Ubuzima
Isaac Newton yavutse ku ya 4 Mutarama 1643 mu mudugudu muto w'Abongereza wa Wolstorp, iherereye ku butaka bw'Intara ya Lincolnshire. Birababaje, wavuye mu mburagihe ya nyina, yaje kuri iyi si ku isi y'intambara y'agaciro y'icyongereza, nyuma gato y'urupfu rwa se kandi mbere gato yo kwizihiza Noheri.
Umwana yari afite intege nke cyane kuburyo kuva kera ntacyo yabatijwe. Ariko na gato Isaka New Isaka, yitiriwe se, barokotse kandi babayeho igihe kirekire mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi - imyaka 84.
Se w'uwazazewe mu buhanga yari umuhinzi muto, ariko gutsinda cyane kandi bikize. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Newton, umuryango we wakiriye hegitari ijana z'imirima n'ubutaka bwo mu mashyamba n'ubutaka burumbuka hamwe n'ubutaka butangaje bwa pound.
Nyina wa Isaka, Anna EJscu, bidatinze yongera gushaka, yibaruka uwo bashakanye mushya w'abana batatu. Anna yitaye cyane ku rubyaro ruto, na nyirakuru Isaka abikora hamwe no kuroba imfura ye, hanyuma nyirarume William Eisk.
Nkiri umwana, Newton yakundaga gushushanya, ibisigo, yahimbye amasaha y'amazi adatwita, umuyaga, ba shebuja b'abipapuro. Muri icyo gihe, byari bibabaza cyane, kandi nanone ntibishobokaga: imikino irambuye hamwe na Isaka yahisemo ibyo akunda.
Igihe umwana yoherejwe ku ishuri, intege nke z'umubiri n'ubuhanga bubi bwo gushyikirana rimwe na rimwe ndetse byatumye umuhungu akubita igihugu cya kimwe cya kabiri cya Leta. Ntishobora gusuzugurwa na Newton. Ariko ntiwumve, ijoro ryose, ntiyashoboraga kugura imiterere yumubiri, umuhungu rero yahisemo kwigisha kwiyigisha ukundi.
Niba mbere y'uru rubanza yiga nabi kandi yari atari umwigisha w'itungo, nyuma itangiye kwigaragaza cyane mu mikorere y'amasomo mu banyeshuri bigana. Buhoro buhoro, yabaye umunyeshuri mwiza, ndetse no kurushaho kuba mukuru, atangira gushimishwa nikoranabuhanga, imibare nibitangaje, bidasobanutse bya kamere.
Igihe Isaka yahinduye imyaka 16, nyina yamusubije mu isambu akagerageza gutanga igice cy'impungenge z'ubukungu n'umuhungu w'imfura cyane (umugabo wa kabiri Anna Eysu icyo gihe na we yarapfuye). Ariko, umusore yitabiriye gusa ko uburyo bwubuhanga bwateguwe, "bumize" ibitabo byinshi kandi byanditse ibisigo.
Umwarimu w'ishuri w'umusore, Bwana SAMIS, kimwe na nyirarume William Babington (igihe gito - akaba n'umwe mu ishuri ry'ibisimba by'Ubutabiro) bakomoka ku isi yasuye ishuri, yavuze ko Anna Eysco yemerera umuhungu ufite impano gukomeza amasomo yabo. Kubera ko yashimishije hamwe mu 1661, Isaka yarangije amasomo ye ku ishuri, nyuma yaho yahagaze neza ibizamini byo kwinjira muri kaminuza ya Cambridge.
Tangira umwuga wa siyansi
Nkuko umunyeshuri Newton yari afite statut ya "Sizar". Ibi bivuze ko atishyuye amashuri ye, ariko yagombaga gukora imirimo itandukanye muri kaminuza, cyangwa ngo itange serivisi kubanyeshuri bakize. Isaka yihanganiye iki kizamini, nubwo cyari kikiri cyo kumva gukandamizwa, nticyagaragaye kandi ntibyari azi gushaka inshuti.
Muri icyo gihe, filozofiya na siyansi karemano muri chebridge izwi cyane bigishijwe na Aristote, nubwo icyo gihe isi yari isanzwe yerekanwe no gufungura Galilaya, mu gihe isi yari iteshutseho imirimo ya Gasseni, impimbano n'abandi bahanga bakomeye. . Isaac New Newton hamwe numururumba wakiriye amakuru yose bishoboka mumibare, inyenyeri, optics, fonetike ndetse nandico, ishobora gusanga. Muri icyo gihe, yakunze kwibagirwa ibiryo no gusinzira.
Umushakashatsi wa siyansi wigenga yatangiye mu 1664, ashushanya urutonde rwibibazo 45 mubuzima bwa muntu na kamere, bitarakemuka. Noneho iherezo ryumunyeshuri ufite imibare ifite impano Isaac Barrow, batangiye gukora muri kaminuza ya kaminuza. Nyuma yaho, ibigori byabaye umwarimu we, kimwe n'inshuti nke.
Ndetse igishimishije cyane mumibare mbabwe umwarimu wimpano, Newton yashohoje kubora binomial kubiranga ibimenyetso bitangaje, byabaye ibintu byayo byagaragaye neza mukarere. Muri uwo mwaka, Isaka yakiriye ipeti ry'inanga.
