Ubuzima
Christopher Columbus ni navigator wo mu gihe cyo hagati, wafunguye Sargassovo n'inyanja ya Karayibe, Antilles, Bahamas, Bahamas n'umugabane wa Amerika ku bafatanyabikorwa bazwi, bakirenga ku nyanja ya Atalantika.
Dukurikije ubuhamya butandukanye, Christopher Columbus yavutse mu 1451 muri Genoa, mu karere ka corsa ubu. Imijyi itandatu y'Abataliyani n'Icyesipanyoli isaba uburenganzira bwo kwitwa umwunazi. Ubwana nurubyiruko rwo kuyobora ntirimenyekana cyane, hafi ntacyo, inkomoko yumuryango wa Columbus.
Abashakashatsi bamwe bita umutaliyani Columbus, abandi bizera ko ababyeyi be babatijwe nabayahudi, Abashakanye. Uku kwibwira rusobanura urwego rudasanzwe rwuburezi, nibwo Christopher yakiriye, gusiga umuryango wabagore basanzwe kandi b'abagore.
Nk'uko abahanga mu by'amateka n'abahanga mu binyabuzima, Columbus bari munsi y'imyaka 14 yize mu rugo, mu gihe yari afite ubumenyi buhebuje mu mibare, yari azi indimi nyinshi, harimo n'indimi nyinshi, harimo n'indimi nyinshi. Umuhungu yari afite barumuna batatu na mushikiwabo, kandi bose batojwe nabarimu bazaza. Umwe mu bavandimwe, Giovanni, yapfuye mu bwana, mushiki wa Biankell Rose arubatse, na Bartolos na Batomo na Giacomo baherekeje Columbus mu kuzerera.
Birashoboka cyane, Colimbam, ubufasha bwuzuye bwahawe hamwe na bagenzi babo, abaguzi bakomeye bo muri Runosove muri Marranov. Abifashijwemo na bo, umusore ukomoka mu muryango ukennye yakubise kaminuza ya Padua.
Nkumuntu wize, Columbus yari amenyereye inyigisho za filozofiya za filozofiya y'Abagereki n'abatekereza zerekana igihugu umupira, kandi atari pancake iringaniye, nk'uko byari bizeye hagati. Ariko, ibitekerezo nkibi, nkinkomoko yabayahudi mugihe cya Sentare Sentare, yakomeje mu Burayi, yari akwiye guhisha neza.
Muri kaminuza, Columbus yatangiye inshuti ze n'abanyeshuri n'abarimu. Umwe mu bakunzi be yari umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere Toskanlyli. Nk'uko kubara, byashyize imbere ko gukunda mu Buhinde, byuzuye ubutunzi budashira, bwari hafi yo gufata ubwato mu cyerekezo cy'iburengerazuba, kandi atari mu burasirazuba, Afurika ikize. Nyuma, Christopher yafashe abarangije, ibyo bikaba atari byo, byemejwe na Toskanlyli Hypothesis. Inzozi rero y'urugendo rw'iburengerazuba yavutse, na Columbus ye yakoresheje ubuzima bwe bwose.
Ndetse na mbere yo kwinjira muri kaminuza, umwangavu w'imyaka cumi n'ine ya Christopher Columbus yahuye na Marine. Se yaremye umuhungu umwe wo guhaha SHUT yo kwiga ubuhanzi bwo kuyobora, ubumenyi bwubucuruzi, kandi uhereye kuriyi ngingo, ubuzima bwa Columbus-maritavochor bwatangiye.
Kugenda kwa mbere kwa Columbus mu mwanya wa UGI byatumye inyanja ya Mediterane aho inzira z'ubucuruzi n'inkunga iri hagati yuburayi na Aziya. Muri icyo gihe, abacuruzi b'i Burayi bari bazi ibibanza by'ubutunzi n'ahantu hashya bya Aziya n'Ubuhinde, byasobanuye ubudodo n'ibirungo byiza muri ibi bihugu.
Umusore wumvise inkuru zidasanzwe ziva mu kanwa k'abacuruzi b'iburasirazuba maze bagenda inzozi kugira ngo bagera ku nkombe z'Ubuhinde kugira ngo babone ubutunzi bwe bakakire.
Ingendo
Mu kinyejana cya 70 rwo mu kinyejana cya 15, Columbus yashakanye na Felipe Monis mu muryango ukize mu Butaliyani-Igiporutugali. Sebukwe wa Christophore, yatuye i Lisbonson kandi ajya ku nyanja hakurikijwe ibendera ry'uruganda, nanone yari arvateur. Nyuma y'urupfu, yavuye ku makarita yo mu makarita yo gutangara, diari na izindi nyandiko zarazwe na Columbus. Ku bwabo, umugenzi yakomeje kwiga geografiya, igihe kimwe yiga imirimo ya Piccolomini, Pierre de Ali, Marco Polo.
