Ubuzima
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov ni umukinnyi wa kera w'ubuvanganzo bw'isi, umwanditsi, umunyeshuri, umuganga w'Uburezi, mu ishuri ry'ishuri rya siyansi.
Anton Chekhov yavukiye muri Taganrog muri Mutarama 1860. Se yari umuvuduko muto wabitse intebe y'ibicuruzwa byabakoloni. Anton yari afite abavandimwe bane na bashiki bacu babiri, umwe muri bo yapfiriye akiri muto. Mama Chekhov yari umukobwa w'umucuruzi, umugore utuje uba mu nyungu z'umuryango.
Anton Chekhov Yize muri Gymnasium ya Taganrog, igihe se yarokokaga ababerewemo imyenda i Moscou. Umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yagumye mu mujyi yavukiyemo kurangiza. Yabanye na banyiri bashya murugo rwe, yiga kuguma muri yo no gutangaza.
Chekhov yashimangiye iyerekwa ryabo ku isi, yateje imbere gukunda ibitabo n'ikinamico, mu gihe yari imikino ngororamubiri. Muri iyo myaka, Anton Pavlovich yanditse inkuru za mbere zisekeje. Kuva mu myaka 13 yashimye ikinamico ndetse akanagira uruhare mu gushyiraho ibikorwa byo mu rugo bya bagenzi be ba bymnasium.
Kurema
Igikorwa cya mbere cyacapwe cya Anton Pavlovich cyagaragaye mu 1880 mu kinyamakuru "Ikiyoka". Kuva icyo gihe, Chekhov yahoraga akorana nibinyamakuru "gutabaza", "indorerezi", "urumuri n'igicucu". Mugihe cyigihe cya "Ibice" byacapishijwe bwa mbere inkuru nyinshi zo chekhov. Mu 1883, mu kinyamakuru cyo hejuru, akazi "ibinure na Slim" byasohotse, mu 1884 - "Chameleon", kandi mu 1885 - "Pererap".
Mu 1886, Inkuru ya Noheri "Vanka" yasohotse mu gitabo cy'amateka "Ikinyamakuru Urugereko". Umwanditsi yasinyanye imirimo ye ya mbere na Pseudonym "antosha chekhonte".
Mu 1886, Anton Pavlovich yakiriye ibaruwa yatanzwe na St. Petersburg afite icyifuzo cyo gukora. Yatumiwe mu kinyamakuru "Igihe gishya". Muri iki gihe, umwanditsi yaremye ibyegeranyo "inkuru za mottle" na "disikuru yinzirakarengane". Ibikorwa bye byari bizwi, kandi Ceki atangira kubasinyira mu izina rya none.
Premiere yikinamico ya mbere ya Anton Pavlovich "Ivanov" yabaye mu 1887 i Moscou. Inyandiko yumukinyi wa Novice yashyizwe muri theatre ya Korah. Igisubizo cya rubanda cyari gitandukanye, ariko ayo magambo yagenze neza. Mu bihe biri imbere, ikinamico yashyizwe muri St. Petersburg, muburyo bwarangiye gato. Mu 1888, Anton Pavlovich yahawe igihembo cya Cushkin igice cyo gukusanya inkuru "nimugoroba".
Impeshyi 1888 na 1889 Chekhov yakoresheje mu ntara ya Kharkiv hafi ya Sumy. Urupfu rw'umuvandimwe umwe mu bavandimwe cyatumye umwanditsi ahunga aho yabanaga na bene wabo. Anton Pavlovich yajyaga mu Burayi, ariko amaherezo amujugunya muri Odessa, aho ikinamico nto yazengurutse. Umwanditsi yashimishijwe n'umukinnyi umwe w'umusore, ariko impuhwe zirazimya vuba. Kumva igitero cya Apatthey, Chekhov yagiye kuri Yalta.
Mu 1889, umwanditsi yanditswe ku makinamico "ikinamico ku bahiga", "ikibaya", "amatara" n "" amateka arambiranye ". Ibikoresho kuri ibyo bikorwa bya Ceki zakusanyirijwe hamwe. Inyungu zo gusura imyanya itandukanye yagaragaye n'umwanditsi mu mpera za mirongo iragariza, igihe yahagaritse ubufatanye n'abanyamakuru basetse.
Icyifuzo cyo gutembera Chekhov kujya i Sakhalin muri 1890. Umuhanda ugana ku kirwa uryamye unyuze muri Siberiya, aho umwanditsi ari ibikoresho by'ubucuruzi ku mishinga izaza. Urebye uko ubuzima bw'ubuzima bwa Cachotochny, urugendo ntibyari byoroshye kuri we. Kuva mu rugendo Chekhov yazanye icyegeranyo cy'inyandiko "muri Siberiya" n'igitabo cya "Ikirwa cya Sakhalin".
