Ubuzima
Maria Sklodovskaya-Curie numuhanga wa Polonye wafunguye ibintu byimiti ya radia na polonium.
Maria yavutse 07.11.1867 i Warsaw. Ni umwana wa gatanu kandi muto w'abigisha bronislava na Vladislav sklodovsky. Abavandimwe na bakuru bakuru Mariya (bo mu muryango witwa Mania) - Sofiya (1862-1881), Yozefu (1863-1937, Bronislav (1865-1939, Umuyobozi wa mbere "Ikigo cya mbere cya Radia") na Helena (1866 -1961, umwarimu n'umubare rusange). Umuryango wabaga nabi.
Igihe Mariya yari afite imyaka 10, nyina yapfuye azize igituba, kandi se yirukanwa kubera imyumvire ya Propagariya maze ahatirwa gufata imyanya ihenze. Umubyeyi wapfuye, na bashiki bacu ba Sofiya, niyo mpamvu umukobwa yanze Gatolika maze ahinduka agnostike.
Ku myaka 10, Maria yatangiye kujya mu ishuri ryacumbitse, hanyuma arya siporo y'abakobwa, arangije afite umudari wa zahabu. Maria ntiyashoboraga kwiga amashuri makuru, kubera ko abagabo bonyine bemeye kaminuza za Polonye. Hanyuma Maria na Mushikiwabo Bronislav bahisemo kujya mu masomo ya kaminuza ya Volatile yo munsi y'ubutaka, aho abagore bemeye. Maria yasabye kwiga na none, gufashanya amafaranga.
Uwa mbere muri kaminuza yinjiye Bronislav, maze Maria abona ubutegetsi. Mu ntangiriro za 1890, Bronislav, washakanye na muganga n'umurwa mukuru wa Kasher Dluska, yatumiye Maria kumujyana i Paris.
Gukusanya amafaranga yo guhugura mu murwa mukuru w'Ubufaransa, Sklodovskaya asaba umwaka n'igice - kuko iyi Maria yongeye gutangira gukorana na guverinoma i Warsaw. Muri icyo gihe, umukobwa yakomeje kwiga muri kaminuza, ndetse no gutangira kwimenyereza ubumenyi muri laboratoire, byayobowe na mubyara we Yuzef Boguski, umufasha Dmitry Mendeleev.
Siyanse
Mu mpera za 1891, Sklodovskaya yimukiye mu Bufaransa. I Paris, Maria (cyangwa Marie, kuko azitwa cotic mu nzu hafi ya kaminuza ya Paris, aho uyu mukobwa yize ficki, chimie n'imibare. Ubuzima bwo muri Paris ntabwo bwari bworoshye: Maria yakunze kubura, yatakaje imzara n'inzara kandi nta mahirwe yari afite yo kugura imyenda n'inkweto z'itumba.
Ububiko bwize nyuma ya saa sita, nimugoroba yigisha, yinjiza igiceri kizima. Mu 1893, Marie yakiriye impamyabumenyi muri fiziki maze atangira gukora muri laboratoire y'inganda za Porofeseri Gabriel Lippman.
Mu buryo bw'inda nganda, Maria yatangiye gucukumbura ibintu bya magneti by'ibyuma bitandukanye. Muri uwo mwaka, Sklodovskaya yabaye hamwe na Pierre Curie, utabaye uwo mukorana gusa muri laboratoire gusa, ahubwo yabaye uwo bashakanye.
Mu 1894, Sklodovskaya yageze mu cyi i Warsaw kureba umuryango. Yari agigaburira ibitobe ko yemerewe gukorera mu gihugu cye, ariko umukobwa ahakana muri kaminuza ya Krakow - abagabo bonyine bafashe akazi. Sklodovskaya yasubiye i Paris akomeza gukora kuri phd impamyabumenyi ya PhD.
Radioactivite
Marie yatangajwe n'ubuvumbuzi bubiri bwa Wilhelm X-Ray na Henri Becqueer, Marie yahisemo kwiga ibirango bya Uranium nk'Insanganyamatsiko ishoboka yo gutanga ibisobanuro. Kugira ngo wige ingero, uwo mwashakanye wa Curie yakoresheje ikoranabuhanga mu myaka iyo myaka. Inkunga y'Ubushakashatsi Abahanga bahawe n'amasosiyete acukura amabuye y'agaciro.
Utiriwe ufite laboratoire, ukorera mucyumba cyo kubikamo Ikigo, hanyuma mu gikari cy'umuhanda bireba, abahanga mu by'umuhanda bashoboye gusubiramo toni 8 z'Uurani. Igisubizo cyubushakashatsi bwe nicyitegererezo cya Ore cyazanywe muri Repubulika ya Ceki kwari igitekerezo ko abahanga mu bya siyansi bakemura ikindi kintu cya radio wiyongera kuri Uranium. Abashakashatsi bagaragaje agace, kuri radiyo nyinshi, aho kuba Uranium.
