Ubuzima
Socrates - Umufilozofe ukomeye wa kera, abanyeshuri be bari Platon, Alkivivid, Xenophon, Amaralde. Inyigisho ya Socrate yashyizeho intambwe nshya mugutezimbere filozofiya ya kera, iyo ibitekerezo atari kamere n'amahoro, ahubwo ni umuntu nindangagaciro nindangagaciro nindangagaciro nindangagaciro.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Nk'uko amakuru atandukanye abitangaza ngo filozofiya yavukiye muri 470-469 mbere ya Yesu, muri Atenayi y'Abagereki, mu muryango wa SOFRONS n'inzitizi z'Inkoko. Igihe kizaza gikomeye cyari gifite umuvandimwe mukuru, warazwe umutungo wa se, ariko Socrate ntiyagumye mu bukene.
Ibi birashobora gucirwa urubanza ko mu ntambara na Sparta, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yagiye mumyambarire y'intwali aremereye, kandi yashoboye kubyishyura gusa abenegihugu bafite umutekano gusa. Bikurikiraho umwanzuro ko Data Socrate yari umuturage ukize kandi yinjije neza, imbunda nibindi bikoresho.
Socrate yagize uruhare inshuro eshatu mumirwano, yerekana ubutwari nubutwari kurugamba. By'umwihariko ubutwari bwa filozofiya n'umurwanyi bigaragaje ku munsi yakijije urupfu rw'umutware we, Alkivivid.
Umushakashatsi yavutse 16 Farriyelion, mu gihe cya "umwanda", wateganyaga iherezo rye. Dukurikije amategeko ya kera y'Abagereki, Socrate yabaye umurinzi w'ingenzi muri societe ya Atene na Leta, ndetse n'ububasha. Mu bihe biri imbere, inshingano za Leta za filozofiya zikorwa n'umwete gikwiye, ariko nta fanativism, kandi zihembwa ubuzima ku bushake, kuba inyangamugayo no kuramba no kuramba no kuramba no kuramba no kuramba no kuramba.
Mu busore bwe, Socrate yize i Damon na Konon, Zenona, Anaksagora na Archeli, bavugana n'ubwenge n'ibitekerezo bikomeye na ba shebuja b'icyo gihe. Ntiyasize igitabo kimwe, cyangwa ibimenyetso bimwe byanditse byerekana ubwenge na filozofiya. Amakuru yerekeye uyu muntu, amateka yubuzima, ubuzima, filozofiya nibitekerezo bizwi kubakomokaho gusa mubanyeshuri, abo mu gihe n'abayoboke n'abayoboke. Umwe muri bo yari Aristote ukomeye.
Filozofiya
Mu mibereho, filozofiya ntabwo yandikaga ibitekerezo, guhitamo kujya ku kuri, gukoresha imvugo yo mu kanwa. Socrate yizeraga ko ijambo inyandiko zica kwibuka no gutakaza ubwenge. Filoviecy ya Sobasiyo yubatswe ku bitekerezo by'imyitwarire, byiza kandi byiza, abitabiriye ubumenyi, ubutwari, kuba inyangamugayo.
Muri icyo gihe, ubumenyi, muri Socrate, kandi hariho ingeso. Kutamenya ishingiro ryibitekerezo, umuntu ntashobora gukora ibyiza, gutinyuka. Gusa ubumenyi butuma bishoboka kugira ingeso nziza, kuko bibaho ubishaka.
Ivuguruza risobanura igitekerezo cy'ibibi byakomotse na Socrate, cyangwa ahubwo kubavuga mu nyandiko za Platon na Xenophon, abanyeshuri b'umufilozo wa rukuru. Dukurikije Platon, Socrate yari iy'ibibi nk'ibyo, ndetse no kuri ibyo, uwo muntu ababaza abanzi. Xenophon afite icyo atekereza kuri iki kibazo, atangiza amagambo ya Socrate kubibi bikenewe mugihe cyamakimbirane, akoresheje uburinzi.