Christopher Columbus yagize uruhare runini mu cyitwa amoko yo mu majyaruguru, nk'igice cye cyanyuze mu birwa byo mu Bwongereza na Isilande. Birashoboka, hari navigator kandi bumvise amagorofa ya Scandinaviya ninkuru zerekeye vikings, Ericsson Ericsson, wageze ku nkombe z'isi "isi nini", yirengagije inyanja ya Atalantika.
Inzira yemereye kugera mu Buhinde West, Columbus yagarutse muri 1475. Yerekanye umugambi ukomeye wo kwigarurira igihugu gishya ku rukiko rw'abacuruzi ba Genoese, ariko ntirujuje inkunga.
Nyuma yimyaka mike, mu 1483, Christopher yashushanyijega kimwe nicyifuzo kijyanye n'Umwami wa Porutugali II. Umwami akoranya akanama ka siyansi, wasuzumye umushinga wa Genose ugasanga kubara kwe atari byo. Kurakara, ariko ubusalidasi yavuye muri Porutugali maze yimukira mu Caroile.
Mu 1485, navigator yasabye abari aho bahaye Abami bo muri Esipanye, Ferdinand na Isabella Castilskaya. Abashakanye baramwemereye, bumva ubutunzi bw'Ubuhinde Columbus, kimwe n'umutegetsi w'Abaportigale, yateraniye inama Njyanama. Komisiyo ntiyashyigikiye kuri Navigator, kubera ko bishoboka inzira y'uburengerazuba yashakaga kuvuga ko isi isa n'isi, ivuguruza inyigisho z'itorero. Columbus yatangaje ko Cotic, ariko umwami hamwe n'umwamikazi aragenda maze ahitamo gusubika icyemezo cya nyuma kugeza intambara irangiye.
Columbus, yateye ubwoba cyane ku buvumbuzi, mbega ukuntu bifuza gukira, bigira umwete birambuye ku ngendo z'ubukangurambaga, yohereje ubutumwa ku Kimbo cy'icyongereza n'Igifaransa. Karl na Heinrich ntibashubije amabaruwa, bakaba bahuze cyane muri politiki y'imbere, ariko umwami wa Porutugali yohereje ubutumire bwo gukomeza ibiganiro ku baremwe kuri navigator.
Igihe Christopher yatangaje muri Espagne, Ferdinand na Isabella bemeye ibikoresho by'ubwato Squadron gushaka inzira y'uburengerazuba mu Buhinde, nubwo ubugerikori bubi muri Espagne nta mafaranga yari afite muri iki kigo. Abami basezeranije Columbus umutwe w'icyubahiro, izina rya Admiral na Visi-Mwami Bose yakinguye, kandi yagombaga kuguza abanyamabanki n'abacuruzi.
Ibice bine Columbus
- Urwego rwa mbere rwa Christopher Columbus rwabaye muri 1492-1493. Ku mato atatu, Karavella Pityon (Umutungo wa Martin Alonso Pinson) na Niña na Mariya banyuze mu birwa bya Canary, bambuka inyanja ya Atalantika, bakingura inzira ya Sargassovo, bakagera Bahamas. Ku ya 12 Ukwakira 1492, Columbus yanyuze ku isi y'izinga rya Samamu, yitwa San Salvador. Iyi tariki ifatwa nkaho ari umunsi wo gufungura Amerika.
- Ubwo bwa kabiri bwa Columbus bwabereye mu 149-1496. Muri ubwo bukangurambaga, Antilles nto, Dominica, Haiti, Cuba, Jamayica yarakinguwe.
- Urugendo rwa gatatu rwerekeza ku gihe cyo kuva 1498 kugeza 1500. Flotilla mu nkiko esheshatu yageze mu birwa bya Trinidad na Margarita, bashyira intangiriro yo gufungura Amerika yepfo, barangirira muri Haiti.
- Mu gihe cya kane cy'izuba, Christopher Columbus yafashe ubwato i Martinique, yasuye Hondurera ku nkombe ya Amerika yo muri Amerika yo Hagati ku nyanja ya Karayibe.
Kuvumbura Amerika
Inzira yo gufungura isi nshya irambuye imyaka myinshi. Ikintu gitangaje Columbus, kubera ko yizeye kandi na Navigatori w'inararibonye, yizeraga igihe iminsi ye irangiye yizeraga ko yafunguye inzira i Aziya. Bahamas, bafunguye mu rugendo rwa mbere, yatekereje ku gice cy'Ubuyapani, akurikirwa n'umushinwa mwiza, kandi inyuma ye - kandi akunda Ubuhinde.
