Ubuzima
Charles Robert Darwin - Aductist, ibitekerezo byabapayiniya ku nkomoko yo kubaho ku isi muri sogokuruza muri rusange, kubera ubwihindurize buri munyako. Umwanditsi w'igitabo "Inkomoko y'ubwoko", igitekerezo ku nkomoko y'umuntu, imyumvire y'ibisanzwe n'ibitsina byagenwe, Inyigisho za mbere zo Kwiga mu buryo bw'igitsina "Imvugo yerekeye itera ubwihindurize.
Charles Darwin yavutse ku ya 12 Gashyantare 1809 mu ntara ya Shropshire (Ubwongereza) mu isambu ya Darwin, i Shrewsbury. Robert Darwin, se w'umuhungu, umuganga n'umufasha, umuhungu w'umuhanga mu bya siyansi Erasmus Darwin. Mama Susann Darwin, mu mukobwa - wajuwood, umukobwa wumuhanzi Jozayia wajwood. Abana batandatu bayongereye mu muryango wa Darwin. Umuryango wasuye itorero rya Unitani, ariko nyina wa Charles mbere yo gushyingirwa ni Parisioner y'itorero ry'Abangilikani.
Mu 1817, Charles yahawe ishuri. Uyu musore wa Darwin w'imyaka umunani yahuye na siyanse asanzwe akora ingamba za mbere mu gukusanya. Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1817, nyina w'umuhungu yarapfuye. Papa yahaye abahungu ba Charles na Erasimusi mu 1818 mu cyumba cyo kwambukirana mu rusengero rwa Anglican - Ishuri rya Shrusbury.
Charles ntabwo yatsinze. Hatanzwe indimi nyinshi n'ubuvanganzo. Ishyaka ryinshi ryumuhungu ni ukusanya ibyegeranyo no guhiga. Imyitwarire ya Data n'abigisha ntabwo yahatiye Charles gufata ibitekerezo, amaherezo bamuzunguza. Nyuma, umusore Darwin yagaragaye indi shyaka - Chimie, aho Darwin yaba yarabicyashye umutwe wa gymnasium. Gymnasium Charles Darwin yarangije kure y'ibisubizo byiza cyane.
Nyuma yo kurangiza siporo mu 1825, Charles, hamwe na murumuna we, yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Edinburgh, mu ishami ry'ubuvuzi. Mbere yo kwinjira kumusore bakoraga nkumufasha mubuvuzi bwa Data.
Muri kaminuza ya Edinburgh, Darwin afite imyaka ibiri. Muri icyo gihe, ejo hazaza hazwi ko imiti itari umuhamagaro. Umunyeshuri yahagaritse kujya mu nyigisho atwara gukora inyamaswa zuzuye. Umugaragaro ya Charles muri iki kibazo ni umugaragu wibohoye John Edmontone, wasuye urugendo rwa Abonyaniya mu itsinda rya Natomotor rya Waterton.
Ubuvumbuzi bwa mbere bwa Darwin bwakozwe mu gace ka anatomiya ya marine idahungabanya. Akora umuhanga mu bya siyansi yatangije muri Werurwe 1827 mu nama ya societe y'abanyeshuri wa Plimiyevsky, umwe mu bagize 1826. Muri sosiyete imwe, umusore Darwin yahuye no gukunda ubutunzi. Muri icyo gihe, yakoraga nk'umufasha wo muri Robert Edmond. Yumvikanye inzira y'amateka asanzwe ya Robert Jameson, aho yakiriye ubumenyi bw'ibanze muri Geologiya, yakoranye na wegeranijwe n'inzu ndangamurage ya kaminuza ya Edinburgh.
Amakuru ajyanye n'inyigisho zatangiriye ku Mwana ntabwo yayoboye Darwin - umusaza yishimye. Nabonye ko ntashobora kuba umuganga na Charles, Robert Darwin yashimangiye ko Umwana wa kaminuza muri kaminuza ya Kristo Cambridge. Nubwo abashyitsi ba societe ya Plniyevsky bahinda umushyitsi Darwin muri dogmas yitorero, ntabwo yarwanyije ubushake bwa Se, kandi mu 1828 yihanganiye ibizamini byubwinjiriro muri Cambridge.
