Ubuzima
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) Igishushanyo mbonera cy'Ubuhinde kizwi cyane cy'Ubuhinde, umunyapolitiki, kurwana n'ubwigenge bw'Ubuhinde. Yateje imbere amayeri y'urugamba rutari urugomo - Satyagrat. Mu Buhinde, yitwa "se w'igihugu".
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, na we Mahatma Gandhi, yavukiye muri Poririya ku mababi y'isibondabora ku ya 269 Ukwakira 1869. Se yakoraga ubucuruzi, yayoboye ibikorwa bya politiki bigize, ndetse n'igihe runaka yari umuyobozi wa Gujat, umurwa mukuru wanditseho porbondari. Nyina w'umuhungu - icyitegererezo cy'imico myiza. Ndashimira imbaraga ze, umuryango wabonye imyanya ikomeye, imihango.
Umuryango wose wasangaga usenga mu nsengero, biga ibitabo by'amadini. Ababyeyi bari ibikomoka ku bimera, bizeraga ko umuntu adafite uburenganzira bwo kwica inyamaswa. Mohandas nyuma yubahirijwe isa.
Ubushakashatsi
Umuhungu wiga kabiri w'amashuri yakiriwe ku ishuri ryaho rya maribasi. Abigisha ba umunyapolitiki b'ejo hazaza bavuze ko umusore yize hagati. Y'inyungu zihariye mubintu ntabwo byerekanaga. Impamvu zagenze neza igihe yakomezaga kwiga mumashuri makuru ya Rajkot. Hano yakwegereye inkiko.
Nyuma yo kugisha inama ababyeyi, Mohanda yahisemo gukomeza kwiga mubwongereza. Mu 1888, ahinduka umunyeshuri wa kaminuza ya kaminuza ya London. Kandi nyuma yimyaka itatu yakiriye impamyabumenyi ya avoka asubira mu Buhinde.
Umwuga n'imibereho
Kugira ngo wumve uburyo wafasha abantu bawe, umunyamategeko ukiri muto yafashe icyemezo cyo gucukumbura Ubuhinde. Umwaka yasuye imidugudu myinshi (icyaro, Santa shexar, Salemu, umwihariko n'abandi), bagenda muri gari ya moshi. Amagare yanduye, ubukene, abagenzi ... Ibi byose byagaragaje uko ibintu bimeze muri rusange mu gihugu kandi byateye kwiheba kwa Mahatma.
Imyitozo yemewe n'amategeko yatumye. Kandi Gandhi yahisemo guhindura ubuzima bwabo. Kubera ubumwe bwa Data, yakira umwanya w'umujyanama mu by'amategeko muhagarariye ubucuruzi muri kimwe mu bigo by'Ubuhinde muri Afurika y'Epfo. Ngaho, umwunganira ahuza umuryango rusange wo kurengera uburenganzira bw'Abahinde. Ibitekerezo bya Irlande M. Demirte, Umunyamerika Torro, yagize ingaruka zikomeye kumuyobozi.
Uburyo bwo kurengera uburenganzira bwabaturage bagenzi babo kandi icyarimwe irinde abahohotewe n'urugomo? Nigute ushobora kubona inzira igana ku Mana? Ibi bibazo byababaje Gandhi ukiri muto. Yabonye ibisubizo mu buryo butunguranye. Hariho ukuntu mu biganza bye yabonye igitabo cya Leo witwikiriye "Ubwami bw'Imana muri wowe, cyangwa Ubukristo ntabwo nk'inyigisho z'amayobera, ahubwo nk'ubuzima bushya," bahinduye isi. Yateje imbere igitekerezo gishya cy'imyitwarire kuri bagenzi be - Satyagrat.
Birashimishije ko mugukora ibitekerezo bya filozofiya, Mohandas ntiyashoboraga kubona izina rye rikwiye. Nabwirijwe gutangaza amarushanwa, nk'uko ingingo yandika, wasabye izina ryiza azahabwa igihembo cy'amafaranga. Uwatsinze yari mubyara wa mubyara wa Gandhi - Maganlal Gandhi. Satyagraha ni uguhuza amagambo abiri - yicaye (ukuri) na agraha (gukomera).
Ibikorwa byatsinze muri Afrika byibanze muri filozofibyiringiro byerekana ko ashobora kungukirwa n'igihugu cye. Ibitekerezo bye byaguye kumubare rusange wumunyaburayi numunyamerika. Mu gihugu cya Gandhi, ibyagezweho nabyo ntibyagenze neza. Hamwe n'ukuboko kworoshye kw'ibikoresho R. Taghore Mhande yatangiye guhamagara Mahatma, bivuze "ubugingo bukomeye".
Mu 1915, wa filozofiya isubira mu Buhinde kandi agira uruhare rugaragara mu rugamba rwa politiki kubera ubwigenge bw'uwageze mu gihugu. Ndashimira Data, imiryango irakinguye ku kabati ka benshi mu bagize Kongere y'igihugu yo mu Buhinde. Ariko, ntabwo abantu bose bemera gushyigikira igitekerezo cye. Kubera iki? Igitekerezo gishya cya filozofiya cyari gishingiye ku mahame:
- kurwanya kudahagari;
- kutumvira kw'abaturage.
Bari iki? Abayoboke ba Gandhi bagomba kwanga:
- icyubahiro, imitwe yahaye Ubwami;
- akazi muri serivisi mbonezamubano, abapolisi, ingabo;
- Kugura ibicuruzwa byicyongereza.