Abakunzi benshi bo mu guhanga muri Ceki mu bikorwa bye byose bifatwa mu mutwe cyane ninkuru "Urugereko No 6". Ku nshuro ya mbere, yasohotse mu kinyamakuru "Ikirusiya" mu 1892. Izina ryinkuru ryari ikintu gifatika, bagena ikintu kidasanzwe cyangwa gisazi. Amagambo menshi yo muri iki gitabo yagiye kusubiramo.
Mu 1892, umwanditsi yakoze inzozi ze ndende kandi yaguze isambu muri Melikov. Agezeyo, yatwaye ababyeyi na mushiki we Maria, wabaye umurinzi wizerwa wa murumuna we. Nyuma yo kubona umutungo, Chekhov yarahinduwe. Yongeye kugira amahirwe yo gukora imyitozo yo kwivuza, nyuma ya byose, usibye ibitabo, Anton Pavlovich yari afite ikindi cyifuzo - kubaga.
Mu gihe cya Melikhovsky wa Chekhov yakoraga nka muganga wa Zemsky, yubatse amashuri menshi, hashyirwaho umuriro ku bahinzi, umunara w'inzogera. Umwanditsi yita ku muhanda urambitse ku mutwaro no kugaragara kuri gari ya moshi y'ibiro by'iposita. Byongeye kandi, Ceki yakatiye amashyamba yo kuboha, ibiti, inzara, asohoka ibiti birenga igihumbi. Muri iki gihe, Anton Pavlovich yafunguye kandi isomero rusange muri Taganrog.
Ibikorwa byinshi bizwi bya Chekhov byanditswe mubisate. Ibice "chaika" na "nyirarume Vanya" bakomoka muri Melikovo. Kwiyongera kwa TUBERCULOS byahatiye umwanditsi kenshi kugirango ave mu isambi, asiga amajyepfo. Mu itumba ryo mu 1898, umukinyi wakoresheje neza, hanyuma amaze gusubira mu Bufaransa, naguze ikibanza i Yalta. Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1899, Chekhov yagurishije umutungo hanyuma amaherezo yimukira i Crimée.
Muri iki gihe cyubuzima bwe, Anton Pavlovich yahuye numugore uzaza. Nyakanga 1900 Olga Mailper yakoresheje akazu ka Chekhov, yiyemeje inzira yumubano wabo. Mu 1900, PlayWeght yaremye "bashiki bacu batatu" bakina aho uwo mwashakanye yakinnye neza. Intsinzi ya Olga Kubwper Nkuko abakora uruhare runini rw'abagore mu mikino ya Chekhov yasubiwemo kandi mu gihe cyo gukora umurimo wa "Cherry Ubusitani" bwa "Cherry Ubusitani".
Mu 1904, yari yarapfuye. Igice "Cherry Garden" yabaye umurimo wanyuma wuburusiya.
Ibitaramo na firime
Umuyobozi wa Soviet Sorgey Yutkevich yafashe firime yerekeye gukora ikinamico "mu kavukire". Kaseti yakiriye izina "umugambi w'inkuru nto."Robert Long na Dmitry Frenkel, bakoresheje ukuri kuva mu bizima by'umwanditsi, mu 1991 bashyize mu Buholandi imikorere y'imiziki "Chekhov".
Ikinamico ya Soma "Bababarira, Dr. Chekhov!" Ubuzima bw'Ikirere bwakuweho abisabwe na guverinoma ya Moscou mu 2007.
Mu mwaka wa 2012, hasohotse film, ivuga ku bijyanye n'imibanire ya Anton Pavlovich na Lidiya ailova. Ku ishusho yitwa "abafana", abakinnyi bazwi cyane b'Abarusiya Oleg Tabakov na Kirill Piragi bakinnye.
Muri 2015, umuyobozi w'Abafaransa Menee Forr ku Scenario ye yarashe Anton Chekhov 1890 kaseti. Uruhare rwa Playwright rwakoze umukinnyi ukiri muto Nicolas Zhiro. Umugambi wa filime wubatswe hafi yubuzima bwumwanditsi kuva 1885 kugeza 1890.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwumuntu ku giti cye bwugururiwe ninkuru zurukundo. Umubano wa Chekhov nubusabane bwe bwaramaze imyaka. Amazina yumwanditsi ntabwo yabayeho. Abagore be bakunze kumenyana, ariko ntibihutiye kumena umubano wakundwa.
