Amateka y'inyuguti
Imiterere ya Roman Samuel Richardson Robert Gorthslaks yatangajwe bwa mbere mubuvanganzo bwa mbere mu buvange bwose mu mibereho ye - "wenyine." Umwongereza yabwiye abasomyi inkuru iteye ubwoba yo kureshya no kugwa umukobwa ukiri muto, ashyira imico nyamukuru ya fibre mbi n'intwari nyinshi. Ariko rero, umugome yahindutse atizeye cyane: Yasobanukiwe icyaha cye kandi yihana, arota gucungura amakosa imbere yumukobwa winzirakarengane.
Abatilasi bitiriwe izina ryabaye izina rimwe nkamazina ya don juan hamwe nabakuru b'abagore bo muri Venise ya Casanov. Mu myaka 250, bahamagaye umudendezo, kumanika kandi bashaka ibyago.
Amateka yo Kurema
Ubwongereza Righthardson, ubuzima bwe bwose bwakoraga nka printer nyuma aba nyir'inzu icapa, yari afite ubwoko bw'icyiciro - umurimo usaba inzandiko nini. Mu gihe cyo mu gihe cyahitanye uburyo bwe bwo gukuraho no kumenya byimbitse muri psychologiya y'abantu. Muri iyo minsi, ubushobozi bwo kuvugana n'amabaruwa bwashimiwe hejuru, kuko aribwo buryo bwonyine bwo gukomeza gushyikirana kure. Ibidukikije bimaze kugaragara ku mwanditsi w'ejo hazaza hasabwe gukora igitabo, aho abayobozi b'amabaruwa bazashyirwa ku bupangu.
Igitekerezo munsi yumutwe wakazi "Uyobora ku Byanditswe by'inyuguti z'i Galana" byarenze igitabo cyoroshye, gihindukirira umurimo mu nyuguti ndende "Pamela, cyangwa ingeso nziza, urukurikirane rw'inzarugero nziza kubabyeyi, kugirango bahinduze abasore nabakobwa ... ". Igitabo cy'imyitwarire cyaje kuryoherwa kw'abasomyi, n'umwanditsi, ashushanyijeho intsinzi, yongera gufata ikaramu.
Mu 1748, nyuma yimyaka ine, igitabo "Clarissa Rollow, inkuru yumukobwa ukiri muto, wahimbaje Umuremyi we. Itariki yo kurekura yakazi yaranze intangiriro ya "Amavangamanye" mu Burayi.
Hamwe n'Icyongereza "Urukundo" bisobanura nk'umudendezo, umugabo utazi urukundo. Ariko mububiko bw'Ubwongereza, inyandiko zemeza ko urukundo ari izina ryumwe mu miryango izwi cyane. Umwanditsi yatije imico itari amahirwe. Mu binyejana bya 16-17, abanditsi bakunze gukoresha amazina n'amazina yababo mugihe.
Ariko ubwo buryo bw'akazi bwaguye mu banditsi Burakari bukabije, ndetse bwaje mu nkiko - "prototypes" yiboneye mu bitabo ubwabo, kandi rimwe na rimwe ntabwo biva mu ishyamba. N'uwo wanyuma mu muryango wa Lovlasas yapfuye mu myaka icumi ishize yo kuvuka mu gitabo cyAbakaruzi.
Umwanditsi yabaye udushya mu bitabo, yahimbye uburyo bushya bwo kumenya ukuri: Iyo umusomyi abonye ibintu bimwe n'amaso y'inyuguti nyinshi, kandi, bivuze, ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora igitekerezo cye ku bibera . Ngiyo ubwoko bwa epistolary kugirango abigereho.
Ishusho na Plot
Ikibanza cyigitabo kiragaragara rwose. Umwanditsi yubatse umurimo ashingiye ku kwihorera. Abantu nyamukuru ni kwihorera kuri buri wese, kandi ibisubizo byurugamba bibasiwe na ricochet kumaco adashimishije - umukobwa wimyaka 16 Clarissa. Robert Gukunda - Aristoct hamwe nincumoko ahanganiwe, bigatera ishyari rya herloine ya James Garloi. Urubyiruko rwihuta, kandi kuva icyo gihe, Soure yahakanye ko Harhou yakiriye.
Kavukire Clarissa ahatira umukobwa kurongora umugome n'umururumba nyagasani Rogy, ariko kumva urukundo rwamurika hagati ye kandi rukunda binyuze mu nyandiko. Mu myumvire ya Aristoct, igitekerezo cyavutse cyo kwihorera kumuryango wangwa numukobwa we. Igicapo kigabana munsi yizina ryimpimbano iruhande rwibisigi kandi bireba ubuzima bwuwahohotewe.
