Ubuzima
Umugani Batka Makhno ni umuntu mwiza kandi udasobanutse mumateka yo murugo, anarchiste yemeje na verstlerler.Ubwana n'ubwangavu
Nestor Ivanovich Makhno yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Gulipol (ubungubu - akarere ka Zaporizhia) ku ya 7 Ugushyingo 1888. Ababyeyi b'umuhungu bari abahinzi bakennye, Padiri Ivan Rodionononoch yakoraga i Barina kucher, nyina wa Evdokia Matreevna yayoboye inzu kandi yishora mu bana ati: Nestor yari umuhererezi mu bahungu batanu.
Urupfu rwa Data, umuryango w'umuryango w'imfubyi, abana batakaje umugati gusa. Umuhererezi mu bavandimwe na we yagombaga kugwa. Kumaze kugera ku myaka irindwi, umuhungu yatangiye guha akazi akazi keza: umunwa w'inka, kugirango uzunguruke ku baturage. Nubwo byari bimeze kuri ibyo, Nessor yashoboye kwiga imyaka ine mu ishuri rya voriate, aho yahawe imyaka umunani.
Gereza na Anarchisi
Kuva mu 1903, umusore yakoraga mu gihingwa cy'icyuma. Mu 1906, Makhno yatawe muri yombi azira gutwara intwaro, ariko yarekuwe mu rubyiruko. Muri kiriya gihe nuko Ataman uzaza ahura nigitekerezo cya anarchism, kandi anarrist ahinduka muse yiteka.
Amaze kwinjira muri "Ubumwe bw'umuntu ku busa bwa Anarchiste-Herborobov" Nestor Makhno yitabiriye ibikorwa byinshi by'iterabwoba bijyanye no kwamburwa umutungo w'abantu n'abahinzi bakize. Mu 1910, abayoboke b'iryo tsinda bahemukiwe n'urukiko. Urukiko rwa Gisirikare rw'Umujyi wa EkaterinoSlav (ubu nti Dnepropetrovsk) rwakatiye abamarayika b'iterabwoba ku gihe gitandukanye cy'amadini. Dukurikije igihano cy'urupfu).
Nestor Makhno yakatiwe igifungo cyimyaka 20 ya corotique. Mu gihe runaka, Makhno yarimo muri gereza ya EkaterinoSlav, hanyuma yimurirwa i Moscou Butyrka. Hano yahuye na Arshinov Arshinov, ufite uruhare runini ku murwa mukuru ukiri muto.
Muri Butyrka, Nestor ntiyigeze atakaza umwanya w'impano: ntabwo yakuye mu myitwarire myiza y'ingengabitekerezo, ariko nanone yishora mu kwiyigisha, ariko nanone yishora mu bitabo byinshi ku bukungu bwa politiki, amateka, yize imibare, ikibonezamvugo, ikibonezamvugo, ikibonezamvugo , Ubuvanganzo bw'Uburusiya. Gereza ya Makhno yasohotse na Arshinov muri Werurwe 1917, imbabazi zo guha icyubahiro revolution ya Gashyantare. Usibye ubumenyi n'uburambe, imfungwa yabonye biteye ubwoba umwanzuro no kubona biteye ubwoba - Cahotku, wamwishe nyuma yimyaka myinshi.
Umwuga wa politiki na gisirikare: Tangira
Muri biografiya ya makhno hari ibintu byinshi. Nyuma yigihe, abo dusangiye amasami bahagaritswe, kandi ibimenyetso byibikorwa byayo muri Ukraine biravuguruzanya. Icyakora, uruhare rwe mu ntambara, intambara y'abenegihugu, ntirushobora gusuzumwa, nubwo yari agiye gushyira mu bikorwa ibitekerezo bye bikomoka ku mirambo.
Gusubira inyuma Umwanzuro i Guliaipol, Nestor yari mubyinshi mubintu byimpinduramatwara. Mu baturage dusanga dusangira impaga mu baturage bahisemo impamyabumenyi, "uwahohotewe ku kintu cyiza," Bagenzi bacu bagana mu baturage bahisemo umuyobozi w'ubumwe bw'amafi n'umuhinzi waho. Hamwe n'uruhare rwa Makhno mu rugendo rwo mu 1917, abahagarariye guverinoma y'agateganyo yirukanwe mu jambo rya Alexandrovskaya kandi bashinze imbaraga z'Abasoviyeti. Mu 1918, nk'uhagarariye Gulipol Rebkoma, yagize uruhare mu nama y'igihugu ya Revmons na Soviets.
Ishyirwaho rya guverinoma nshya ryabujije gutera ibibazo: Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1918, ingabo za Otiliya-Abadage zigaruriye Ukraine. Iki gihe gishobora gufatwa nk'intangiriro yumwuga wa gisirikare wa Makhno, kubera ko icyo gihe ni bwo inviel yunze ubumwe muri gahunda yo kubaga mu bayobozi be. Ikipe yarwanye n'Abadage, no kurwanya abanyagihugu ba Ukraine. Ubwo kwihorera, abayobozi bakemuwe na musaza wa Nestor batwika inzu nyina yabereye.
Muri icyo gihe, muri Gicurasi 1918, Nestor Makhno yageze i Moscou, aho we ubwe yahuye na Vladimir Lenin na Sverdlov, ndetse n'abayobozi b'Ishyaka rya Anarchiste. Amateraniro n'agakurikiza imbaraga z'Abasoviyeti ntacyo byazanye, ahubwo byari ku huriro ry'ibisimba anarchiste, amayeri y'urugamba rwo kurwanya abigaruriye muri Ukraine. Kugaragaza ibyangombwa by'impimbano, Makhno yagiye mu rugo kugira ngo utegure ingabo z'inyeshyamba.
