Ubuzima
George Bernard Shaw - Umukinyi ukomeye wo muri Irlande, Umukiza wo mugihembo cyitiriwe Nobel mu rwego rw'ubuvanganzo, Umwanditsi w'ikinyamico n'ibitabo byinshi.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Show Scuywright yavukiye i Dublin, umurwa mukuru wa Irilande, mu 1856. Padiri John Show yagurishijwe ingano, ariko bidatinze arashya kandi buhoro buhoro anywa inzoga. Mama Lucinda yerekanaga yari umuririmbyi wabigize umwuga. Usibye Bernard mu muryango, abandi bana babiri bariyongereye, ba Lucinda Frances na Elinor Agnes.
Akiri umwana, umuhungu wasuye muri Dublin kaminuza, kuva mumyaka 11 y'Abaporotesitanti, aho yitabwaho bidasanzwe kuba siyanse nyayo, ahubwo ni iterambere ryumwuka ryabana. Muri icyo gihe, abungeri ntibari bahanaguweho kandi basuka abana bafite inkoni, nk'uko byatekerejweho, bagiye gutoneshwa gusa.
Bernard ukiri muto ntashobora kwihanganira ishuri na sisitemu yuburezi yose, yamubonye avuye ku ntebe y'ishuri. Nyuma, yibukije ko ari kimwe mu bibi, niba atari umunyeshuri wa nyuma mwishuri.
Ku myaka cumi n'itanu, igitaramo cyabonye umwanditsi mu biro, byagize uruhare mu kugurisha umutungo utimukanwa. Ababyeyi nta mafaranga bari bafite yo kwishyura Umwana kwiga muri kaminuza, ariko bene wabo bafashije umusore gufata umwanya mwiza muri kiriya gihe. Mu mirimo ye, harimo no gukusanya amafaranga yo gucunga imiturire n'abakene. Kwibuka kuri iki gihe kitoroshye byagaragaye muri kimwe mu "kipe idashimishije" cyitwa "inzu y'umupfakazi".
Igihe umusore yari afite imyaka cumi n'itandatu, nyina, ajyana abakobwa bombi, ajugunya se ava i Londres. Bernard yagumanye na Se i Dublin, akomeza umwuga we mu mitungo itimukanwa. Nyuma y'iyi myaka ine, mu 1876, igitaramo kiracyajya kwa Mama i Londres, aho yakoraga kwiyigisha kandi abonye akazi muri kariya rubuga rwa Metropolitan.
Kurema
Ubwa mbere, ugeze i Londres, Snarman Shaw yasuye amasomero ninganzu, yuzuza icyuho. Nyina w'ikinwa yakoresheje ubuzima, atanga amasomo yo kuririmba, kandi umuhungu n'umutwe we yagiye mu bibazo by'imibereho.
Mu 1884, Igitaramo cyinjiye muri societe ya Fabian, cyitiriwe icyubahiro cya Komanda w'Abaroma Fabia. Fabiy yatsindiye abanzi kubera gutinda, kwitonda n'ubushobozi bwo gutegereza. Igitekerezo nyamukuru cy'Abanya Fabians ni cyo gisengera ari cyo buryo bwonyine bushoboka bwo guteza imbere ubwami, ariko igihugu kigomba kuza aho ari buhoro buhoro, nta caseclysms na revolisiyo.
Muri icyo gihe kimwe mu Nzu Ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza, Bernard Shaw yahuye n'umwanditsi umuhanga, nyuma yo kuvugana aho ejo hazaza hateganijwe Dlewright yahisemo kugerageza mu itangazamakuru. Ubwa mbere yakoraga nk'umunyamakuru ku buntu, hanyuma akora mu myaka itandatu anenga mu muziki isi y'ikinyamakuru isi, nyuma yo kuyobora inkingi yeguriwe inkingi yeguriwe ikinamico muri "Saterey Reeve".
Igitaramo gifite itangazamakuru, iki gitaramo cyatangiye kwandika ibitabo, icyo gihe ntamuntu wajyanywe mubitangaza. Mu gihe kiri hagati ya 1879 na 1883, Bernard Shaw yanditse ibitabo bitanu, icya mbere cyasohotse gusa mu 1886 gusa. Nyuma yaho, abanenga, nyuma yo gusesengura ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bw'ubuvanganzo bwa Bernard, byaje ku mwanzuro ibintu byiza byagaragaye muri byo mu rwego rw'umukinyi n'ibiganiro byangiza na paradoxes.
