Ubuzima
Homer numusizi wa kera w'Abagereki - Umujyanama, umugani wakusanyije, Umwanditsi w'imirimo ya kera y'ubuvanganzo ya "Iliad" na "Odyssey".
Amakuru nyayo kumatariki yo kuvuka kwinkuru yumuhanga mu by'amateka ntabwo afite. Ikomeje kuba amayobera n'ahantu havutse umusizi. Abahanga mu by'amateka bemeza ko igihe gishobora kubaho gikomeye cya Homer aricyo kinyejana cya X-VIII mu gihe cyacu. Umwe mu mijyi itandatu afatwa nk'ububyeyi bushoboka: Atenayi, Rhodes, Chios, Salamio, Salamin, Smyrna, Argos.
Ibindi byinshi byo gutura mu Bugereki bwa kera byavuzwe mu banditsi batandukanye mu bihe bitandukanye, kubera kuza kwa Homer. Kenshi na kenshi, abavuga amakuru bafatwa nkabenegihugu. Imirimo ya Homer yandikiwe amateka ya kera yisi, nta hantu na rimwe zivuga ko abantu bo mu gihe, zigora igihe cyo gukunda ubuzima bw'umwanditsi. Hariho umugani wo murugo ubwe atazi aho yavutse. Kuva Oracle, umwarimu yamenye ko iki kirwa cya Awe cyari kivuka kwa nyina.
Amakuru ya biografiya ku buzima bwabavuga, yatanzwe mubikorwa byo hagati, bitera abahanga mu by'amateka. Mubikorwa byubuzima bwumusizi, bivugwa ko Homer ari izina umusizi yakiriye kubera ubuhumyi bwe bwabonye. Byahinduwe, birashobora gusobanura "impumyi" cyangwa "imbata". Akivuka, nyina yakozwe na Meszigen, bisobanura "wavukiye ku ruzi rwa Melesa." Dukurikije imwe mu migani, Homer oplex abonye inkota ya Achillesi. Mu ihumure ry'imana Fetida yamushyize mu mpano y'inguni.
Hariho verisiyo umusizi atari "imbata", ahubwo "ayobora". Homer yamutegetse nyuma yuko mwarimu ari impumyi, ariko uko binyuranye - byaragaragaye, atangira kuvuga neza. Nk'uko abantu benshi ba biografiya, Melzigen yavutse ku mugore witwa Chiclfl.
Abanditsi bavugaga ku minsi mikuru y'abantu beza, mu nama zo mu mijyi, ku masoko. Nk'uko abahanga mu by'amateka bavuga, Ubugereki bwa kera mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwa Homer buhangayikishije. Umusizi yasomye ibice ku mirimo ye, ava mu mujyi yerekeza mu mujyi. Yakoresheje icyubahiro, yari afite ibiryo, ibiryo kandi ntabwo yari inzererezi yanduye rimwe na rimwe yerekana ibirwanyi.
Hariho verisiyo "Odyssey", "Iliad" na "Indirimbo zo mu rugo" ni umurimo w'abanditsi batandukanye, kandi Homer yari umuhanzi gusa. Abahanga mu by'amateka basuzuma verisiyo umusizi yari mu muryango w'abaririmbyi. Mu Bugereki bwa kera, ubuhinzi n'undi mu myuga byakunze kwandura ibisekuruza byagiye bisimburana. Muri uru rubanza, umunyamuryango wumuryango washoboraga gukina munsi yizina rya Homer. Kuva ku gisekuru kugera ku gisekuru cy'amateka n'uburyo bwo kwicwa cyatanzwe mu mwene wabo ugereranije na mwene wabo. Iki kintu cyasobanura igihe gitandukanye cyo kurema ibisigo, kandi kosemeza ikibazo hamwe namatariki yinkuru yabavuga.