Nubwo bamburwa, abayobozi benshi bafashe umuriro wo kugarura ubwigenge.
Mu 1919, Gandhi yahamagariye bwa mbere abenegihugu mu bikorwa by'amahoro: imyigaragambyo no kutumvira. Amamiliyoni y'Abahinde ku munsi wagenwe ntabwo yagiye ku kazi. Bari bamanuka mu mihanda, bavuza induru kubyerekeye umudendezo, ubwigenge. Ariko igihe kimwe, ibintu byavuye mubuyobozi. Imbaga y'abantu yarakaze, itangira kugongana na polisi. Ntabwo ari nta gitambo.
Gandhi yatawe muri yombi ari uwatawe maze ahamwa n'icyaha mu myaka itandatu. Kureka igihe cyose, Mahati asubira mubuzima busanzwe. Kuramya ntiwitaye ku mufilozofiya. Bizeraga ko imfungwa yahoze ari imfungwa yamenetse kandi umwuga we wa politiki urarangiye. Dukurikije abiga, gereza yamuhaye umwanya wo gutekereza ku nyigisho ze, kubona ahantu hababaye.
Oya, ntabwo yasubiye mu muryango. Mahatma yashinze Ashram (ubuturo kubakeneye). Ariko, yahisemo ubutayu kubwibi, ahubwo yahisemo umujyi wa Ahmadabadi w'ingamba. Rero, kwerekana ko ashaka gukomeza kurinda abantu no gukomeza urugamba rwo kwigenga kwigihugu cyabo, kwamamaza gandi.
Buri munsi muri Ashram yakusanyije abantu benshi kugirango bumve ubwenge. Abatangabuhamya b'iminsi babwiwe ko filozofiya yari umuvugizi babi, ibimenyetso bye byari igicucu, ijwi riratuje. Umva icyo yashoboraga kwamamaza, gusa imirongo ya mbere, ariko kamani ye yari ihagije rwose.
Ubugome bw'Abongereza, kudakora abafite baho bahatiraga abantu bumva neza disikuru y'umusaza. Kandi nkigisubizo, ubutware bwa Mahatma bwiyongereye cyane. Impaka ze zemeza zahatiwe gutekereza intori za politiki.
Mu 1947, igihugu cyabonye ubwigenge, ariko cyigabanyijemo Ubuhinde na Pakisitani. Hariho guhangana nintwaro yitwaje intwaro hagati yabayisilamu nabantu bavuga umuhindu. Kugira ngo ahagarike guhangana, umusaza yatangaje ko ari intagondwa. Igipimo nk'iki cyabaye kandi intambara yitwaje intwaro irahagarara.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Umunyapolitiki uzaza yashakanye afite imyaka 13 kuri Kastasruba, akagezaho iminsi ye, ari umukunzi we nindahemuka. Abahungu bane bavukiye ku bashakanye:
- Harilal (1888-1949);
- Rddas (1897-1969);
- Manilal (1892-1956);
- Davrdas (1900-1957).
Kubera ko Mahath yahoraga akora ibintu bya politiki, ibikorwa by'imibereho, nta gihe yari afite ku buzima bwe n'umuryango we. No kurera abana ku mugore wa Kastasrobe. Uruhare rwibiryo ntirubuze gukura abahungu. Ahari rero Harilal atangira kubaho mubuzima buteye isoni.
Gandshi yagerageje gushinga umuhungu, ariko kunegura ntibyatsinzwe. Iherezo ryabana basigaye riratera imbere. Barashyingiranywe, babyara abana.
Kugerageza n'urupfu Mahatma
Mahatma yarokotse kugerageza ibintu bibiri, naho uwa gatatu yica. Umwe mu gasumbano mu mitego yo kubwiriza nimugoroba yegereje mwarimu aramurasa inshuro eshatu. Gandhi yahise ashyikirizwa ibitaro, ariko abaganga ntibashobora gukiza umusaza w'imyaka 78. Imwe mu masasu ni umucyo.
Nk'uko ababyiboneye, umunyapolitiki mbere yo gupfa bagerageje kurangiza byose. Ashobora kongeramo itegeko nshinga rya mbere ryu Buhinde. Nyuma y'urupfu rwe, ibyicaroheje bike byaragaragaye muri byo.
Ibintu bishimishije
Ibintu byinshi bishimishije bifitanye isano nizina rya Gandhi:
- Nko mubuzima, kandi nyuma y'urupfu rwa Gandhi, tubikesheje imirimo yanditswe bikomeje kugira ingaruka kuri abanyapolitiki ba none. Vladimir Putin Ntabwo yigeze avuga ko abayobozi b'iki gihe bo mu bihugu bifuza gukemura byose kandi bababajwe ko muri bo nta nko nka Mahatma Gandhi.
- By the way, abantu bamwe bizeye ko Indira Gandhi ari mwene wabo "Se w'igihugu". Ariko siko bimeze, ni utwite gusa.
- Mu rwego rwo gukora ishusho yizewe ya Gandhi, abahanga basesenguwe n'intoki ze. Dukurikije ibisubizo, umunyabwenge yari inyangamugayo, fungura muburyo. Yitondaga, atanze.
- Filime nyinshi zarashe ku buzima bw'Abahindu Nkuru. Amagambo avuye mu bitabo bye, amagambo akoresha abanyapolitiki bazwi cyane muri disikuru yabo, imibare ya leta.
- Mahatma yari azwiho imyifatire ye yubumuntu ku nyamaswa.