Mu 1888, umwanditsi yashimishijwe na Lidiya Mysina. Umukobwa w'imyaka cumi n'icyenda yari umukobwa muto wa bashiki bacu chekhov. Lick Mizinov rwose yashakaga kuba umugore wumwanditsi, kandi yashakaga kwidegembya kandi yigenga. Nkumugabo, umukobwa ntiyamwitayeho. Ntabwo yabuzaga chekhov imyaka igera kuri icumi kugirango itange ibyiringiro byubwiza. Yamwitayeho muri sosiyete, ahubwo yirinda ibiganiro ku bijyanye no gushyingirwa no kunegura ubukungu.
Imyaka mike yambere yitumanaho hamwe na chekhov gushinyagurirwaga nabahanga bashoboka imbere ye, kubaha abakozi bashobora kubaha abakozi babonye aho umukobwa ukiri muto. Nyuma, Anton Pavlovich na we yatangije lick mu rukundo na Lovelas Ignatius Potapenko.
Mizinova yahuye n'umufana washakanye, atwite maze yibaruka umukobwa. Umwana yapfuye mumyaka yambere yubuzima. Cechs yakoresheje ibi bintu kandi igakora myosine prototype ya Nina Zarechny yo muri "Seagull". Nyuma yimikino igoye kandi ifatika hamwe na Chekhov na Potapenko, isura yasanze ihumure mu bashakanye. Mu 1902, yashakanye n'umuyobozi w'umukino Alexander Sanina.
Muri mirongo ihuye n'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda, Anton Pavlovich yamenyereye Elena Shavarov. Umukobwa w'imyaka cumi n'itanu yazanye inyandiko yandikishijwe intoki ya Chekhov kandi yakundanye n'umwanditsi atibuka. Umukobwa yasobanukiwe ko nta mahirwe make yo gusubiranamo, n'imyaka itanu imyanzuro yabo yarubatse.
Mu 1897, yahageze gusura bene wabo muri Moscou. Bahuye na Chekhov, kandi habaye igitabo hagati yabo. Abakunzi barokotse muri Crimée. I Yalta, bamaranye igihe, ariko baratandukanye. Chekhov yanditse Elena amabaruwa ndwi, kuruta abandi bakundwa. Anton Pavlovich yakoresheje ishusho ya Shavarov mu nkuru "umudamu ufite imbwa".
Mu 1898, kuri premiere y'ibice "chaika" yahuye na mugenzi we wa kera ninto ba kera. Yakundaga Chekhov kuva mumyaka cumi n'ibiri kandi ntiyabura amahirwe yo kugerageza kwandika umwanditsi. Anton Pavlovich yatwaye. Igisubizo cyiki cyifuzo cyari ugutwita kwa Nina. Byemezwa ko umwanditsi atabakomokaho, ariko mu 1900 yari afite umukobwa wa Tatyana. Chekhov ntiyari azi iki bihe, kuko yahaye Nina yeguye kubera igitabo hamwe na Olga kumuhira. Korsh ntabwo yabwiye umwanditsi gutwika. Amaze kuvuka, umukobwa wa Nina hamwe n'ababyeyi be bagiye i Paris. Tatyana Antonovna yabaye umuganga, ajya mu kirenge cya Data.
Olga Gailper yaje kuba umugore washoboye kumvisha Chekhov kumurongora. Bahuye muri 1898 kuri bumwe mu buryo bwo gukoresha ikinamico "inyanja". Olga yari umugore mwiza kandi mwiza, umukinnyi wa filime. Mu 1901, abakunzi bashakanye. Nta bana bakomoka kuri bombi. Igitabo cyari kitwite, ariko samuragwa ntiyavutse.
Inyuguti ziva muri Archive ya Chekhov zikasige ibintu bibiri byo gutsinda mubumwe bwe nigitabo. Olga ntabwo yavuye aho, kandi Ceki hafi yabaye muri Yalta, yongerera ibitero byibasiye igituntu. Inkuru y'urukundo y'umwanditsi n'umugore we yatangiye ku byiyumvo by'ubwoko no mu bunyanyi buhebuje, ariko bahindukirira igitabo cy'ipiganwa n'inama zidasanzwe.
Inshuti Chekhov yizeraga ko niba umwanditsi atarongoye Ohga, yari kubaho ubuzima burebure kandi bunejejwe. Iyi nkuru, iyi nkuru yarahindutse ntabwo itangaje nkuko bishoboka. Mu minsi ya nyuma y'ubuzima bw'umukinyi, umugore yari iruhande rwe, atari mu ruzinduko.
