Ubuzima
Mu kinyejana cya 17, ibimenyetso byambere byubwisanzure byagaragaye mu Bwongereza. Iyo kaminuza zigishije tewolojiya n'imyanzuro ya Aristople, filozofiya yo hagati yari yibagiwe, siyanse karemano yaje gusimbuza. Nanone, mu kinyejana cya 17 mu Bwongereza ni intambara y'abenegihugu, cyaranzwe no kumenya buhoro buhoro ubwami bwuzuye bwa cyami igana ku itegekonshinga. Muri kiriya gihe, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya ukomeye wa Ejoh, John Lotke yavutse, imirimo yayo yari ishingiye ku ishingiro ryimikorere ya filozofiya rusange.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umufilozofe uzaza yavutse mu 1632 mu mudugudu muto wa Ringtone, uherereye iruhande rw'intara ya Bristol.
Se wumuhungu John Loweke yari umwe mubavoka beza mukarere wabaga mu majyambere.
John Sr. Ubwisanzure, icyo gihe, igihe Ejongereza yategekaga Karl I, yabaye umutware w'ingabo za Cronwall mu Nteko. Mu mpinduramatwara, Locke mukuru kubera ubuntu butigeze butakazaga ibyokurya byose, baha amafaranga abatishoboye. Rero, Data yigishije Umwana ko ukeneye kugerageza kubaho muri sosiyete.
Duhereye ku bizima bwa nyina w'umuhanga, bizwi gusa ko izina ry'abakobwa - umwami. Andi makuru yerekeye umugore wareze filozofiya kubasote ntabwo yaje.
Umuhungu yakuriye mu muryango utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, nta se, cyangwa nyina, nta mubyeyi cyangwa umubyeyi cyangwa umufasha wangoma, kandi nanone ntabwo yashyigikiye ubutegetsi bw'itorero rya Anglican.
Ababyeyi ba Yohana bazamuye umuhungu, buri wese muri bo batanga umusanzu mu iterambere ry'umuhungu. Kuva kuri se wa Loke Jr. Urukundo Rurazwe Kubwisanzure n'Umutsindira kuri Gito
Umugore yatinyaga kubura abana, kuko umuvandimwe John yapfuye akiri muto kubera ubuzima budakomeye. Kubwibyo, nyina wa Lopke yabayeho mu butwari bw'iteka imbere y'Imana kandi ahora asenga.
Umuhungu yazanywe abanyamadini kandi rwose, mumategeko ya Puritan. Ahanini, umuhungu yishora muri se, ategura uburyo bwe bwite, buri gihe, John Jr. yashimye.
Yohana mukuru yafashe umuhungu we kure cyane ye kandi yumvira rwose. Yahise yemerera umuhungu kwiyegereza, kandi ijwi riteye ubwoba n'amabwiriza yimukiye mu nama yubuzima. Buhoro buhoro, "umutware" na "uyobowe" yarangaga hagati yabo kandi bari bahujwe n'ubucuti bukomeye.
Locke yakuze afite umuhungu ufite impano kandi asoma neza. Inshuti ya Data, Colonel Alexander Phapham, yagiriwe inama yo guha John Jr. mu ishuri rya Westminsntuster.
Abahanga mu binyabuzima ba filozofe nta gukabya bavuga ko Locke ari umunyeshuri mwiza ku ishuri: Umuhungu ku masomo yose afatwa ashishikaye kandi akomeye.
Mu 1652, gufunga byinjiye muri kaminuza ya Oxford, aho yiga imiti, Ikigereki n'ikilatini, ibitabo, n'ibindi. Siyanse karemano kumunyeshuri ukiri muto yigishije Robert Boyle ubwe. Mu myaka ya kaminuza, Logike yatangiye kwishora muri filozofiya y'imibare, René Desttes, wabaye intangiriro y'isi igaragara n'umunyeshuri.
Gukangura inyungu za John Longu Loke yateje imbere mwarimu we kandi umujyanama Robert Boyle.
DESTRATES YIGISHA GUKURIKIRA AMAGARAGAZA YUBUKA W'UBUZIMA BYO BITANDUKANYE, John yatekereje ko yizera ko abavandimwe ari mushiki wawe w'impano.
Nanone, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yatangiye gukurikiza inyigisho za Yohana Wilkins, wajyanye cyane cyane na siyansi, kandi umuhanga Richard Lowewe ashyira urubyiruko gukunda umusore.