Mu 1898, Curi yafunguye Radium na Pololonium - aba nyuma bahamagariwe guha icyubahiro kwa kiriya kibaya cya Marie. Abahanga mu bya siyansi batameje ko batabishyiramo ubuvumbuzi - nubwo bishobora kuzana abashakanye amafaranga menshi.
Hagati ya 1898 na 1902, Curie yasohotse hamwe kandi kugiti cye, harimo numwe mu ngingo ya siyansi, harimo n'imwe, aho byavuzwe ko iyo bihuye na radiyo, byahuriweho na selile nziza kuruta selile nziza.
Mu 1910, Mariya na Vision Science Andre Debierne yaje kwerekana ko agaragaza radiyo yera. Nyuma yimyaka 12 yubushakashatsi, abahanga amaherezo bashoboye kwemeza ko Radium ari ibintu byigenga.
Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1914, hashingiwe muri Leta ya Rariium i Paris, naho Maria aba umuyobozi utandukanya ikoreshwa rya radiyoactivite mu buvuzi. Mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi yose, ibishushanyo bya radio mobile byahimbwe kubera kuvura imiti yakomeretse, bita "ibimera bitera" ("curie nto"). Mu 1915, Curie yazanye inshinge zuzuye zirimo "Radium Emani" - Gaza ya radiyo itagira ibara yashyizwe ahagaragara na Radium (nyuma ya EDON), yakoreshejwe mu gucapa ingirangingo zanduye. Igisirikare kirenga miliyoni cyakomeretse cyakomeretse neza hamwe no gusaba ubwo buhanga.
Igihembo cya Nobel
Mu 1903, Ishuri ry'umwami rya siyansi ya Suwede ryahaye Chet Curie na Henri itabishaka muri Firique mu myigire y'imirasire. Mu mizo ya mbere, komite igamije kwishimira Pierre gusa, ariko umwe mu bagize Komite n'Umutekano w'Uburenganzira bw'abagore, Umutekano mu burenganzira bwa Magnus Gustav Mittag Lefeforg, yihanangirije Pierre muri iki kibazo. Nyuma yo kurega, izina rya Mariya ryongerewe kurutonde rwiyo hantu.
Marie numugore wambere wakiriye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel. Amafaranga yemereye abashakanye guha akazi umufasha wa laboratoire no guha ibikoresho laboratoire hamwe nibikoresho bikwiye.
Mu 1911, Marie yakiriye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri chimie maze aba uwambere kwisi inshuro ebyiri juure ya premium. Maria kandi yahawe imidari 7 yo kuvumbura ubumenyi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Igihe Maria yari akiri ubutegetsi, Maria yakundanye n'umuhungu w'umuryango w'iteka ry'umuryango, Kazumaj Loravsky. Ababyeyi b'umusore bari barwanyaga imigambi ye yo gushaka Sklodovskaya, na Kazimezh ntibashobora kurwanya ubushake bw'abakuru. Icyuho cyari kibabaje cyane haba, kandi Loravsky ku busaza yicuza icyemezo cye.
Urukundo nyamukuru rw'ubuzima bwa Mariya rwari Pierre Curie, umuhanga wa fiziki mu Bufaransa.
Inyungu zubumenyi karemano zunze urubyiruko, kandi muri Nyakanga 1895, abakunzi ba barashyingiranywe. Umusore yataye umutwe w'idini, kandi aho kuba imyambarire y'ubukwe, Sklodovskaya yashyize mu ikositimu yijimye nyuma yaje gukora muri laboratoire.
Abashakanye bari bafite abakobwa babiri - Irene (1897-1956), umuhanga wa chimiste, na Eva (1904-2007) - kunegura umuziki n'umwanditsi. Maria yahawe akazi gategeka muri Polonye hagamijwe gutoza abakobwa ururimi rwe kavukire, kandi akenshi rwohereza muri Polonye kwa sekuru.
Abashakanye ba Curie bari bafite ibyo bakunda, usibye siyanse: gutembera mumahanga no gusiganwa ku magare birebire - Amafoto yabujije - Amafoto yabashakanye ahagaze iruhande rw'impande z'umuvandimwe. Muri Pierre Sklodovskaya yabonye urukundo, ninshuti nziza, na mugenzi wawe. Uwo mwashakanye (Pierre yabajije abakozi b'amafarasi mu 1906) nicyo cyateye kwiheba bikomeye - nyuma y'amezi make gusa, umugore yashoboye gukomeza gukora.