Gushiraho umusizi
Imwe mu nkuru zirambuye zerekeye gushiraho Homer nkumusazi wa Peru Hericarnas, ni nde Cicedodonus, ni nde Cicedo witwa "Se wamateka". Nk'uko umuhanga mu by'amateka ya kera, umusizi yari akivuka mulezigen. Yabanaga na nyina i Smyrna, aho yabaye umunyeshuri wa nyir'ishuri rya Femen. Melzigen yari umunyabwenge cyane kandi arwana na siyanse nziza.
Umwarimu yarapfuye, asiga umunyeshuri we w'ishuri. Amaze gukora igihe runaka n'umujyanama, Melziegn yahisemo kurushaho kumenya ubumenyi ku isi. Mufashe yitanze ku mugabo witwa Mens, waturutse ku kirwa cya Lefkad. Melzigen ishuri kandi agenda mu bwato bw'inshuti mu rugendo rwo mu nyanja abonye imigi n'ibihugu bishya.
Muri urwo rugendo, uwahoze ari umwarimu yakusanyije amateka, imigani abajijwe kubyerekeye imigenzo yabaturage. Kugera muri ITACA, Mellyzigen yumva afite uburwayi. Metete yavuye muri satelite iyobowe numuntu wizewe kandi usuka igihugu cye. Mu rugendo rwo mu rugendo, Melzisenge yazanye ikirenge. Mu nzira, yasomye inkuru zegeranijwe na we mu rugendo.
Nk'uko Edodatas ya Herodatas, amaherezo agwa kwa mwarimu mu mujyi wa Koloyo. Agezeyo, yafashe izina rishya. Abashakashatsi ba kijyambere bakunda kwibaza amateka ya Herode, kimwe ninyandiko z'abandi banditsi ba kera kubyerekeye ubuzima bwa Homer.
Ikibazo cya Homer
Mu 1795, Friedrich impyisi ya Kanama mu ijambo ry'ibanze kugira ngo utangaze inyandiko mu bisiga ya kera y'Abagereki yashyize imbere igitekerezo cyiswe "ikibazo cya Homeric". Igisobanuro nyamukuru cyibitekerezo byUbumenyi bwabaye iyo mivugo mugihe cya Homer byari ibihangano byumunwa. Impumyi, umwanditsi mwiza ntabwo yashoboraga kuba umwanditsi wibintu bigoye.
Homer yahimbye indirimbo, indirimbo, epos ya muzika, yashyizeho ishingiro rya "Iliad" na "Odyssey." Ukurikije impyisi, isura yarangije igisigo yakiriwe, mbikesha abandi banditsi. Kuva icyo gihe, abahanga bakora imirimo ya Homer bagabanyijemo inkaga ebyiri: "Abasesenguzi" tanga igitekerezo cy'impyisi, na "unitaria" byubahiriza ibitekerezo kubyerekeranye na Epic.
Ubuhumyi
Abashakashatsi bo mu rugo babona ko umusizi yari impfabusa. Gushyigikira umwarimu adahari, abapfumu bavuga ko abafilozofe n'abatekereza basuzumwe mu Bugereki bwa kera n'abantu bambuwe icyerekezo rusange, ariko bafite impano yo kureba ibintu. Ubuhumyi bushobora kuba kimwe n'ubwenge. Homer yabonaga ko ari umwe mu baremuje ishusho yuzuye yisi, Umwanditsi wimana ya pedigree. Ubwenge bwari bugaragara buriwese.
Antigraphers ya kera yazanye igishushanyo nyacyo cya Homer-impumyi mubikorwa byabo, ariko bagahimba imirimo yabo mu binyejana byinshi nyuma y'urupfu rw'umusizi. Kubera ko amakuru yizewe ajyanye n'ubuzima bw'umusizi ntabwo yabitswe, ibisobanuro by'abanyabuzima ba kera ntibishobora kuba byiza. Gushyigikira iyi verisiyo, ukuri kuboneka muri biografiya zose z'impimbano Ibihimbano birimo inyuguti zumugani.
