rwaje mu buryo bushya ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 1796. Ubejeje mu maboko akomeye, yihutira mu bubabare amasaha 12 kandi, adateye ubwenge, asize ubuzima mu ifu. Yashyinguwe muri Petero na Paul Katedrali i St. Petersburg. Ku mva hari Epitafi yanditse wenyine.
Paul natsembye intebe y'ubwami, natsembye umurage wa nyina. Byongeye kandi, umwenda w'amahanga wa Leta wavumbuwe, uryamye ku bategetsi bakurikiye kandi ryishyuwe nyuma ya XIX.
Kwibuka
Mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro cy'umwami, inzibutso zirenga 15 i St. Peterfuropol, Sevastopol, Krasnodar n'indi mijyi yo mu Bwami bw'Uburusiya. Nyuma, benshi mu bangakari barazimiye. Kubera ko Catherine yagize uruhare mu gukwirakwiza amafaranga y'impapuro, nyuma ya Portrait ye yashushanyijeho 100-kasholas ya Nicholas II.
Kwibuka Umugamba wUbukorikori Ukomeye byari bidapfa mu bikorwa by'ubuvanganzo bw'abanditsi b'Ubuvanganzo n'abanditsi b'abanyamahanga - Nikolai Gogol, Alexander Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Valentina Pikel n'abandi.
Ishusho ya Catherine ikoreshwa kenshi muri cinema yisi. Ubuzima bwayo bwiza kandi bukize bufatwa nkishingiro rya scenarios, kubera ko Ekateress nini yo mu Burusiya yuzuyemo imigezi, ubugambanyi bwuzuyemo ubugambanyi, umugambi mubisha n'urugamba rw'intebe, ariko muri icyo gihe, ariko icyarimwe.
Ishusho ya Catherine ikomeye kuri ecran yagaragaje ko Marlene Eliilinov, Viya Ormanman, Julia Ormonda, Marina Alekkov n'izindi nyenyeri zo mu Burusiya ndetse na sinema yo mu Burusiya na cinema y'Uburusiya.
Muri 2015, kwerekana urukurikirane rushimishije "rukomeye" rwatangiye mu Burusiya. Kuko Scenario ye, ibintu bivuye mu bitabo by'umwamikazi ubwabyo byafashwe, byari muri kamere y '"umutegetsi", ntabwo ari umubyeyi w'umugore n'umugore we. Mu ishusho ya EMBARE, Julia Snigir yagaragaye.
Film
- 1934 - "Umusomyi wa Sluttty"
- 1953 - "Admiraral USHOV"
- 1986 - Mikhail Lomontov
- 1990 - "Umuhigi wa Tsaris"
- 1992 - "Inzozi z'Uburusiya"
- 2002 - "Umugoroba wo mu isambu hafi ya Dikanka"
- 2015 - "Birakomeye"
- 2018 - Bloody Baryna