Kwiga muri Cambridge ntabwo bishimishwa na Darwin. Igihe cyabanyeshuri cyigaruriwe no guhiga no gutwara ifarashi. Ishyaka rishya ryagaragaye - Entomology. Charles yinjiye mu ruziga rw'abashinzwe udukoko. Umuhanga uzaza yagiranye inshuti numwarimu Cambridge John Stevens Genslola, wakinguye umunyeshuri umuryango wisi itangaje yisi yagaburira. Gense yamenyesheje Darwin hamwe na enterineti yigihe gito cyicyo gihe.
Hamwe n'uburyo bw'ibizamini byanyuma, Darwin yatangiye guhatira ibikoresho byabuze kubintu bikuru. Yafashe umwanya wa 10 ku bisubizo by'ibisubizo by'ibizamini byo kurekura.
Ingendo
Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi mu 1831, Charles Darwin yagumye muri Cambridge igihe runaka. Yatanze umwanya wo kwiga imirimo na William Paleley "tewolojiya karemano" na Alexander von humboldt ("Kabaho"). Ibi bitabo byazanye Darwin kubitekerezo byo kujya mu turere two mu turere twiga siyanse karemano. Kugira ngo ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ikitekerezo cy'urugendo, Charles Sedgevik wa Adamu Sedgevik, hanyuma asiga ubwami mu majyaruguru ya Wales yo gushushanya amatora.
Uhagera kuva Wales Darwin, nari ntegereje ibaruwa ya Porofeseri Gensell hamwe na capitaine w'ubwato bw'ubworozi bw'amato y'Icyongereza "Beagle" Robert "Robert Fitzroy. Ubwato muri kiriya gihe yagiye mu rugendo mu rugendo rwo muri Amerika yepfo, naho Darwin ashobora gufata umwanya wa kamere. Nibyo, umwanya ntabwo wishyuwe. Se wa Charles yanze mu buryo bwubahirije urugendo, kandi ijambo "gusa" nyirarume Charles, Jozoya Muzwood wa II, yarokoye uko ibintu bimeze. Umusore wa kamere yagiye mu rugendo rwisi.
Urugendo rwatangiye mu 1831, rurangira ku ya 2 Ukwakira 1836. Abakozi ba "Beagle" bayoboye akazi ku kurasa kw'amagare. Darwin muri kiriya gihe yakoraga muri banki yo gukusanya ishyirwa mu cyegeranyo cyamateka karemano na geologiya. Yayoboye raporo yuzuye kubyo yabonye. Umuhanga mu bihe byiza, umuhanga yohereje kopi y'inyandiko i Cambridge. Muri urwo rugendo, Darwin yakusanyije icyegeranyo kinini cy'inyamaswa, igipimo kinini cyagenwe ninyanja ikomoka ku nyanja. Yasobanuye imiterere ya geologiya yimibare.
Hafi yirwasire yicyatsi kibisi Dape Darwin yavumbuye ingaruka zintara yigihe gito kugirango impinduka za geologiya zishyirwe na We mukwandika akazi kuri geologiya mugihe kizaza.
Muri Gagonia, yavumbuye ibisigazwa bya peteroli ya magatarium ya kera y'inyamabere. Kuba iruhande rwe mu bwoko bwa mollusk mollus igezweho byatanze ubuhamya ku ibura ry'ubwoko bwa vuba. Ubuvumbuzi bwateje inyungu mu nzego z'ubumenyi bw'Ubwongereza.
Ubushakashatsi bw'intambwe ya plastiki igice cya Gagoniya, gikingura isi ya kera, yayoboye Darwin kugera ku mwanzuro ku byerekeye ubuhemu bw'ibirego muri Lileeli "mu gihe cyo guhora no kubura no kubura amoko".