Ikigereranyo cyo kwakira iki gitaramo cyashimishijwe nigikorwa cyumwanditsi wa Noruveje Henric Ibben. Mu 1891, yatanze igitabo "Quinsence ya Ibbesem", aho ibintu nyamukuru biranga gukinira ikinamico ya Scandinaviya. Mugihe cy'urubyiruko, igitaramo ku cyiciro cya Theatrical cyatsinze gusa ikinamico ya Shakespeare, kimwe na melodramu idakwiye. Ibsen, ukurikije iki kiganiro, yabaye udushya nyayo mu ikinamico y'Uburayi, ikamuhatira kurwanira mu gufungura amakimbirane no kuganira hagati yinyuguti.
Ahumekewe n'incunga ya Ibben, mu 1885 Bernard Erekana kwandika uwambere mu "kipe idashimishije" yitwa "inzu ya WIdse". Byemezwa ko muri iki gikorwa cyatangiye ubuzima bw'ikimenyetso nkumwanditsi-PlowWright. Igihe gishya cyikinamico yu Burayi, butanga, bwibanze, bwubatswe kumakimbirane nibiganiro, byavukiye hano, ntabwo ari kubikorwa byintwari.
Byongeye kandi gukurikiranira ikinamico "Volokita" na "Umwuga Madamu Warren", muhindurwa guturika cyane mu bwenge bwa primardial wa Victorimeri hamwe n'ahubarikani kwabo bidasubirwaho, abaruwe. Intwari nyamukuru y '"umwuga wa Madamu Wa Warren" ni indaya iteranya nubukorikori bwa kera kandi ntabwo igiye kureka ubu buryo bwo kubona amafaranga yinjiza.
Ibinyuranye nuyu mugore kugurisha mumikino ni umukobwa we. Umukobwa, amaze kumenya ibyerekeye Inkomoko yibyo wa nyina, ava munzu yinjiza mubyukuri kumugati. Muri uyu murimo, ikiganiro kigaragarira imiterere yubuhanga neza cyo guhanga, kurera abashya kubitabo byicyongereza ninsanganyamatsiko yinzoga, ikariso kandi yibanze, politiki n'imibereho myiza. Ubwoko bw'ikinamico ya Bernard Lightis yoroshya urwenya rworoshye kandi sare, kugirango ikinamico ye ibone ubwiza budasanzwe n'imbaraga zo kwerekana.
Tumaze kurema urugero rwibanze ku "rukinizo rudashimishije", rwasohotse "rusiviranye", ikinamico. "Reba", "Cary".
Mu gihe cyibinyejana, umwanditsi ukuze, umuntu ufite isi yose yashinze irema ibishishwa nkibi nka major na Cleopatra, "Pygmatra" na "Pygmalion".
Pygmalion ni kimwe mu bice bya Bernard, ikintu kinini, byinshi kandi kigoye, kiba cyeguriwe ibitabo byinshi na monografiya. Hagati yinkuru, iherezo ryugurisha indabyo indabyo za Eliza dulitle nabakire, nyakubahwa nyakubasi. Aba nyuma barashaka gukora umudamu wo hejuru uva mu maso h'indabyo, kuko pygmalion ya mytique yaremye agace ke kuva ku gice cya marimari.
Guhindura igitangaza Elza bifasha kwerekana imico yo mu mwuka, ineza ivuka, ubushishozi bwumukinnyi woroshye. Amakimbirane asekeje abanyankazi babiri akangisha guhindukirira ibyago byumukobwa, ubwiza bwimbere batabonye
Igishushanyo gikurikira cyigishushanyo cya Playwright cyari urugo "inzu aho imitima" yanditswe nyuma yintambara ya mbere yisi yose. Igitaramo cyashinje nta gushidikanya ubwenge bw'ubwenge bw'icyongereza na cream ya societe mu kuba binjije igihugu ndetse n'Uburayi bwose mu rubuga rwo gusenya no gutinya. Muri iki gikorwa, ingaruka za Ibsen na Chekhov ku guhanga yerekana neza. Ikinamico ya Satyc abona ibintu biranga groteque, inzego n'ikigereranyo.
Intambara yakomeje kwemerera Bernard mubwirije ibitekerezo bya Sobasiyalisiya. Umunsi we urangiye, byakomeje kwizera ko Uburusiya Uburusiya ari urugero ku isi yose, kandi gahunda ya politiki ya USSR niyo yonyine y'ukuri kandi ikwiye. Ku iherezo ry'ubuzima bw'ikimenyetso bwabaye ubwitange bw'ubutegetsi bwa Stalinsiste ndetse no gusura USSR mu 1931.