Mu 1665-1667, igihe icyorezo, umuriro ukomeye wa Londres hamwe no kurwana na Holland, Newton, wazungurutse icyorezo, Newton muri Wastorpe muri Wastorpe. Muri iyi myaka, yohereje ibikorwa bye nyamukuru kugirango afungure amabanga meza. Kugerageza kumenya uburyo bwo kuzigama telesikopi ya Lezuvy kuva kumwanya wa chromatic, umuhanga yaje kwiga gutatanya. Intangiriro yubushakashatsi ivuga ko Isaka yashyizeho yari akwiye kumenya imiterere yimiterere yisi, kandi benshi muribo baracyakorwa mu bigo byuburezi.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, Newton yaje kuri corpuscular yumucyo, ihitamo ko ishobora gufatwa nkimikorere iguruka hanze yumucyo kandi igakora ingendo zigororotse. Icyitegererezo nk'iki nubwo kidashobora gusaba ikintu cya marginal, ariko cyabaye kimwe mu rufatiro rwa fiziki cya kera, bitabaye ibyo bitekerezo bigezweho bijyanye na fenomena bifatika bigaragara.
Muri icyo gihe kimwe, Isaka yabaye umwanditsi, ahari ibyavumbuwe cyane: Amategeko y'Umuryango w'isi. Icyakora, ubwo bushakashatsi bwasohowe nyuma yimyaka mirongo, kubera ko umuhanga wigeze ashaka kuba icyamamare.
Mu bakunzi bo gukusanya ibintu bishimishije byabaye imyumvire itari yo ko iri tegeko ry'ingenzi ry'abakanishi ba kera Newton yakinguye nyuma ya pome yaguye ku mutwe. Mubyukuri, Isaka yari mu mahanga kubera kuvumbura, birumvikana ku nyandiko ze nyinshi. Umugani werekeye Apple wamamaye wa filozofiya ya filozofiya muriyi minsi.
Icyamamare cya siyansi
Mu mpera z'imyaka 1660, Isaac Newton yagarutse i Cambridge, aho yakiriye umwanya wa shobuja, icyumba cye cyubuzima bwe ndetse n'itsinda ry'abanyeshuri bakiri bato bagize umuhanga wabaye umwarimu. Ariko, biragaragara ko inyigisho atari "skate" yumushakashatsi wimpano, kandi yitabiriye inyigisho ze kuburyo chrome. Muri icyo gihe, umuhanga yahimbye telesitor ya telesikope, wamuhesheje kandi yemerera Newton kwinjira mu muryango wa cyami wa Londres. Binyuze muri iki kibazo, byinshi bitangaje byavumbuwe muri astronomical.
Mu 1687, Newton yasohoye, ahari, umurimo w'ingenzi ni umurimo wiswe "Imibare itangira filozofiya karemano". Umushakashatsi na mbere yibyo wasohoye imirimo ye, ariko iyi yari afite akamaro kanini: yabaye ubukanizi nyamukuru nubumenyi bwimibare. Harimo isi izwi cyane kwisi yose, bitatu bizwi cyane bizwi by'ubukanishi, bitabaye ibyo bya kera, ibitekerezo byumubiri bitamenyerewe, nta gushidikanya kwa sisitemu ya Chiliocentric.
Dukurikije urwego rwumubare nu mubiri, "imibare itangirira filozofiya karemano" yari gahunda yubunini burenze ubushakashatsi bwabahanga bose bakoraga kuri iki kibazo kuri Isaac Newton. Nta metafiya idahwitse ifite ibitekerezo byinshi, amategeko adafite ishingiro n'amagambo atasobanutse, byacumuye cyane na Aristote kandi birahagarara.
Mu 16999, igihe Newton yakoraga ku myanya y'ubutegetsi, muri kaminuza ya Cambridge, yatangiye kwigisha sisitemu ye.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Abategarugori ntabwo bagaragaje impuhwe zidasanzwe kuri Newton, kandi mubuzima bwe bwose, ntabwo yigeze arongora.
Urupfu rw'umuhanga ukomeye waje mu 1727, naho Londres ya bose bateraniye gushyingura.
Amategeko ya Newton
- Amategeko ya mbere yubukanishi: Umubiri wose uruhukira cyangwa ukomeza kuba muburyo bwimikorere idahwitse, kugeza iyi leta yahinduwe no gushyira mubikorwa imbaraga zo hanze.
- Amategeko ya kabiri yubukanishi: Impinduka mu mpulse ninganiye ku mbaraga zikoreshwa kandi zikorwa mu cyerekezo cyayo.
- Amategeko ya gatatu yubukanishi: utudomo bwibintu dukorana hagati yumurongo ugororotse, tubahuza, hamwe na modulo n'ibinyuranye mubyerekezo byingabo.
- Amategeko yubuzima bwisi: Imbaraga zo gukurura rukuruzi hagati yibintu byombi nibisanzwe kubicuruzwa byabo, biragwira guhoraho, kandi bigereranywa na kare yintera iri hagati yiyi ngingo.