Igihe kimwe, mu nama, gutya, umukobwa yashimuraga umukobwa, yateguye ababyeyi be bahunze, akamukuraho muri Triton. Klainians ifasha kubika Clarissa, yiyoberanya "bene wabo b'abanyabwenge". Igihe kimwe, ubwo buhangano bwubuhemu bwarabasambanyaga, kimwe bakabagira inama yo gukorana na mwo.
Ariko protagonist ntabwo yihuta, kugirango ikore umukino utoroshye. Azasezerana kurongora Inkware, yanze ijambo rye. Leta yo guhagarika "hagati y'ibyiringiro no gushidikanya" irasa n'umukobwa, ariko ntibishoboka guhindura ibintu, kuko yatakaje izina mu maso ya sosiyete.
Hagati aho, urukundo rwatekereje mu ncuti n'inshuti belmard bavuga ko abagore ubwabo bafite icyaha kandi bizeye ko abavunitse bamaze kugandukira ubuziraherezo. Ariko, ntibishoboka kureshya ubunyage, bubabaza umugabo. Amaze kunanirwa inzira zose, urukundo ruzaririmba umukobwa ufite ibinini byo kuryama no kumushingira. Ariko Clarissa, Clarissa, yiboneye, amaze kumenya ko yamukoreye umukunzwe, yiyemeje guhunga akababaro. Lovelaks giturumbuka asobanukiwe n'ikinya yose bikorwa no kugerageza kuvanaho icyaha, ariko ahabwa kuvumwa - umukobwa akanga umushinga we n'imitima, aguye gapfe.
Mu kwiheba, Robert Gylas asiganwa mu Bwongereza, kandi nyuma yigihe apfa kuri twe mwene Palarissa, yihannye rwose mubikorwa byuburiganya bijyanye numukobwa.
Samuel Richardson yakoze imico igoye. Uyu munsi ni urukundo - izina ryizina, gusa uburwayi n'umugore. Muri icyo gihe, intwari yo mu gitabo cyagaragaye imico iteye ibabaje, kandi ndetse no ku rugero runaka rwiza. Umwanditsi w'Ubufaransa na Filozofiya Denis Didro yatanze isuzuma ridakwiye ry'intwari mu murimo we "gisingiza ahahimbaza".
"Umukunzi wahujije icyubahiro kidasanzwe no hasi cyane - hasi - ubuntu, ubujyakuzimu - hamwe na fronim, gusy - hamwe n'ubukonje - hamwe n'ubusazi."Ibintu bishimishije
Pushkin avuga inshuro nyinshi muri Evgenia Onegin, ko Tatiana yari Samweli Ridchardson "Umuremyi wakundwa". Mu 1824, umusizi ukomeye wu Burusiya, asoma iki gitabo, yemeye mu ibaruwa ya murumuna we:
"Nasomye Clarissa: Nta nkambi, mbega umuswa urambiranye!"Ariko nyuma yaho "ngenda i Moscou kugera it St. Petersburg", Alexander Sergeevich yoroheje isuzuma:
Ati: "Abasomyi benshi bazemeranya nanjye ko Clarissa ararambiranye kandi ararambiranye, ariko uko Richardson afite icyubahiro kidasanzwe."Clarissa Roary bivuga umubare muremure wibitabo byicyongereza byicyongereza, igitabo kigizwe namagambo miliyoni.
Imirimo yubuvanganzo ya Richardson, igizwe nijwi ririndwi, ryacapishijwe ibice. Ushakisha ibintu by'urukundo yaburiwe cyane mu gihe cy'abo mu gihe cy'umwanditsi bitabiriye amazu y'umwanditsi, kugira ngo bamenye amakuru y'umwanditsi, kugira ngo bamenye amakuru igihe bategereje gukomeza. Abafana bavukiye kubera amatsiko, nk'uko umugambi uzahindukira, maze yinginga umwanditsi kutica cORERSI. Ariko intwari nyamukuru ntiyabitayeho.
Igitangaje, ariko muri sinema urukundo rwaciwe bitinze, ariko mu gihugu cye. Mu 1991, Robert Burman yakuyeho urukurikirane "Clarissa", aho uruhare nyamukuru rwakozwe na Sean Bean. E-gukingira ukurikije igitabo gigizwe nibice bine. Bina yashoboye kwerekana cyane ibintu bivuguruzanya biranga imiterere yumugore wicyongereza, imico itera urwango, impuhwe n'impuhwe icyarimwe.
Mu kinyejana cya 70, Opera urwenya yitwa "Clarissa Rollow" yari igiye gukora igifaransa Georges Bizet. Abatangiye ubwonko bujyanye nurupfu ntibyigeze barangiza.
Gukunda mu ijipo yitwa Seduckair yica. Guhangayika kwabantu ntabwo bizi umupaka, kandi izina ryizina rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa mubijyanye nabagore:
"Yagendeye mu buzima bwe andlass,Ku bagore, byose ni vino na caress.
Kandi ashuka abantu bose ubwenge
Ariko mu buryo butunguranye nabonye love ... "