Ubuzima
Alexey Peshkov, uzwi cyane ku izina rya mwanditsi Maxim Gorky, ku burusiya na Soviet ibitabo by'idini. Igihe ntarengwa cyo kutitabwa igihembo kitandatu, yasambiriye igihembo cy'itiriwe Nobel, ni we watangajwe cyane n'umwanditsi wa SEVIETI yatangajwe mu gihe cyo kubaho kwa GSSR kandi yafatwaga nk'uruhande hamwe na Alexander Sergeyevich na Lviv Tolstoy Umuremyi mukuru w'ubuhanzi bwo mu gihugu.
Yavukiye mu mujyi wa Canvino, icyo gihe yari iherereye mu ntara ya Nizhny Novgorod, none ni imwe mu turere twa Nizhny Novgorod. Se Maxim Peshkov yari kumwengira, kandi mu myaka yashize yayoboraga ibiro byoherejwe. Nyina wa Varvara Vasilyevna yapfuye avuye i Chakhotka, ababyeyi ba Ayoso', bityo ababyeyi ba Ayosov basimbuye nyirakuru wa Akulin Ivanovna. Kuva ku myaka 11, umuhungu yahatiwe gutangira gukora: Maxim Gorky yari injiji mububiko, indobo yuzuye, umufasha wa papa nigishushanyo. Ubuzima bwa Maxim Gorgraphy bugaragarira kumuntu ku giti cye mu mahame "mu bwana", "mu bantu" no "kaminuza zanjye".
Nyuma yo kugerageza gutsinda kuba umunyeshuri wa kaminuza ya Kazan no guta muri yombi kubera isano n'umuzingamu wa Marxist, umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yabaye umurinzi kuri gari ya moshi. Kandi kuri 23, umusore yagiye kuzerera mu gihugu kandi ashoboye kugera muri Caucase. Byari muri uru rugendo muri Maxim Gorky muri make andika ibitekerezo bye, bizarushaho kuba ishingiro ryimirimo ye izayojo hazaza. By the way, inkuru za mbere za Maxim Gorky yatangiye gutangazwa, na rimwe, muri kiriya gihe.
Mumaze kuba umwanditsi uzwi, Alexey Peshkov amababi ya Amerika, yimukira mu Butaliyani. Ibi byabaye na gato kubera ibibazo byabayobozi, nkuko rimwe na rimwe byerekana amakuru amwe, ariko kubera impinduka mubuzima bwumuryango. Nubwo umururazi ukomeje kwandika ibitabo bya impinduramatwara. Yagarutse mu Burusiya mu 1913, atura i St. Petersburg atangira gukorera ababwiriza batandukanye.
Ifite amatsiko yo kugira ibitekerezo byose bya Marxist, impinduramatwara ya PSHKOV igaragara ahubwo gushidikanya. Nyuma y'intambara y'abenegihugu, Maxim Gorky, wari ubwumvikane buke na guverinoma nshya, yongera gusiga mu mahanga, ariko mu 1932 amaherezo asubira mu rugo.
Umwanditsi
Iya mbere y'inkuru zatangajwe Maxim Gorky yabaye umukinnyi uzwi cyane Makar Miranda, yarekuwe mu 1892. Kandi icyamamare ku mwanditsi yazanye inyandiko ebyiri n'inkuru. Igishimishije, gukwirakwiza kuri iyi mibumbe byari hafi inshuro eshatu mubisanzwe byemejwe muri iyo myaka. Mubikorwa bizwi cyane muri kiriya gihe, birakwiye ko tureba inkuru "Umukecuru Izerngil", "wahoze", "abantu makumyabiri na batandatu n'imwe", ndetse n'umuvugo "Sokoli". Ikindi gisigo "Indirimbo ya Petrel" cyahindutse ubunyangamugayo. Byinshi bya Maxim Gorky yishyuye ibitabo byabana. Yanditse imigani itari mike, "vorobar", "Samovar", "Umugani w'Ubutaliyani", yashyize ahagaragara ikinyamakuru cya mbere cy'abana muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti n'iminsi mikuru y'abana bo mu miryango ikennye.
Ni ngombwa cyane gusobanukirwa umurimo w'umwanditsi w'umwanditsi Maxim Gorky "hepfo", "intumwa" na "egor boolchov n'abandi ahishura impano ya maco kandi yerekana uburyo ubuzima bwe budukikije. Akamaro gakomeye k'umuco kubivanganzo k'umuco bifite inkuru "ubwana" n "" mu bantu ", ibitabo by'imibereho" na "Ubucuruzi bwa Atari". Imirimo yanyuma ya Gorky ni "epic" ubuzima bwa klim samgin ", ifite izina rya kabiri" imyaka mirongo ine ". Hejuru kuri iyi nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki, umwanditsi yakoraga imyaka 11, ariko ntiyabonye umwanya wo kurangiza.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwihariye Maxim Gorky bwari umuyaga. Mu mugaragaro kandi ku mugaragaro, yashakanye n'imyaka 28. Numugore we Catherine Volzhina, yateraniye munzu yo gusohora "Sarara", aho umukobwa yakoraga nk'uko akomatanya. Umwaka umwe nyuma yubukwe, umuhungu wa Maxim yagaragaye mumuryango, kandi bidatinze, kandi umukobwa wa Catherine, yitiriwe nyina. Ku burere n'ubwumvikane ni bwo umwanditsi yari Sverlov, wafashe izina rya nyuma rya Peshkov.
