Ubuzima
Umukinyi ukomeye wo mu Bwongereza Erega Ubuzima, umusizi w'igihugu, wakiriye kumenyekana ku isi, yagaragaye ku isi, yagaragaye mu mujyi wa Stratpeare mu mujyi wa Stratford, uri mu majyaruguru ya London. Mu mateka, gusa amakuru ajyanye n'umubatizo we wabitswe ku ya 26 Mata 1564.
Ababyeyi b'umuhungu bari John Shakespeare na Mariya arden. Bari mu banyamuryango bakize bo mu mujyi. Se wumuhungu usibye ubuhinzi bwarimo akora uturindantoki, ndetse no mu rwego ruto ruto. Yatowemo inshuro nyinshi mu nama yo mu mujyi wo mu mujyi w'umujyi, yahanamye ndetse na bombi.
Nk'uko amakuru amwe abivuga, Yohana yari uw'idini gatolika, kuko ubuzima bwe burangiye, bamuhatiye kugurisha ibihugu byose byose. Mubuzima bwe, yishyuye itorero rinini ry'abaporotesitanti ku bw'inganda Ingayi. Nyina wa William yari afite imyaka myinshi, yari ay'amazina ya kera yubahwa. Mariya yibarutse abana 8, icya gatatu cyacyo cyari William.
Muri Stratford, William Shakespeare yakiriye uburezi bwiza muri kiriya gihe. Akiri umwana, yinjiye mu ishuri ry'ikibonezamvugo, aho Ikilatini yize kandi Ikigereki cya kera. Kuburyo bwimbitse kandi bwuzuye bwindimi za kera, abanyeshuri bagize uruhare mu gukora ibyiciro byishuri mu kilatini.
Dukurikije amakuru amwe, usibye aya kigo gitanga uburezi, William Shakespeare yitabiriye ishuri rya cyami, naryo bwari mu mujyi kavukire. Agezeyo, yagize amahirwe yo kumenyera ibikorwa by'imivugo ya kera y'Abaroma.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ku ya 18, William ukiri muto yari afite igitabo gifite umukobwa w'imyaka 26 wa Ann Hataway, aho bahise bashyingirwa. Impamvu yo kwihinga niyo yari inda yumukobwa. Muri iyo minsi, ibice mu Bwongereza byafatwaga nk'ibisanzwe, ishyingiranwa ryatinze nyuma yo gusama y'imfura. Ikintu cyonyine kimeze nkaya cyari ubukwe buteganijwe mbere yumwana. Igihe kimwe mu 1583, abashakanye bavutse umukobwa wa Susan, William yarishimye. Ubuzima bwe bwose, bworoheje cyane cyane, ndetse na nyuma yo kuvuka mu myaka ibiri impanga uruhande rwa nimugoroba, umuhungu wa Hemuzi n'umukobwa wa kabiri Yudita.
Nta bana bakiri mu muryango w'umusizi, birashoboka cyane kubera kubyara kwa kabiri kwinshi k'umugore we Ann. Mu 1596, Abashinyaguzi ba Chet bazarokoka ibyago ku giti cyabo: Mugihe cyorezo cya Dienterteri, umuragwa wabo wenyine uzapfa. Nyuma yo kwimuka kwa William i Londres, umuryango we wagumye mu mujyi wavukiye. Bidatinze, ariko William yasuye bene wabo.
Kubuzima bwe bwite mubanyamateka ba Londres bubaka ibisakuzo byinshi. Birashoboka ko umukinyi yabayeho wenyine. Bamwe mu bashakashatsi bo mu buzima bw'umusizi bamwigamba, harimo n'inyama zabagabo. Ariko aya makuru akomeje kuba adafite agaciro.
Imyaka irindwi itazwi
William Shakespeare nimwe mubanditsi bake, kubyerekeye amakuru yakusanyijwe mu binyampeke. Hariho ibimenyetso bike cyane byubuzima bwe. Ahanini, amakuru yose yerekeye William Shakespeare yakuwe mumasoko yisumbuye, nkaya magambo yo mu gihe cyo guhura cyangwa inyandiko zubuyobozi. Kubwibyo, hashize imyaka irindwi yivuka ryimpanga zayo no kuvuga bwa mbere umurimo we i Londres, abashakashatsi barimo kubaka ibisakuzo.
Shakespeare yitirirwa serivisi hamwe na nyir'ubutaka bwiza nk'umwarimu, kandi akakora mu makinamico ya London na Sufler, Akazi ndetse na Epoderi y'ifarashi. Ariko mubyukuri amakuru yizewe kuri iki gihe cyubuzima nta musizi.
