Ubuzima
Thomas Mor numwanditsi uzwi cyane, wa filozofiya n'umunyamategeko ukomoka mu Bwongereza, na we wafashe umuyobozi w'igihugu. Ubwato buzwi cyane ni akazi cyitwa "Utopiya". Muri iki gitabo, afata ikirwa cyahimbwe nk'urugero, yerekanye icyerekezo cye cya sisitemu nziza y'imibereho myiza y'imibereho myiza.
Filozofiya na we yari umuntu runaka: yari umunyamahanga mu gihe cy'ivugurura, kandi ashimangira ko kwizera kw'abaporotesitanti mu bihugu by'icyongereza. Kwanga kumenya Herrich Veii Imiterere yumuyobozi witorero ryicyongereza, yiciwe kubikorwa byubuhemu. Mu kinyejana cya xx, Thomas Mora yabarwaga guhangana n'tantilika gatolika.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ubuzima bwa Thomas Mora butangirira muri Londres Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rwo hejuru rw'umwami wa Sir John Mora. Tomasi yagaragaye ku ya 7 Gashyantare 1478. Se yari azwi cyane, kuba inyangamugayo n'amahame mbwirizamuco akomeye, ahanini yagennye isi y'Umwana we. Inyigisho za mbere z'Umwana w'umucamanza uzwi wakiriwe mu ishuri ry'ikibonezamvugo rya St. Anthony.
Mu myaka cumi na gatatu, Majnier yakiriye page hamwe na karidinali John Morton, igihe runaka cyakoraga na nyagasani umuyobozi wUbwongereza. Monona yaguye muburyohe bwumusore wishimye, wubwenge kandi ushishoza. Cardinal yavuze ko Thomas rwose yaba umuntu utangaje. "
Mu myaka cumi n'itandatu, Mor yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Oxford. Abigisha be bari abanyamategeko bakomeye b'Afurika batinze XV: William Grosin na Thomas Limakr. Ubushakashatsi bwahawe umusore byoroshye, nubwo icyo gihe yatangiye gukurura amategeko yumye cyane, mbega akazi k'abantu bo muri kiriya gihe. Urugero rero, Thomas yahinduye mucyongereza ubuzima n'umurimo "" inkota cumi n'ibiri "z'umuntu mu Bumuntu Pito della Mirandol.
Imyaka ibiri nyuma yo kuhagera muri Oxford Mi-jr., Ku cyerekezo cya se, asubira i Londres kugera i Londres kugera i Londres kugira ngo agere ku bumenyi bunoze mu rwego rw'Amategeko y'Icyongereza. Tomasi yari umunyeshuri ushoboye kandi abifashijwemo n'abavoka b'inararibonye b'icyo gihe bwize amabuye y'amazi yose y'amategeko y'icyongereza maze aba umunyamategeko mwiza. Muri icyo gihe, yashishikajwe na filozofiya, yize imirimo y'amasomo ya kera (cyane cyane Lucian na Platon na Platon n'Ikigereki n'ikilatini kandi bakomeza kwandika inyandiko ze, igice cyacyo cyatangiye igihe yigaga i Oxford.
"Umuyobora" mu isi y'abantu kuri Thomas Mora yari Erazz ya Rotterdam, umunyamategeko yahuye na The Morier Moor Dierformer Ofimn yinjiye muri Nyagasani. Ndashimira ubucuti na Rotterdam, filozofiya yatangira yinjiye mu ruziga rw'abantu mu gihe cye, ndetse no mu ruziga rwa Erasimusi. Kubasura kwa Thomas Mora, Rotterdamsky yaremye Satura "Abanyeshuri bashima".
Birashoboka, igihe kuva 1500 kugeza 1504 umunyamategeko ukiri muto yabereye muri monasiteri ya Londres. Ariko, ntiyashakaga amaherezo gukoresha ubuzima ku Mana kandi aguma ku isi. Ariko rero, kuva icyo gihe, Thomas Mor ntabwo yavuye ku ngeso yahawe mu gihe ubuzima bw'abihaye Imana: arabyuka kare, atigeze yibagirwa umwanya uwo ari wo wose, yibagiwe kwikinisha no kwambara Vlasanita. Ibi byahujwe nicyifuzo cyo gukorera no gufasha igihugu.