Ikipe ya Chili, "Beagle" yasanze umutingito. Charles yabonye isi hejuru yinyanja. Muri Andes, yasanze igikonoshwa cya Marine cyatumye umuhanga ayoboye umuhanga mu gukeka ibibera habaye amato ya bariyeri na atoll kubera urujya n'uruza rw'isi.
Mu birwa bya Galapagos, Darwin abona itandukaniro riri hagati y'amoko y'inyamaswa yaturutse muri bene wabo w'umugabane n'abahagarariye ibirwa bituranye. Ikintu cyo kwiga cyari inyenzi za galapagos hamwe ninyoni zishinyagurira.
Muri Ositaraliya, babonye inyamaswa nziza zicecetse kandi izuba ryatandukanye cyane nisi yinyamaswa yumugabane wa Darwin yatekereje cyane kubandi "Umuremyi".
Hamwe nitsinda rya "Beagle", Charles Darwin yasuye ibirwa bya Coconkut, icyatsi kibisi, ikirwa cya Tenerife, muri Berezile, muri Brezili, muri Arijantine, muri Arijantine, Uruguay, ku butaka. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu makuru yakusanyijwe, Umuhanga yashyizeho imirimo ya 339), "ingendo zo mu mato ya Beagle (1840)," kubaka no gukwirakwiza amabuye y'agaciro "(1842). Nasobanuye ibintu bishimishije - Latenhene (latentantere (ubunari budasanzwe (kristu idasanzwe kuri ice glaciers).
Nyuma yo gusubira mu rugendo, Darwin atangira gukusanya ibyemezo by'igitekerezo cyabo kijyanye n'impinduka mu bwoko. Umuhanga mu bidukikije, umuhanga yasobanukiwe ko igitekerezo cye gitera imbaraga za dogma yakiriwe neza ku isi. Yizeraga Imana, nko mu ngiro ndende, ahubwo yatengushye rwose mubukristo. Kugenda kwa nyuma mu itorero byabaye nyuma y'urupfu rw'umukobwa wa Ann muri 1851. Darwin ntiyahwemye gufasha itorero no gutanga inkunga kuri Paruwasi, ariko mu ruzinduko mu muryango wa serivisi y'itorero yagiye kugenda. Darwin yiyise agnostic.
Mu 1838, Charles Darwin yabaye umunyamabanga wa sosiyete ya geologiya ya London. Iyi nyandiko yari ifite kugeza 1841.
Inyigisho
Mu 1837, Charles Darwin yatangiraga gukomeza isi, icyuma gitandukanye n'uruso rw'ibimera ndetse nororoka. Yabeshye ibitekerezo bye ku guhitamo bisanzwe. Inyandiko za mbere zijyanye n'inkomoko y'ubwoko bwagaragaye mu 1842.
Ati: "Inkomoko y'amoko" ni urunigi rw'impaka zemeza inyigisho y'ubwihindurize. Intangiriro yimyitozo niterambere rya buhoro buhoro ubwoko bwabaturage binyuze muguhitamo bisanzwe. Amahame avugwa mu kazi yakiriye izina "Darwinism" mu muryango wa siyansi.
Mu 1856, gutegura verisiyo yagutse yiki gitabo cyatangiye. Mu 1859, urumuri rwabonye inshuro 1250 z'abakozi "inkomoko y'ibinyabuzima n'ibitekerezo bisanzwe, cyangwa kubungabunga ibintu byiza cyane mu rugamba rw'urugamba rw'urugamba rw'ubuzima." Igitabo cyahujwe n'iminsi ibiri. Mu mibereho ya Darwin, igitabo cyasohotse mu Buholandi, Ikirusiya, Igitaliyani, Igisuwede, Daneloniya, Umunyapolonye, Hongiriya, Icyesipanyoli n'indimi. Darwin imirimo iraturika kandi ikunzwe ubu. Igitekerezo cy'abahanga mu byAmakuru aracyafite akamaro kandi ni ishingiro ry'igitekerezo kigezweho cy'ubwihindurize.