Igihe cya Londres
Mu 1592, itangazamakuru rigaragara mu binyamakurusi by'umusizi w'icyongereza Robert icyatsi kibisi ku mirimo ya William ukiri muto. Nibisobanuro byambere bya Shakespeare nkumwanditsi. Aristoct mu gatabo ke yagerageje gusetsa umukinyi muto, abonye umunywanyi ukomeye muri we, ariko, atatandukanijwe n'amoko meza n'uburere bwiza. Muri icyo gihe, havuzwe ku bikorwa byambere byo gukina Shakespeare "Heinrich VI" muri Londres Rosa Theatre.
Uyu murimo wanditswe mu mwuka w'inzira nyabagendwa z'Amateka. Ubu bwoko bw'ibitekerezo byatanzwe mu gihe cya Renaissance mu Bwongereza, yambaraga imiterere y'inkuru, amashusho no gushushanya akenshi bidafitanye isano. Amateka yahamagariwe kwishyuza ukomoka mu Bwongereza mu gihe cyo guhangana n'ibibazo by'agateganyo no kurwana.
Birazwi ko William ava mu 1594 yinjira mu muryango ukomeye ukora "abakozi b'Umwami-Urugereko" kandi bitaba bafata neza. Ibikorwa byazanye intsinzi, kandi itsinda mugihe gito ni ikize cyane, cyemerera kubaka inyubako izwi cyane globus mumyaka itanu iri imbere. Kandi ku ya 1608, Abanyamerika barabonye kandi barafunze aho bitwa "Blackfers".
Mu buryo bwinshi, intsinzi yoroherejwe no gutoneshwa n'abategetsi b'Ubwongereza: Elizabeth Jye na Heir Yakov I, ufite ikipe y'ikinamico yabonye uruhushya rwo guhindura imiterere. Kuva mu 1603, itsinda ryitwaga "umugaragu w'umwami". Shakespeare ntabwo yishora mubyanditswe gusa, yagize uruhare rugaragara mu gukora imirimo ye. By'umwihariko, amakuru abitswe ni ko William yakinnye uruhare runini mu mikino ye yose.
Leta
Dukurikije bimwe bimenyetso, byumwihariko, kubyerekeye kugura umutungo utimukanwa, yinjije bihagije kandi yatsinze ibintu byubukungu. Umukinyi w'ikirere bwitirirwa gukora imyitozo na Reury.
Urakoze kuzigama kwayo mu 1597, William yashoboraga kugura inzu yagutse muri Stratford. Byongeye kandi, Shakespeare nyuma y'urupfu yahise ashyingurwa mu gicaniro cy'itorero ry'Ubutatu bw'Ubutatu bw'umujyi kavukire. Icyubahiro nk'iki cyamuhaye kubera ko gikwiye, ahubwo ni ukubera ko yishyuye amafaranga yo gushyingura kwe.
Ibihe byo guhanga
Playwright yaremye ububiko budapfaga bugaburira umuco w'isi mu binyejana birenga bitanu bikurikirana. Ibibanza by'ikinamico ye byahumekewe ntabwo ari abahanzi bahanganye gusa, ahubwo no kubahimbyi benshi, ndetse no kububiko bwa firime. Kubuzima bwe bwose bwo guhanga, Shakespeare yahinduye inshuro nyinshi kwandika imirimo ye.
Ikibanza cya mbere mumiterere yabo akenshi byandukuye ubwoko buzwi cyane nububiko bwamateka, nka Ngoma, kirane renaissan ("guhuza intwari"), "ibyago biteye ubwoba" ("titronicon"). Ibi byari bikora binini hamwe numubare munini wintwari kandi udasanzwe kugirango winjire kumvikana. Kuburyo bwa kera bwimiterere yumusore Shakespeare yasobanukiwe na Aza kwandika ikinamico.
Igice cya kabiri cya 90 cyikinyejana cya XVI cyaranzwe no kugaragara kwa fungi zidasanzwe muburyo kandi bwibirimo mukinamico. Umusizi arashaka uburyo bushya atavuye mu nzego zerekanwe neza urwenya rwa Renaissance na Amahano. Yuzuza impapuro zidasanzwe hamwe nibirimo bishya. Amahano meza rero ya "Romeo na Juliet" bigaragara ku mucyo, urwenya "rwa Venetiya". Igishya cy'umurongo mu nyandiko nshya za Shakespeare ihujwe n'uburwayi budasanzwe kandi butazibagirana, butuma aba bakina abantu benshi.