Akazi
Ubuhamya bwa kera bwabitswe butanga igitekerezo ko mugihe cya kera cyimirimo ya Homer yafatwaga nkubwenge. Ibisigo byatanze ubumenyi kubice byose byubuzima - kuva mumyitwarire rusange kubishingiro byubuhanzi bwa gisirikare.
Plutarch yanditse ko umuyobozi ukomeye wa Alexander Makendosky yahoraga akomeza kopi ya "Iliad". Abana b'Abagereki bigishijwe gusoma Odyssee, kandi bamwe mu masomo bahereye ku mirimo y'abafilozofe bo mu rugo-Pythaporeas bakubiswe nk'uburyo bwo gukosora ubugingo.
Homer ifatwa nk'umwanditsi atari "Iliad" gusa na "Odyssey." Umwarimu ashobora kuba Umuremyi wibisigo bisekeje "Margit" na "Hymf yo mu rugo". Mu bindi bikorwa byatangajwe na Perezida wa kera w'Ubugereki, hari ibyanditswe byerekeye kugaruka kw'intambara ya Trojan mu Bugereki: "Kupuro", "muliadi", "aragaruka", "aragaruka", "aragaruka". . Ibisigo bya Homer bitandukanya imvugo idasanzwe idafite ibishushanyo mu magambo mvugo. Uburyo bwinkuru yakoze imigani itazibagirana kandi ishimishije.
Urupfu
Hariho umugani usobanura urupfu rwa Homer. Ubusaza, umwarimu w'impumyi yagiye ku kirwa cya Iso IURI. Gutembera, Homer yahuye n'abarobyi babiri bato, bamukeka igisubizo: "Dufite ikintu tutigeze tufata, n'ibyo twafashe, twarataye." Umusizi wagaragaye ku cyemezo cya puzzle igihe kirekire, ariko ntiyigeze abona igisubizo cyukuri. Abahungu bafashe inda, ntabwo ari amafi. Homer yarababajwe nuko adashobora gukemura icyo gisakuzo, anyerera akubita umutwe.Dukurikije indi verisiyo, mwarimu yiyahuye na we, kubera ko urupfu rutameze nk'imuteye ngo atakaza ubwoba bw'ibitekerezo.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Hariho ubuzima bugera kuri Darimu, bwaje muri iki gihe kuva kera, ariko byose birimo ibintu bitangaje kandi bavuga uruhare rwimana za kera z'Abagereki mubyabaye mubuzima bwa Homer.
- Umusizi watanze imirimo ye hanze yubugereki bwa kera abifashijwemo nabanyeshuri. Bitwaga Homerida. Barazerera mu mijyi itandukanye, bakuzuza ibibanza byakazi ka mwarimu wabo.
- Guhangana kwa Homer byari bizwi cyane mu Bugereki bwa kera. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cya bose basanze papirus imizingo ya salle ya kera yikigereki ni ibice bivuye mumirimo itandukanye yumusizi.
- Ibihimbano byumwanditsi byateguwe mu kanwa. Ibisigo tuzi uyu munsi byakusanyirijwe kandi byubatswe mubikorwa bibi biva mu ndirimbo zitatanye zingabo za Atene za Pisssrat. Ibice bimwe byanditswe byahinduwe bizirikana ibyifuzo byabakiriya.
- Soviet Prose Masip Manderstam mu 1915 yanditse igisigo "kudasinzira. Homer. Ubwato bukomeye ", aho i whale" iliad "bahamagaye abavuga n'intwari.
- Kugeza hagati ya mirongo irindwi yo mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri, ibyabaye byasobanuwe mu mivugo ya Homer byafatwaga nk'ibihimbano byera. Ariko uko mu matongo ya kera ya Heinrich Schliman, wasanze Troy, yerekanye ko guhanga imivugo ya kera y'Abagereki ashingiye ku byabaye. Nyuma yo kuvumbura, abafana ba platon bakomeje ibyiringiro ko umunsi umwe mucurazi uzasanga na Atlantis.