Ibinyuranyo bitandukanye byamagambo birasobanurwa na kamere yo guhugura biranga amashuri ya simatike. Umufilozofe yahisemo kuvugana n'abanyeshuri mu buryo bw'ibiganiro, yishimira ko ukuri kuvuka. Kubwibyo, birumvikana ko dukeka ko Socteur Socteur yavuganye na komanda Xenofone igereranya intambara ikaganira ku karorero k'amakimbirane ya gisirikare hamwe n'umwanzi ku rugamba.
Platon yari umuturage w'amahoro wa Atenayi, kandi soctes na Platon yavuze ku mahame mbwirizamuco muri sosiyete, kandi byari bingana na bagenzi babo barindwi, ababo ndetse niba byemewe kubabiyobora.
Ibiganiro ntabwo ari itandukaniro ryonyine muri filozofiya nziza. Ku bintu byiza byerekana imyumvire y'imyitwarire, indangagaciro z'umuntu zanditswe na filozofiya zirimo:
- imvugo, imvugo ivugwa yo gushakisha ukuri;
- Kugena ibitekerezo ukurikije uburyo bwo kwinjiza, kuva wenyine - muri rusange;
- Shakisha ibisubizo kubibazo ubifashijwemo na Maevitka.
Socrate uburyo bwo gushakisha ukuri ni uko filozofiya yasabye interloclogiya ikuramo ibibazo hamwe na leta runaka, kugirango usubize kandi amaherezo aze ku myanzuro itunguranye. Ibitekerezo n'ibibazo by'imbabazi "uhereye ku bahanganye", guhatira uwo muhanganye kwivuguruza.
Umwigisha ubwe ntiyigeze asaba umutwe wumwarimu uzi byose. Hamwe niyi mikorere yinyigisho za Socratsky, interuro yamwitiriye ifitanye isano:
"Nzi gusa ibyo ntacyo nzi, ariko abandi ntibabizi."Philosopher yarabajije, asunika interineti kubitekerezo bishya. Kuva mu ngingo rusange, yashishikarije ibisobanuro byamenyekanye: Ni ubuhe butwari, urukundo, ineza?
Uburyo bufite inenge bwagenwe na Aristote, wari uteganijwe kuvuka nyuma yicyase nyuma ya Socrate ahinduka umunyeshuri wa Platon. Nk'uko Aristote abitangaza ngo paradox ya Socratic Iragira iti: "Imico ya muntu ni imitekerereze."
Socrate yayoboye imibereho yo kwibabaza, abantu baza kubumenyi, bashaka ukuri. Ntabwo yigishije ibisobanuro n'ubundi bukorikori, ariko yigishije kuba mwiza kuri bene wabo: umuryango, kavukire, inshuti, abakozi n'abacakara.
Umufilozofiya ntiyakuye amafaranga mu bigishwa, ariko abarwayi-bakomeye baracyamuziritse ku bahanga. Iyanyuma, yakundaga kuganira kumyitwarire myiza hamwe numwuka wumwuka, ariko ntibyabaye kugirango mbone ibiceri nibiganiro byabo.
Impamvu yo kutanyurwa biturutse kuri societe yo mu Bugereki bwa kera kandi abaturage ba Atens Socrates Socrate yatanze byinshi. Muri icyo gihe, byafatwaga nk'ibisanzwe kugira ngo abana bakuze biga ababyeyi babo, kandi nta mashuri ameze nk'ibyo. Urubyiruko rwahumekeye icyubahiro cyuyu mugabo na Gorn Vanila kumufilozofe azwi. Igisekuru gikuru nticyababajwe cyane n'ibibazo nk'ibi, kuva hano kandi byavukaga byica ko Socrate ishinzwe gushinga amategeko ya "ruswa y'urubyiruko."
Byasaga naho abantu bavuga ko umuhanga mu bya filozofiya atera urufatiro rwa sosiyete, ashyiraho urubyiruko rwo kurwanya ababyeyi babo, bangiza ibitekerezo byihuse bafite ibitekerezo bibi, inyigisho nshya, nicyaha, hagira icyaha, indi migambi y'Abagereki, yicyaha, yicyaha, hagira icyaha, indi migambi y'Abagereki.