Niki Columbus yakinguwe kandi kuki umugabane mushya wabonye izina ryundi mugenzi, amerigo vespucci? Urutonde rw'ubuvumbuzi bwakozwe n'umugenzi ukomeye n'uwakoze ku nyanja arimo San Salvador, Cuba na Haiti, mu nyanja ya Bahamas, Sargassovo.
Mu ngendo ya kabiri, amato cumi n'irindwi ayobowe na Flaghip "Maria Galant" yagiye. Ubu bwoko bwicyombo hamwe no kwimurwa muri toni magana abiri no mu yandi mato ntabwo yakuwe gusa nabasare gusa, ahubwo abakoloni, inka, iratanga. Muri icyo gihe cyose, Columbus yari azi neza ko yafunguye Western Ubuhinde. Hanyuma antilles, Dominica na Guadeloupe.
Urugendo rwa gatatu rwayoboye amato ya Columbus ku mugabane wa Afurika, ariko navigator yaracitse intege: Ubuhinde hamwe n'amashusho ya zahabu ntiyabibonye. Duhereye kuri uru rugendo, Columbus yasubiye mu ngoyi ishinjwa kwamagana ibinyoma. Mbere yo kwinjira mu cyambu cy'imifuka, yakuweho, ariko imitwe yasezeranijwe n'amazina ya navigator yatakaye.
Urugendo rwa nyuma rwa Christopher Columbus rwarangiye kugwa ku nkombe za Jamayike n'indwara ikomeye y'umuyobozi w'iyamamaza. Yagarutse ku barwayi, kandi atishimye kandi avunitse. Amerigo Vespucci yari inshuti magara akaba umuyoboke wa Columbus, watwaye ingendo enye kugera kumucyo mushya. Izina ryayo ryitwa umugabane wose, n'izina rya Columbus kandi ntirigeze mu Buhinde, igihugu kimwe cyo muri Amerika yepfo.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Niba wemera ibibinyabuzima bya Christopher Columbus, uwambere muri bo wari umuhungu we, navigator yashyingiwe kabiri. Ubukwe bwa mbere hamwe na Felipe Monis bwari byemewe. Umugore yabyaye umuhungu wa Diego. Mu 1488, Columbus yavutse ari umuhungu wa kabiri Fernando, mu itumanaho n'umugore witwa Beatris atanga Dening de Aran.
Kuringaniza yitaye cyane ku bahungu bombi, naho umuto yajyanye na we urugendo igihe umuhungu yahindura imyaka cumi n'itatu. Fernando yabaye iyambere wanditse ubuzima bwumugenzi uzwi.
Nyuma yaho, abahungu ba Columbusi bombi babaye abantu bakomeye kandi bafata imyanya minini. Diego yari visi-ya kane ya Espagne nshya na Admirali mu Buhinde, kandi abamukomokaho bivugwa ko Abagabo ba Jamayike na Duke wa Verague.
Fernando Columbus, wabaye umwanditsi n'umuhanga, yishimiye umwami w'abami bo muri Espagne, yabaga mu ngoro ya marble kandi afite amafaranga yumwaka amafaranga 200.000. Aya mazina n'ubutunzi yabonye abakomoka kuri Columbus nk'ikimenyetso cyo kumenyekana na Janarchirts yangiza ingoma ye imbere y'ikamba.
Urupfu
Nyuma yo gufungura Amerika kuva mu rugendo rwa nyuma, Coumbus yasubiye muri Espagne hamwe n'umuntu urwaye cyane, ushaje. Mu 1506, kuvumbura urumuri rushya rwitabye mu bukene mu rugo ruto muri Valladolid. Kuzigama Columbus yakoresheje yishyuye imyenda kubatabiriye urugendo rwanyuma.
Nyuma gato y'urupfu rwa Christokus muri Amerika, amato ya mbere yatangiye kuza, aremerewe na zahabu, yarose kuri navigator. Abahanga mu by'amateka bemeza ko Coombus yari azi ko adafunguye Aziya kandi atari Ubuhinde, ahubwo ni umugabane mushya, utazwi, ariko ntiyifuzaga gusangira icyubahiro n'ubutunzi umuntu umwe yagumye.
Kugaragara k'umusoro w'ibanze umutimanama wa Amerika uzwi kandi ku ifoto mu mateka. Amashusho make yarashwe kuri Columbus, uwahoze ari film yo gutanga umusaruro mu Bufaransa, mu Bwongereza, Espagne na USA "1492: kwigarurira paradizo." Inzibutso z'uwo mugabo ukomeye zashyizwe i Barcelona na Granada, kandi ivu rye ryo muri Seville ryajyanwaga i Haiti.