Muri icyo gihe, Shakespeare itera sonnet ukwezi, icyamamare mugihe ubwoko bwinzira yumunyasizi. Hafi y'ibinyejana bibiri, ibi bishabushishwa by'imivugo ya shebuja byari bibi, ariko havuka kugaragara kw'urukundo, bongeye kubona icyubahiro. Mu kinyejana cya XIX, imyambarire yagaragaye ku biganiro ku murongo udapfa wanditse ku byavuye mu gitabo cya Renaissance Icyongereza.
Ese ibisigo byurukundo ni ubutumwa bwurukundo kumusore utazwi, kandi Sonneti 26 yanyuma yonyine isohoka 154 ni ugujurira umudamu wumusatsi. Abashakashatsi benshi bareba muri uru ruburango rugaragara, tekereza icyerekezo kidasanzwe cy'Umunditsi. Ariko abahanga mu by'amateka bakunda gutekereza ko muri aba bande, bajuririra umukunzi we ndetse n'inshuti ye no ku nshuti ye Southampton birabarwa mu mibereho yakoreshejwe.
Mu gihe ibinyejana byinshi mu bikorwa bya William Shakespeare, imirimo yahinduye izina rye mu mateka y'ubuvanganzo ku isi no kugaragara. Mubyukuri, ibikorwa byatsinze kandi byamafaranga yijimye bitera ibyago byinshi byamuteye kuba mu Bwongereza gusa. Aba ni ikinamico "Hamlet", Macbeth, "Umwami uge", "Othello". Iyi mirimo yazamuye icyamamare cya Grabus mu burebure bwa kimwe mu bigo by'imyidagaduro yasuwe cyane i Londres. Muri icyo gihe, uko ba nyirayo, barimo Shakespeare, yiyongereye inshuro nyinshi mu gihe gito.
Ku izuba rirenze, Shakespeare yahimbye imirimo itari mike itungurwaga n'abagenzi bahuye nuburyo bushya. Muri bo, ibyago bihujwe na comedi, kandi ibibanza bitangaje bikozwe muri canvas ibisobanuro byibibazo mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Mbere ya byose, ibi nibikina imikino ngororamubiri "," umugani wimbeho ", hamwe nintoki kumateka ya kera -" Coriolian "." Muri ibi bikorwa, Shakespeare yakoraga nk'igihuru kinini cy'amategeko y'ikinamico, akusanya byoroshye kandi neza imigani irimo imigani n'imigani igoye kandi birumvikana kandi birumvikana ko turtinover yo kuvuga.
Ukwayo, ibintu byinshi bitangaje bya Shakespeare byasohotse mubuzima bwe. Ariko icyegeranyo cyuzuye cyimirimo, aho gukinira abantu hafi ya byose bya TONECORD yagaragaye, byagaragaye gusa muri 1623. Icyegeranyo cyacapwe ku cyaburiye inshuti za Shakespeare William, John Heming na Henry Kondeee, bakoraga muri ve Globus. Igitabo, kigizwe na 36 cyumwanditsi wicyongereza, yabonye urumuri rwitwa "Folio rwambere".
Mu kinyejana cya XVII, andi mababi atatu atatu yasohotse, yasohotse afite impinduka hamwe no kongera amakinamico idakenewe.
Urupfu
Kuva mu myaka ya nyuma y'ubuzima bwawe, William Shakespeare yagize uburwayi bukomeye, ubuhamya bw'inyandiko ye yahindutse, amwe mu makinamico ya nyuma yaremye ku bufatanye n'indi migani, yitwaga John Fletcher.
Nyuma ya 1613, Shakespeare amaherezo asiga London, ariko ntatanga ibintu bimwe na bimwe. Afite umwanya wo kugira uruhare mu rubanza rw'incuti ye nk'Umuhamya wo kurinda, kandi abone kandi indi nzu muri Paruwasi yahoze ari Blackfriic. Mu gihe runaka, William Shakespeare aba mu isambu y'Umukwe we Jobn.
Imyaka itatu mbere y'urupfu rwa William Shakespeare yanditse ubushake bwe, aho imitungo hafi yumutungo mukuru. Abanditsi b'Icyongereza bapfuye mu mpera za 1616 Mata 22 mu rugo rwe. Umugore we Ann anrokoka umugabo we.