Politiki
Mu ntangiriro ya miliyoni 15, Thomas Mor yigishije uburenganzira bufitanye isano n'imicungire y'akazi k'umunganira, kandi mu 1504 yabaye umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu bacuruzi ba Londres. Akorera mu Nteko ishinga amategeko, atigeze yemera ko avuga ku mugaragaro kurwanya umusorebibazo w'imisoro, yashimangiye abatuye Ubwongereza King Heinrich VAI. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umunyamategeko yaguye mu bushakashatsi bukuru bwa guverinoma kandi ko yahatiwe kwanga umwuga wa politiki mu gihe gito, agaruka gusa ku bavoka.
Noneho icyarimwe hamwe nubuyobozi bwabacamanza, muri iki gihe, Tomasi agerageza icyizere imbaraga ze mubitabo. Iyo mu 1510, umutware mushya w'Ubwongereza - Heinrich VIII - yateraniye inteko ishinga amategeko nshya, umwanditsi n'umunyamategeko bongeye kubona aho mu mubiri wo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Muri icyo gihe, Mor yakiriye umwanya w'umujyi wungirije wa sheferi London, kandi mu myaka itanu (mu 1515) yabaye umwe mu bagize izo ntumwa z'Amambasade y'Icyongereza yoherejwe kuri FLOndars.
Hanyuma Thoma yatangiye gukora kuri "Utopiya" ye:
- Umwanditsi yanditse igitabo cya mbere cyiyi mirimo muri franders arangira nyuma gato yo gusubira murugo.
- Igitabo cya kabiri, ibikubiye muri byo ni inkuru y'ikirwa cy'impimbano mu nyanja, bivugwa ko byafunguwe n'abashakashatsi - mor, cyane cyane igice cya mbere cyakosowe kandi gahunda.
- Igitabo cya gatatu cyasohotse mu 1518 kandi kirimo, usibye ibintu byanditse mbere, "epigrams" mbere ni iteraniro ryagutse ryimirimo yacyo ikorwa muburyo bwibisigo, ibisigo no guhita ahagaragara EPOGRA.
Ati: "Utopiya" yagenewe abami bamurikirwa n'abahanga mu bahanga mu bantu. Yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'ingengabitekerezo ya utuopiste kandi yavuze iseswa ry'umutungo bwite, uburinganire bwo gukoresha, umusaruro usabana, n'ibindi. Muri icyo gihe, hamwe no kwandika uyu murimo, Thomas Mor yakoraga mu kindi gitabo - "Amateka ya Richard III".
King Heinrich VIII yashimye cyane "Utopiya" w'umunyamategeko ufite impano kandi mu 1517 yafashe icyemezo cyo gushyiraho umujyanama we bwite. Utowoan uzwi cyane yinjiye mu Nama y'Umwami, yakiriye umunyamabanga wa cyami n'amahirwe yo gukora ku mabwiriza ya diplomasi. Mu 1521, yatangiye kwicara mu kigo cy'ubucamanza cyo mu cyanditswe - Urugereko rw'inyenyeri.
Muri icyo gihe, yakiriye umutwe wa Knight, ibihembo byubutaka maze aba umubitsi wungirije. Nubwo yatsinze politiki yatsinze, yakomeje kuba umuntu wiyoroshya kandi w'inyangamugayo, kubyerekeye icyifuzo cyabyo Ubwongereza buzi ubutabera. Muri 1529, Umwami Heinrich VIII yafashije umujyanama w'iburyo umwanya wo hejuru - umwanya wa Nyagasani Chancellor. Thomas Mor yabaye uwambere yayobowe na Bourgeoisie, washoboye gufata iyi nyandiko.
Akazi
Agaciro gakomeye mumirimo ya Thomas Mora ifite akazi "Utopiya", irimo ibitabo bibiri.