Mu gihe gito, umukinyi winjiraga yegamiye ko umunyagitugu ashobora kugarurwa muri sosiyete no mu gihugu gusa, ariko nyuma yo kwinjira mu butegetsi mu Budage, Hitler yanze igitekerezo nk'iki.
Mu 1923, isi yabonye ibyiza, ukurikije abanegura shaw shaw ya Bernard, ikinamico Yohana "cyeguriwe ubuzima, cyemezo n'urupfu rwa Jeanne d'. Ikipe yakurikiyeho "Gorky, ariko rwose", "kuri Menerwa", "Mineve", "abantu" n'abandi ntibahawe uburenganzira bw'abaturage mu buzima bw'umwanditsi.
Bernard amaze gupfa, inzu y'ibihugu bitandukanye yashyizwe ku rupfu rwa Drama, bari kuri stade ya Theatrical kandi uyu munsi, kandi imirimo imwe n'imwe yungutse ubuzima bushya muri firime. Noneho, mu 1974, filime "Millionaire" yarekuwe muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti ku rukiniro rwa exmonymous, rwagize icyo kigeraho. Inshingano zakozwe na Yu. Borisov, V. Avnaev, V. ETUSH, YU. YAKOVOVLEV n'abandi bakinnyi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu 1898, Bernard Shaw yashakanye na Charlotte Pein-Townzend, aho umwanditsi yateraniye muri societe ya Fabian. Umukobwa yari samuragwa gakize, ariko Bernard ntabwo yamushimishije miriyoni. Mu 1925, yanze yanze igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel, kandi amafaranga yagombaga kwakira Ambasaderi w'icyongereza Arthur Duff. Nyuma, ayo mafranga yakoreshejwe mu kurema ikigega kubasemuzi.
Charlotte Bernard yerekanye yabayeho mu bugingo bw'imyaka mirongo ine n'itanu, ku rupfu rwe. Ntibari bafite abana. Birumvikana ko gushyingirwa buri gihe bitumvikana, kandi hagati y'Ikimenyetso n'umugore we, kandi hari no gutongana.
Bavuga rero ko umwanditsi yakundaga umukinnyi uzwi cyane Stella Patrick Campbell, akaba yanditse "Pyglmalion", yahimbwe na Dulitl.
Urupfu
Igice cya kabiri cyubuzima bwigitabo cyakoreshejwe muri Hartformardshire, aho bo hamwe na Charlotte bari bafite inzu yubukonje bubiri burohama mu gisozi. Umwanditsi yabayeho kandi akorerayo kuva mu 1906 kugeza 1950, kugeza apfuye.
Ku iherezo ryubuzima, igihombo cyatangiye gukurikirana umwanditsi umwe umwe. Mu 1940, Stella yapfuye, ukundwa nugushimishije, byari bisubije umukinyi. Mu 1943, Charlotte yizerwa yavuye mu buzima. Amezi yashize yubuzima bwa Bernard bwari bunyungu. Yatinyutse guhura n'urupfu, akomeza kumenya imperuka. Bernard Shaw ntabwo yabaye ku ya 2 Ugushyingo 1950. Dukurikije ubushake bw'umwanditsi, umurambo we watwitswe, kandi umukungugu wajugunywe hamwe n'ivu ry'umukunzi we.
Amagambo na Aphorisms
- Niba ufite pome kandi mfite pome, kandi niba duhana ibya pome, noneho ufite pome imwe. Niba kandi ufite igitekerezo kandi mfite igitekerezo, kandi duhana ibitekerezo, buri wese muri twe azagira ibitekerezo bibiri.
- Icyaha gikomeye kijyanye n'umuturanyi - ntabwo ari urwango, ahubwo ni ukutitaho ibintu; Iyo ni impinga nyayo yubumuntu.
- Umugabo utunganye numuntu wemera ko afite umugore mwiza.
- Uzi uko akora utazi - yigisha abandi.
Bibliografiya
- "Kudakura (1879);
- "Ipfundo ryo kudashyira mu gaciro" (1880);
- "Urukundo Arong Artistis" (1881);
- "Umwuga wa Kashel Byrona" (1882);
- "Ntabwo ari abasosiyalisiti" (1882).