Indi ngingo, yahise yica kuri Socrate kandi igatera urupfu rwumutekereza, ifitanye isano no gushinja kandi gusenga imana zitemewe kandi gusenga nizindi mana aho kumenyekana. Socrate yizeraga ko bigoye ko umuntu acira urubanza ibikorwa, kuko ikibi kigiye ubujiji. Muri icyo gihe, mu bugingo bwa buri muntu hari ahantu heza, kandi buri muntu afite umudayimoni wa demokarasi. Ijwi ryiyi dayimoni yimbere, uyumunsi twitwa umumarayika murinzi, yabajije muri soctrat, uburyo bwo gukora mubihe bigoye.
Umudayimoni yaje ubufasha bwa filozofiya mubintu bikomeye cyane kandi buri gihe yabigaragaje, nuko byahungabanijwe na Socrate yafatwaga bitemewe. Iyi Demoni kandi yemerwa kubera imana nshya, utekereza ngo asengera.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ku myaka 37, ubuzima bwa filozofiya ntibyatandukaniye mubyabaye. Nyuma yibyo, Socrateur na Apodialique yagize uruhare inshuro eshatu mumirwano, kandi yerekanaga ko ari intwari n'intwari. Ku ntambara imwe, byabaye kugirango akize ubuzima bwumunyeshuri, umugaba wa Alkiviviad, amaze gusenyuka nintambara imwe yitwaje amenyo ya spartans.
Ibikurikira byagejejweho kandi gushinyagurira mu nda, kubera ko Alkiviviad, amaze kugera kuri Atenayi muri Atenayi, yashinze ubutegetsi bw'igitugu aho kuba demokarasi yakundaga. Kuvanwa muri politiki nubuzima bwa societe no kwiga filozofiya no kwibabaza Socrate ntabwo bigeze babigeraho. Yanze ko yahamijwe akarengane, hanyuma nk'uburyo bw'ingoma y'abanyagitugu baje mu gisilara.
Mu bageze mu za bukuru, filozofiya yashakanye na Xantippe, wabyaranye abahungu batatu. Dukurikije ibihuha, umugore wa Soctete ntabwo yishimiye ubwenge bukomeye bw'uwo bashakanye kandi atandukana no kurakara. Ntibitangaje: Se w'abana batatu ntabwo yitabiriye na gato mu buzima bw'umuryango, ntabwo yabonye amafaranga, ntabwo yafashije bene wabo. Umuyoboro ubwe yanyuzwe na mato: yabaga mu muhanda, yanyuze mu muhanda, agenda mu myambaro yashishinitse maze yumva Sophist ariga, yamuteye mu nginda ze Aristoffan.
Urukiko no kwicwa
Ku rupfu rw'umufilozofe ukomeye, tuzi ku nyandiko. Mu buryo burambuye, inzira y'iburanisha n'imyaka minota ishize yatekerezaga ko Platon yasobanuye Platon mu "Gusaba imbabazi" na Xenophon mu "kurengera Socrate ku Rukiko". Abanyatene bashinjwaga socrate ku mana na ruswa y'abakiri bato. Umufilozofe yataye incunguzi maze avuga kwiregura kwe, ahakana ibyo aregwa. Ntiyatanze amande nk'ubundi buryo bwo guhanwa, nubwo akurikije amategeko ya Atene demokarasi yashobokaga.
Socrate ntabwo yemeye ubufasha bwinshuti zamuteye guhunga cyangwa gushimuta muri gereza, ariko bahitamo guhura imbonankubone nigihe cye. Yizeraga ko urupfu ruzamusanga ahantu hose, aho inshuti ze zabaye hose, kubera ko yagenewe cyane. Ibindi bihanishwa bya filozofiya byabonaga icyaha cye kandi sinabyemera. Socrate yahisemo kwicwa nukwemera uburozi.
Amagambo na Aphorisms
- Ntibishoboka kubaho neza kuruta kuyobora ubuzima mubyifuzo byo kurushaho kuba intungane.
- Ubutunzi n'ubumenyi ntibizana icyubahiro icyo ari cyo cyose.
- Hariho ibyiza bimwe - ubumenyi kandi ikibi kimwe gusa ni ubujiji.
- Nta bucuti, nta gushyikirana hagati yabantu bifite agaciro.
- Nibyiza gutinyuka gupfa kuruta kubaho mu giteye isoni.