Mu 1910-11, Curiie yakomeje umubano wurukundo hamwe numunyeshuri wa Pierre, umuganga na Lanzhen, yashakanye muri kiriya gihe. Mu binyamakuru byerekeye Curie byatangiye kwandika nk '"ibiganiro by'Abayahudi". Igihe amahano yatangiraga, Maria yari mu nama mu Bubiligi. Agarutse mbere y'inzu ye, Curie yavumbuye imbaga y'abantu barakaye - umugore ufite abakobwa bagombaga kwihisha umukunzi we, umwanditsi Camilla Marbo.
Urupfu
Ku ya 4 Nyakanga 1934, Marie w'imyaka 66 yapfiriye muri Sansenlemo ya Sanatori muri Pasy, mu burasirazuba bw'Ubufaransa. Impamvu y'urupfu yari anemia ya anemia, nk'uko abaganga babitangaza, byatewe no guhura na radiasi ku mubiri w'umugore.
Kuba ionizing imirasire bigira ingaruka mbi, ntabwo byari bizwi muri iyo myaka, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe na Curi nta ngamba zumutekano. Maria yambaraga imiyoboro hamwe na madiopes ya radio mu mufuka, abika mu gukurura ameza yabo maze ahura na X-imirasire y'ibikoresho bidafite ishingiro.
Imirasire yateje indwara nyinshi zidakira - Mu mpera zubuzima yari impumyi kandi yarwaye indwara zimpyiko, ariko umugore ntiyigeze atekereza guhindura umurimo uteje akaga. Curie yashyinguwe mu irimbi ryo mu mujyi wa CO, iruhande rw'imva ya Pierre.
Nyuma yimyaka mirongo itandatu, ibisigazwa byabashakanye bimuriwe i Paris Pantheon, imva yabantu b'indashyikirwa mubufaransa. Maria niwe mugore wa mbere, wahawe gushyingurwa i Pantheon kubera agaciro ke (uwambere yabaye Sophie Bertlo, yashyinguwe n'umugabo we, umuganga we Bertse.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Mu 1903, abashakanye ba Curie batumiwe mu kigo cya cyami cy'Ubwongereza kugira ngo bakore raporo kuri radio. Abagore ntibari bemerewe kuvuga hamwe na disikuru, bityo raporo itanga Pierre gusa.
- Abafaransa bakandagiye uburyarwa butunganijwe uburyarya, bwerekana ko atakabye kandi ko yari umunyamahanga. Ariko, nyuma yo kubona igihembo cya mbere cyitiriwe Nobel yerekeye Curie yatangiye kwandika nkintwari yubufaransa.
- Ijambo "radio" ryahimbwe na curie.
- Curie yabaye umwarimu wambere wumugore wa kaminuza ya Paris.
- Nubwo yari afite ubufasha bunini mu myaka y'intambara, Marie yashimiye cyane guverinoma y'Ubufaransa. Byongeye kandi, ako kanya nyuma yo gutangira imirwano, Maria yagerageje gutamba imidari ye ya zahabu kugira ngo ashyigikire ingabo z'Abafaransa, ariko Banki nkuru y'u Rwanda yanze kubyemera.
- Umunyeshuri Curie Margarita Pershey yabaye umugore wa mbere watoranijwe mu ishuri ry'ubumenyi bw'igifaransa - ibi byabaye mu 1962, mu kinyejana kirenga nyuma ya curile, aho kubahiriza Eduar Branley, umuhimbyi wafashije Gulielmo Marcormo Marcon yahisemo guteza imbere telegraph idafite umugozi).
- Mu bigishwa ba Curi harimo igihembo cya kane cy'itiriwe Nobel, harimo n'umukobwa wa Irene n'uwo mwashakanye Frederick Jolio-curie.
- Inyandiko ninyandiko zayoboye Maria mu myaka ya 1890 zifatwa nkaba cyane zo gutunganya kubera urwego rwo hejuru rwo kwanduza radio. Ndetse nigitabo cyo guteka cya Curie radiyo. Abahanga mu bya abahanga mu by'impapuro babitswe mu dusanduku, kandi abashaka gukorana nabo bagomba kwambara imyenda ikirinda.
- Mu rwego rwo kubahiriza Curie, ikintu c'imiti - Curi yiswe, kaminuza nyinshi n'amashuri, hagati ya Oncology i Warsaw, asteroid, indabyo za geografiya ndetse n'indabyo z'abanadiri ndetse n'indabyo z'urubura; Amashusho ye ashushanyijeho inoti, kashe nigiceri cyibihugu bitandukanye byisi.