Ikindi gikorwa gikomeye cya Darwin ni "inkomoko y'umuntu n'ibitsina." Muri yo, umuhanga yateje imbere icyerekezo cya sogokuruza muri rusange mu muntu n'inguge ya kijyambere. Umuhanga yakoraga isesengura rigereranya anatologiya, hashingiwe ku byerekanye isano ihujwe n'umuntu n'inguge (icyerekezo cy'imitsima cya antropogenes).
Muri iki gitabo "Kugaragaza amarangamutima mu bantu no ku nyamaswa, Darwin yasobanuye umuntu nk'igice cyubwihindurize. Umuntu umeze nkibinyabuzima bizima byatejwe imbere ninyamaswa yo hasi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Charles Darwin yashakanye mu 1839. Byari bikomeye kubyerekeye ishyingiranwa. Mbere yo gufata umwanzuro, nanditse ku rupapuro rwose "kuri" na "kurwanya". Nyuma y'urubanza, "kurongora - kurongora" ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 1838 bakoze icyifuzo cya mubyara we. Emma ni umukobwa wa Josai cyane II, Nyirarume Charles, akaba n'umwe mu bagize inteko ishinga amategeko na nyiri uruganda rwa Porcelain. Mugihe cyubukwe, umugeni yujuje imyaka 30. Kugeza Charles Emma yanze amaboko n'umutima. Umukobwa yayoboye inzandiko na Darwin mumyaka yo kujya muri Amerika yepfo. Emma - Umukobwa wize. Yanditse Inyigisho yo Kwishura Ishuri ryicyaro, yize umuziki i Paris kuva muri Frederick Chopin.
Ubukwe bwabaye ku ya 29 Mutarama. Ubukwe mu Itorero Anglican bwasabye umugeni wa murumuna n'umukwe John Allen Sharchalwood. Abashyingiranywe batura i Londres. Ku ya 17 Nzeri 1842, umuryango wimutse mu mujyi wa Kent.
Emma na Charles bavutse abana icumi. Abana bageze mu mwanya wo hejuru muri sosiyete. Abahungu George, Francis na Horace bari abo mu muryango w'imiryango y'Ubwongereza.
Abana batatu barapfuye. Darwin yahujije kubabaza abana bafite ubumwe bufitanye isano na mugenzi wawe na Emma (umurimo wa "ububabare bwabakomokaho nubutaka bwa hafi hamwe nu nyungu z'umumbunga wa kure").
Urupfu
Charles Darwin yapfuye afite imyaka 73, 19 Mata 1882. Yahambwe i Westminster abbey.
Nyuma y'urupfu rw'umugabo we Emma yaguze inzu muri Cambridge. Abahungu ba Francis n'abahungu ba Horace bubatswe murugo hafi. Muri Cambridge, umupfakazi yabaga mu gihe cy'itumba. Mu mpeshyi yimukiye mu bihugu bya Kent. Yapfuye ku ya 7 Ukwakira 1896. Yashyinguwe hasi, iruhande rw'umuvandimwe Darwin - Erasimusi.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Charles Darwin yavutse kumunsi umwe na Abraham Lincoln.
- Ku ifoto, Darwin asa nintare ndende.
- Inkomoko y'ibinyabuzima yarahamagawe gusa kuri extth ya gatandatu.
- Darwin yemeye ubwoko bushya bw'inyamaswa no mu buryo bunini: yagerageje kuryohera amasahani ava mu banzi, imbuni, Aguti, Iguan.
- Mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro umuhanga, hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'inyamaswa.
- Darwin ntiyigeze areka imyizerere ye: Kugeza ku mpera z'imperuka, baba mu muryango w'amadini ku mutima, yari afitanye isano n'idini umuntu ashidikanya.
- Urugendo "beagoles" bararambuye imyaka ibiri.