Indwara n'urupfu
Chekhov yari arwaye igituntu. Ubwa mbere yasanze ibimenyetso byabaguzi bafite imyaka 24. Malaise ye kuva 1885 arutagaragara, ubushyuhe buherekejwe ninkofuro yamaraso, nkuko bigaragazwa no kwibuka umwanditsi. Mu busore bwe, Anton Pavlovich ntabwo yavuwe kubera igituntu. Byasaga naho ibimenyetso ari mu zindi ndwara.
Nyuma, umwanditsi yahishe ubuzima bwe bubi bw'abakunzi n'abavuka. Ntiyashakaga guhungabanya mushiki we na mama. Kugeza mu 1897, umukinyi wamaze kurwara cyane, yahoraga ava amaraso mu bihaha by'iburyo. Uku kuri kumutera gukora ubushakashatsi bugenzurwa na Porofeseri Ostrumov.
Kugira ngo yige ibimenyetso by'indwara ya Chekhov, yashyizwe mu bitaro. Abaganga basuzumwe, bavumwe. Umwanditsi amaze kuba mwiza, atangira kubaza urugo. Chekhov rwose yashakaga gukomeza ibikorwa bye byubuvanganzo. Mu 1898, ibitero by'inkorora yamaraso byatangiye kurambura muri Chekhov iminsi myinshi. Yahishe iki kintu na bene wabo.
Ibyiyumvo bibabaza byahindutse ubuzima bwimiterere ya Chekhov, umwanditsi yahinze intwari ze. Iyi moteri iragaragara cyane mubikorwa byinkuru yumuntu utazwi.
Umwanditsi yakubiswe muri resitora zitandukanye, umuhanda wari uremereye cyane ku muntu urwaye. Guma muri Yalta kwaguka ubuzima kugeza ashakanye. Ivan Bunin yizeraga ko uwo bashakanye yateshwa agaciro ubuzima bwa Anton Pavlovich ari mu gihe cyagendaga. Ntiyabana na mushiki wanjye ukundwa k'umwanditsi Maria, yongeraho uwo bashakanye impamvu zo kwishima. Mbere gato y'urupfu rwa Chekhov n'umugore we bajya mu bubiko mu majyepfo y'Ubudage.
Mu ci ryo mu 1904, umwanditsi yapfiriye i Babenvaler. Impamvu y'urupfu rwa Chekhov - igituntu. Byose byatangiriye kuba umutware yumvise amerewe nabi kuruta uko bisanzwe. Igihe uburiri bwe bumaze kwa muganga, Chekhov yamaze kubwira ko apfa. Yamusabye gutanga champagne, inywa ikirahure irapfa.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Mu bwana, Chekhov yitwaga "igisasu", kuko yari afite umutwe munini. Hamwe n'abavandimwe, yaririmbiye muri korari y'itorero, wayoboye se.
- Umwanditsi ntabwo buri gihe yashyize umukono ku bikorwa bye by'iyi izina ryanyuma. Ibirenga icumi icumi bya Dozeudonyms Anton Pavlovich bizwi ku kunegura ubuvanganzo.
- Umwanditsi yakundaga imbwa. Yafashe dachshund ebyiri. Umudozi witwa Khaina Malanovna na Bromine Isaevich mu cyubahiro imiti izwi. Umwanditsi yakomeje kandi mu nzu ya Mangos.
- Umukinyi w'igitabo cyafitanye ubucuti na Peter Tchaikovsky, Maxim Gorky, Isaka Letitan, Ivan Bunin, na Intare Tolstoy yise ikigirwamana cye.
- Anton Pavlovich yari ndende hejuru ya santimetero 180. Ikinini cye cyakuruye abagore benshi. Inshuti za macowaye mukingo, Antonovkov ".
- Isanduku hamwe n'umurambo w'umwanditsi yajyanywe i Moscou yo mu Budage mu modoka ifite ibyanditswe "amahwa". Nicyo gice cyonyine cyagize ibikoresho bya firigo.
- Nyuma y'urupfu rw'umwanditsi, umwe mu baziranye ku bikorwa by'ubuvanganzo byatanze ubwicanyi "A. P. Chekhov mu buzima bwanjye. " Yamalova yavuze ko ibyifuzo bikomeye byaranzwe hagati ye n'umwanditsi, nubwo ibimenyetso byerekana iyi verisiyo bitabaho. Mu Mabaruwa ye, Anton Pavlovich yahindukiriye "nyina" cyangwa "mugwiro". Lidiya Avilova yabisobanuye ko yatwitse byinshi mu nsanganyamatsiko yimbitse hamwe na PlayWoght.
- Abahanga mu by'amateka bashidikanya ko ari ukuri kw'ibishyingiranywe, bizera ko umwanditsi yashakaga gukurura ibitekerezo afashijwe n'izina rya mugenzi we uzwi.