Igice cya mbere cyakazi ni agatabo ka Liviyal-Politiki (Akazi k'uburakari kandi bwabanyamakuru). Muri yo, umwanditsi agaragaza ibitekerezo bye ku buryo imibereho idatunganye na politiki idatunganye. Morer yanenga igihano cy'urupfu, yegeranye cyane inkengano zo mu buka bw'indaya n'intangarugero, biragoye kurwanya ibikorwa by'abaturage, byerekana uko batumvikana n'amategeko yerekeye abakozi. Mubice bimwe, Thomas itanga gahunda yo kuvugurura igamije gukosora ibintu.
Igice cya kabiri cyerekana inyigisho za Mora. Ibitekerezo byingenzi byiyi nyigisho bigabanywa kuri ibi bikurikira: Umukuru wigihugu agomba kuba "Umutungo wubwenge", umutungo wihariye ugomba gusimburwa no kumenyekanisha, akazi ni itegeko kuri bose kandi ntigomba gukoreshwa, amafaranga arashobora gukoreshwa Gusa kubucuruzi nibindi bihugu (Monopoly aho uyobora leta), ikwirakwizwa ryibicuruzwa bigomba gukurikizwa nkurikije ibikenewe. Filozofiya ya Mora yatekereje kuri demokarasi n'uburinganire, nubwo hari umwami ufite.
Ati: "Utopia" yabaye ishingiro ry'iterambere ryakurikiyeho inyigisho za Utopian. Harimo, yagize uruhare runini mu gushyiraho umwanya wubumuntu wumufilozofe uzwi cyane, nka Tommaso kwikangurambaga. "Amateka ya Richard III", ikindi gikorwa gikomeye cya Thomas Mora, cyahindutse uburyohe bw'impaka rikomeje: Abashakashatsi bamwe basuzuma igitabo gifite igitabo gifite amateka, abandi ni ubuhanzi. Utopiste yanditse kandi ibikorwa byinshi nubusigo.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ndetse na mbere yuko The Renaissance Smoeni yazuzwa n'umurimo uzwi cyane wa Thomas Mora na mbere yuko atangira gufata imyanya minini muri Leta, Umubano washakanye na Jane Colt w'imyaka irindwi. Ibi byabaye mu 1505. Yari umukobwa utuje kandi mwiza kandi bidatinze yibaruka umugabo we w'abana we: mwene Yohani n'abakobwa ba Cecili, Elizabeti na Margaret.
Mu 1511, Jane yapfuye kubera umuriro. Thomas Mor, ntashaka gusiga abana adafite nyina, bidatinze arongora umupfakazi urwanira Miletice Mileton, uwo yari atuye mu buryo bwishimye mbere y'urupfu. Yabyaye kandi umwana mu ishyingiranwa rya mbere.
Urupfu
Kuri Thomas Mora, amagambo avuye mu bikorwa bye ntabwo yari ibihimbano by'ubuhanzi - yizeraga cyane ibiteganywa n'inyigisho ze zose kandi akomeza kuba umunyamadini. Kubwibyo, igihe Henri VIII yashakaga guhagarika ubukwe numugore we, Mor yashimangiye ko ibyo bishobora gukora papa gusa. Mu ruhare rw'icya nyuma, Clement VII yakinnye muri icyo gihe, kandi yari arwanya inzira yakozwe isenyutse.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, Heinrich VIII yashishimuye umubano na Roma ahagarara mu nzira yo gukora itorero ry'Abangirilika mu gihugu cyabo kavukire. Bidatinze, Anna Boleyn yambitswe ikamba, uwo bashakanye mushya w'umwami. Ibyo byose byateje urunuka cyane kuri Thomas Mora, ko atavuye ku mwanya wa Nyagasani Chancellor, ahubwo yafashije umubikira Elizabeth Barton yamaganye kumugaragaro imyitwarire yumwami.
Bidatinze, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeye "igikorwa cy'intebe": Knikuru zose z'icyongereza byari ugutangara, kumenya abana ba Henri na Borin byemewe kandi banga kumenya imbaraga zose mu Bwongereza usibye abayobozi bahagarariye Uwiteka igituba. Thomas Mor yanze kumarara kandi yashojwe mu munara. Mu 1535, yiciwe kubera ubuhemu bwa Leta.
Mu 1935, yabarwaga kubera ko huta mu maso ya Abera gatolika.