Igitekerezo cyubumenyi
John Lopke yanditse igitabo cye cyingenzi "uburambe bwumusaya, muri 1690. Inyigisho za Loke zagize uruhare mu bikorwa bya siyansi ku "mu gitekerezo cyuzuyemo", gifata inkomoko muri filozofiya ya filozofiya ya kera y'Abagereki Platon mu kinyejana cya 17, imirimo ye yize John Long.
"Ibitekerezo byavukiriye" ni ubumenyi bw'abantu budashobora kugurwa, kuko bidashingiye ku byiyumvo. Ni ukuvuga, ayo mahame aganisha ku muntu wabantu bose bakoresheje "imyifatire".
Ariko John Loke ntiyashyigikiye iyi nyigisho, ariko ku rundi ruhande, yakoraga mu nyandiko ye yerekeye inyinshi mu buryo bunyuranye. Nk'uko bya filozofiya, abantu bahitamo ibitekerezo bimwe (urugero, kuvumbura imiti) ntibiterwa na "noteri", ariko kubera akamaro. Umuhanga yizeraga ko ishingiro ry'ubumenyi bwabantu aribwo buzima bwubuzima burimo kubakwa ku myumvire yumvikana.
Ibitekerezo bigoye biterwa nimpamvu kandi bigizwe nibitekerezo byoroshye. Kandi ibitekerezo byoroshye bivuka nkibisubizo byubuzima bwumuntu ku giti cye: Umuntu ni "impapuro zuzuye", zuzuye ubuzima reflexia.
Rero, John Loke yirukanye hamwe namagare, yanditse ko roho ihora itekereza, kandi gutekereza nigimenyetso gihoraho cyubugingo.
Nk'uko bya filozofiya by'icyongereza abitangaza, ubumenyi ni uburambe, kandi ukurikije uko bigenda, gutekereza ni imiterere ya Priori.
John Loke ni cyongereza gikomeye cyo mu kinyejana cya 19, ariko imyanzuro yose yo mu muhanga ntabwo itezimbere kwigenga, ariko mbikesheje abandi mibare. Kubwibyo, nubwo bishimishije kubitekerezo, John Locke ari mukambi zose zitarahujwe rwigitekerezo cya filozofiya.
Mu "bunararibonye bw'ubwenge bw'abantu", hagira ingaruka z'umugambi wo mu mutwe Tobs na fiziki ya Isaac Newton irashobora gukurikirana.
Igitekerezo cyibinyoma byaho mubyukuri ko isi igarukira kandi umwanya uri kugandukira ibitekerezo byisumbuye - Imana. Buri kiremwa gikora hamwe nabandi kandi gifite intego zayo. Intego yumuntu nubumenyi no kubaha Imana, kubera umunezero kwisi no mu isi itandukanye.
Pedagogy
Nyuma mpera umuhanga muri kaminuza ya Oxford, Locke yigisha indimi kera kuko abashakanye imyaka, ariko bidatinze amababi this post, na kwemeza mpano Count Anthony Ashley Cooper Shefstbury. Anthony arwaye cyane, Logi Loke yashyizemo gusuzuma neza. Igishushanyo kirwaye cyasabye Yohana gukora nka Muganga wurugo kandi barera abahungu babiri.
Muri kiriya gihe, Lopke yandikira inshuti kuri Inshuti Clairka maze agaragaza uko uburere. Edward yakusanyije umwete amabaruwa ya Philosophe wakoraga nk'ishingiro ry'umurimo wa Pedagogi "ibitekerezo by'uburezi."
Yohana yari yizeye ko ibikorwa by'umuntu biterwa n'imyumvire yabo, ariko biva mu burezi, butanga imico, ubushake n'umuco by'umuntu. Byongeye kandi, ukurikije Locke, kwiga umubiri bigomba gutsimbataza icyarimwe hamwe numwuka. Umubiri uri mugutezimbere isuku nubuzima, no mu mwuka mu iterambere ry'imyitwarire n'icyubahiro.