Batka "ati"
Ubuzima bwose bwa batika makhno bwari urugamba rudashira. Amaze gukosora Bolshevikly, ntabwo yemeye icyifuzo cyabo cyo "kwibira wenyine impinduramatwara yose n'icyubahiro cye." Muri icyo gihe, yashoje inshuro nyinshi komanda by'agateganyo hamwe n'abayobozi b'Abasoviyeti, barwanya abarinzi b'abazungu no kubateganywa.
Nestor Makhno yabaye umuntu uzima kubangamira kwisi yose. Yaboneye kwimura igihugu cye muri Leta, kugira ngo ategure amakomine yo mu migi, kugira ngo ashyiraho umusaruro, amashuri afunguye, ubumwe bw'abakozi, kugira ngo akore ibintu byose ku buzima bwamahoro bwamahoro bwabantu .
Ingabo ze zari imbaraga ziremereye ku ikarita ya politiki wahoze ari Ingoma y'Uburusiya, ariko Abayahudi bo mukraine bari biteguye cyane cyane, kuko amababi n'abajura bireba nyirinzu, kandi gukunda igihugu mu nzego z'inyeshyamba zafashwe nabi, iburyo kugeza ku iyicwa.
Ibikorwa bya Batki Makhno muri Ukraine mu gihe cy'intambara y'abenegihugu birashobora gusobanura muri make inyandiko zikurikira:
- Mu 1918, yinjiye mu bufatanye n'ingabo zitukura kandi arwanya ingabo ku itegeko rya Petlyra;
- Mu 1919, batka yongeye guhuza hamwe na Bolsheviks kandi yarwanye n'ingabo za Denikin;
- Ku ya 29 Gicurasi 1919, yahinduye amasezerano na Bolsheviks, watangaje iseswa rya "Makhnovhina";
- Muri Nyakanga 1919, Ukuboza 1919, intambara yo kurwanya ingabo za Dekinanian yashyigikiwe, hanyuma yongera gushyigikirwa "umutuku", yamennye umujyi wa Gulyaipole, yamennye umujyi wa Gulyaipole, Nikopole, Metopol na Ekaterinoslav;
- Mu 1920, Makhno yongeye kwinjira mu makimbirane na Bolsheviks, ariko yangwa na Watel yahawe na Wassel ku yaremye ubumwe;
- Muri Nzeri 1920, ubwiyunge butaha bwa batiki na "umutuku" byakurikijwe, ibindi - kwitabira ubukangurambaga bwa Crimean;
- Nyuma yo gutsinda abarinzi b'umuzungu muri Crimée, Makhno yanze kujya mu ngabo zitukura, aho Bolsheviks yarimbuye ingabo ze zose;
- Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1920, batka akoranya ibihumbi cumi na bitanu maze ayobora intambara y'inyeshyamba muri Ukraine, ariko ingabo zari zihagije, kandi muri Kanama 1921, muri Kanama 1921, Makhno hamwe na bagenzi be barenze bambuka umupaka na Romania.
Abimukira n'ubuzima bwabo
Abategetsi b'Abaroma ba Romaniya ntibamuhaye, ariko Makhno, hamwe n'umugore we na bagenzi be, bashyizwe mu kigo cyakoranyirizwagamo imfungwa. Kuva aho, Makhnovtsy yahungiye muri Polonye, hanyuma muri Dazig n'Ubufaransa. Gusa i Paris bashoboye gukiza ubuzima bwamahoro. Abahanga mu byaha baho ndetse n'abandi baturage bakunda umudendezo bitabiriye iherezo rya Ataman, bamuha ubufasha bwose.
Cyane cyane na Nestor Umunyamerika anarchiste Alexander Berkman, waje kubona amafaranga yo gushyingura isi ihindagurika rya Grand Revogal. Urupfu Makhno rwabaye ibisubizo by'indwara y'izuba byari bisunika ubuzima bwe kuva muri Kogari. Impamvu y'urupfu ni char. Nestor Ivanovich yapfiriye mu bitaro bya Paris 1934. Imva ya Mahno iherereye mu irimbi rya Lashezi.
Erega ku buzima bwite bwa Nestor Makhno, imigani ihuza: Nta gushidikanya ko, atan y'ibihumbi by'ingabo zishobora kwishimisha. Hamwe nimwe mu biti, ukurikije ibimenyetso byo kugaragara (nubwo biri ku ifoto bisa n'umuntu waka), gukura muke, umupadiri w'umupadiri w'umugore we yakundaga. Bakundaga kandi bagize ubwoba kubera bo, kimwe n'abasirikare be, bayoboye gushimisha bati ikiki, imbeho, kubara, kwishima.
Hamwe n'umugore wa mbere, Nastya Vasetskaya, uwo ni we washakanye, asohoka muri gereza, ubukwe ntibuhugura. Babyaye umuhungu, ariko bidatinze barapfa, abashakanye baratandukanye. Ariko umugore wa kabiri Makhno, Galina Kuzmenko amanika ikiganza cyose intambara yose, abimuka n'inkambi. Bavuga ko we ubwe yagize uruhare muri pogroms no kwicwa, akabona umunezero mwinshi mubero. I Paris, bavutse mu mukobwa Elena, ariko Galina, badategura umwanya ubabaye, bafata umukobwa basiga umugabo we.
Mu 2009, urwibutso rwa Makhno rwafunguwe i Guyayiipola, hafi ya Filime icumi zarashwe kuri we, ibitabo byinshi, ubushakashatsi, ubwitonzi bwanditswe, na Nestor Ivanovich ubwe - umwanditsi wibuka ibitabo byinshi. Iheruka kuri ecran yo murugo haje urukurikirane "icyenda makhno makhno" hamwe na pavel derevko muruhare rwakurikiyeho.