Ariko urukundo rwa Gorky rwahise ruzimira. Yatangiye kugira ubuzima bw'umuryango no gushyingirwa na Catherine Volzhina yahindutse ubumwe bw'ababyeyi: babanaga gusa ku bana. Iyo umukobwa muto Katya yapfuye mu buryo butunguranye, ibi byabaye biteye agahinda ni imbaraga zo kumena ubumwe bwumuryango. Ariko, Maxim Gorky n'umugore we, kugeza ku mpera z'ubuzima, bakomeje kuba inshuti kandi bagashyigikira inzandiko.
Nyuma yo gutandukana n'umugore we, Maxim Gorky hamwe na Anton Pavlovich Chekhov yahuye n'umukinnyi wa fikirwe wa Mkhatov Theatre ya Mkhatov Theatre ya Mathatov Theatre ya Andreva, wabaye umugore we mu myaka 16 yakurikiye. Byatewe nakazi ke umwanditsi yavuye muri Amerika n'Ubutaliyani. Umukobwa wa Catherine na mwene Andrei, wasezeranye muri Maxim Peshkov-Gorky, yagumye ku mibanire ya filime yabanjirije. Ariko nyuma ya revolution, Andreev yashimishijwe n'umurimo w'ishyaka, ntabwo yita ku muryango, bityo mu 1919 haje kurangira no mu mibanire.
Ingingo yashyize ikirakari, avuga ko ava kuri Maria Budberg, wahoze ari umunyamabanga n'igihe gito. Hamwe nuyu mugore, yabayeho imyaka 13. Gushyingirwa, kimwe n'umwe, ntabwo byanditswe. Umugore wanyuma Maxim Gorky yari amaze imyaka 24 kumurusha, kandi abamenyereye bari bazi ko "yari abwvals" kuruhande. Umwe mu bakunda umugore wa Gorky yari Icyongereza Hert Herbert, ahita ahita apfa nyuma y'urupfu nyirizina. Hariho amahirwe menshi Maria Budberg, wari uzwiho abadiventiste kandi azwiho abadiventiste kandi akaba yarafashwe bidasubirwaho ninzego za NKVD, zishobora kuba umukozi wa kabiri kandi ukora ku bushakashatsi bw'icyongereza.
Urupfu
Nyuma yo gusubira mu kiba cy'ababyeyi mu 1932, Maxim Gorky akora mu binyamakuru no mu binyamakuru, arema urukurikirane rw'ibitabo "amateka y'uruganda n'uruganda", "Amateka y'Intambara y'abenegihugu", arategura kandi afite uwambere Kongere yubumwe yose yabanditsi b'Abasoviyeti. Nyuma y'urupfu rutunguranye rw'umuhungu kuva gutwika ibihaha by'umwanditsi w'ibiryo. Mu rundi ruzinduko mu mva ya Maxim, yari akonje cyane. Ibyumweru bitatu bya Gorky byagize umuriro, byatumye upfa ku ya 18 Kamena 1936. Umurambo w'Umwanditsi w'Umusoviyeti watwitswe, kandi umukungugu washyizwe mu rukuta rwa Kremlin kuri kare. Ariko mbere yubwonko Maxim Gorky yakuweho yimurirwa mubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi kugirango yiringire.
Nyuma, ikibazo cyagaragaye inshuro nyinshi ko umwanditsi w'intumwa n'umuhungu we bashoboraga uburozi. Muri uru rubanza, Komisshiya y'abaturage Henry Yagoda yari afite, wari umukunzi w'umugore we Maxim Peshkov. Kandi uketse kandi uruhare rw'intare Trotsky ndetse na Joseph Stalin. Mu gihe cyo gukandamizwa no gusuzuma ikibazo cy '"abaganga" bazwi, abaganga bo muri Troim bashizwe mu cyaha, harimo n'urupfu rwa Maxim Gorky.
Ibitabo Maxim Gorky
- 1899 - Thomas Gorbeeev
- 1902 - hepfo
- 1906 - Mama
- 1908 - Ubuzima bwumuntu udakenewe
- 1914 - Ubwana
- 1916 - Mubantu
- 1923 - Kaminuza zanjye
- 1925 - Urubanza rwa Aritonov
- 1931 - Egor Boychov n'abandi
- 1936 - Ubuzima Klim Sumgin