Ibitekerezo byashyizwe mu mabaruwa ya Clairki yerekana uburyo Data wa Loke yazanye:
- Gutezimbere umubiri, kubahiriza indero ikaze, gahunda yumunsi no kwakira ibiryo byoroshye;
- Imyitozo yo kwigisha n'imikino;
- Umwana agomba kurwanya icyifuzo kandi akora ibimutanga ibitekerezo kandi bidavuguruza imico;
- Kuva akiri muto, abana bakeneye kwigisha abigisha beza;
- Igihano cyumubiri cyurukundo kibera gusa hamwe nimyitwarire ya pasiporo.
Ibitekerezo bya politiki
Ibyishimo bya politiki bya John Lopke yashinzwe mu bwana bitewe n'ababyeyi.
Duhereye ku mico ya politiki ya Locke, igitekerezo cy'impinduramatwara giharanira demokarasi, kigaragarira mu nyandiko z'umufilozofe: "Uburenganzira bw'abaturage ku myigaragambyo irwanya igitugu" na "Ibitekerezo ku mpinduramatwara y'icyubahiro ya 1688".
Nk'uko bya filozofiya ivuga kuri Leta, bigomba kwemeza ubwisanzure ku buryo bwite n'uburenganzira bwa muntu bisanzwe. Ku kibaho cya Opera kivuga ko abayobozi bagomba gutorwa n'abantu, umuntu agomba kubahiriza amategeko yemewe muri rusange, kandi ntayoroheye kandi akekwa abantu bakuru.
Yohana kandi yashyize imbere igitekerezo cyo gutandukanya abayobozi kandi ko yariyemeje inyigisho ya rubanda.
Leta itegetswe kwemeza uburinzi bwa buri muntu n'umurage wacyo, ndetse no gukemura imirimo y'icyaha. Rero, inzige ifite igitekerezo cyo guca imanza zishinzwe gushyiraho amategeko.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mugukubita no kwigunga, gufunga John yarenze Kant. Byasa nkaho filozofiya ikomeye ari umuntu muzima ukunda ubuzima. Ariko, iyaba Kant yabonye inzu n'umukozi mu mpera y'ubuzima bwe, icyo gihe Logique nta wundi yari afite. Johnn ntiyari abashinzwe kubaha ubuzima bwose mumazu yamahanga nka mwarimu, urugero - inkuru ifite Anthony.
Yohana ntiyigeze yishyiriyeho intego yo kubona ibikorwa rusange, ibikorwa bye byose ni agace. Yasezeranye na muganga igihe umuntu yamubazaga, politiki yize igihe byashobokaga, nibindi.
Pitely John Lopte ntiyagambaniye ibikoresho byisi, kandi yarimo yitegura ubuzima buzaza, ikiza n'Ibyanditswe Byera, ategereje umuntu ku isi ya nyuma. Birashoboka gusobanura ibi nkubaha Imana kandi nkubuzima bwintege nke. Rimwe na rimwe, abantu bababaza babaho igihe kirekire, ariko bahora bitegura urupfu, kwisuzuma nk'abashyitsi kuri iyi si.
Nta bagore n'abana b'umuhanga. Locke yagerageje guhuza ibitekerezo bibiri bitandukanye - Iyobokamana na siyanse.
Urupfu
Imyaka yanyuma yubuzima, locuke yakoresheje munzu yigihugu ifite demeris imwe imenyerewe mashem, wasimbuye umukobwa we. Umugore yashimye umuhanga mu bya filozofiya, nuko imyitwarire yo gufunga yiganje mu muryango we.
Ageze mu za bukuru, Logike yatakaje iburanisha, kuruta uko yari ababaye cyane, kubera ko atumva abayoboke be.
Umufilozoce yapfuye azize asithma ku ya 28 Ukwakira 1704 afite imyaka 72. Umuhanga yashyinguwe hafi aho aheruka gutura.
Amagambo
- "Ishyaka iryo ari ryo ryose rikomoka mu binezeza cyangwa kubabara."
- Ati: "Biragoye ko hari ikindi kintu gikenewe mu bumenyi, ubuzima butuje no gutsinda kuri buri kibazo kuruta ubushobozi bwumuntu gutunga ibitekerezo byabo."
- "Ubutwari nyabwo bugaragazwa mu gutuka gutuza no gusohoza umwenda we, nubwo ibiza n'akaga."
- "Ibikorwa makumyabiri birashobora kubabarirwa aho kurenga ku kuri."
- "Mu muntu, urera nabi, ubutwari ahinduka ikinyabupfura ..."