Mu muryango w'umukobwa w'umukobwa wa Susan, muri ubwo gihe umwuzukuru wa Geriya Elizabeth yari amaze kuvuka, ariko apfa nta mwana. Mu muryango w'umukobwa muto Shakespeare Yudita, washakanye nyuma y'amezi abiri nyuma y'urupfu rwa Tomasi Quini, hari abahungu batatu, ariko bose bapfira mu busore. Kubwibyo, abakomoka kuri Shakespeare basigaye basigaye.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Ntamuntu uzi itariki nyayo yo kugaragara kwa William Shakespeare. Mu bahanga mu by'amateka Arsenal, hariho amateka gusa ivuga ku kubatizwa kw'umwana, byari bihari ku ya 26 Mata 1564. Abashakashatsi bavuga ko umuhango wakozwe ku munsi wa gatatu nyuma yo kuvuka. Kubwibyo, uburyo budasanzwe bwitariki yavutse nurupfu rwigitabo cyaguye kumubare umwe - 23 Mata.
- Umusizi ukomeye wicyongereza yari afite kwibuka ibintu bidasanzwe, ubumenyi bwe bwagereranywa na encyclopedic. Usibye gutunga indimi ebyiri za kera, yari azi kandi imvugo ya none y'Ubufaransa, mu Butaliyani na Espanye, nubwo we ubwe yigeze asiga imbibi z'igihugu cy'Icyongereza. Shakespeare yasenyutse haba mubibazo bito byamateka no mubihe bya politiki. Ubumenyi bwe bwagize ingaruka ku muziki kandi ashushanya, yiga neza ibifu byose.
- Abahanga mu by'amateka benshi bakunda gutekereza ku kindi cyerekezo cy'umusizi, bivuga ko habaye akantu ko gukinisha mu muryango, ndetse n'ubucuti bwe bumaze igihe kinini na Southampton, ufite akamenyero ko kwambara imyenda y'abagore no gushyiramo a ingano nini yo mumaso ye. Ariko nta bimenyetso bitaziguye kuri ibi.
- Idini ry'Abaporotesitanti ya Shakespeare n'umuryango we bagushidikanya. Hano haribimenyetso bitaziguye byerekeranye kuba se mubitabo gatolika. Ariko ku ngoma ya Elizabeti nabujijwe kuba Abagatolika, benshi cyane ku bayoboke b'iyi shami gusa basuye abalatizi basura umurimo wo kuramya Gatolika.
- Umwanditsi wonyine wa Autografi waje kuri uyu munsi ni Isezerano rye. Muri yo, yerekana ibintu bye byose muburyo buto, ariko ntuzigere uvuga ubuvanganzo bwe.
- Kubuzima, birashoboka, Shakespeare yahinduye imyuga 10. Yari umurinzi ku bihaza by'ikinamico, umukinnyi, washinze umusenzi w'ikinamico n'Umuyobozi ushinzwe ibitaramo. Iyo agereranije n'ibikorwa byo gukora, William yayoboye ibibazo byo kurenga, kandi amaherezo ubuzima bwe yangizaga imitwe kandi ashyikiriza amazu.
- Abahanga mu by'amateka ba bigezweho bashyigikira verisiyo y'umwanditsi utazwi, wakoze Shakespeare mu maso he. Ndetse na encyclopedia y'Ubwongereza ntabwo yanze verisiyo shakespeare ishobora gukora ikinamico munsi yimpimbano, shiramo Edward de Ver. Ibindi kuri byinshi byo gukeka bishobora kuba Umwami Francis bangon, umwamikazi Elizabeth Nanjye n'itsinda ryose ryabantu bakomoka muri AristoC.
- Imivugo y'imivugo ya Shakespeare yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'icyongereza, yashyizeho ishingiro ry'ikibonezamvugo kigezweho, ndetse no gukungahaza imvugo y'ubuvanganzo igezweho, ihuriro ry'imirimo ya kera yakoreshejwe. Shakespeare yasigaye mu murage ugereranije n'amagambo arenga 1.700.
Amagambo azwi Qukespeare
Amagambo azwi ya Classic akubiyemo ibitekerezo bya filozofiya agaragazwa neza kandi ahise. Umubare munini wibintu byiza bihari byitaruye. Dore bimwe muribi:
"Ibyaha by'abandi bacira urubanza cyane - tangira ubwacu kandi ntitubone abandi." Izina? Rosa Impumuro, ndetse n'umuhamagaro wa Rose, nubwo nta "ari oya." Urukundo Rugenda ku bamwirukana, ariko abahunga, bajugunya mu ijosi. "