Ubuzima
Galileo Galilaya nicyo gifatika cyiza cyane mu bihe bya Renaissance, abashinzwe ubukanishi bugezweho, fiziki na astronomic, abayoboke b'ibitekerezo bya Copernic, barabanjirije Newton.
Umuhanga uzaza yavukiye mu Butaliyani, umujyi wa Pisa 15 Gashyantare 1564. Padiri Vincenzo Galilaya, wari uw'ubwo bwose bw'Abanyacyubahiro, yakinnye Lute nandika Poopise ku nyigisho z'umuziki. Vincenzo yari mu rwego rw'amarano ya Florentine, abitabiriye amahugurwa baharanira kubyutsa ibyago bya kera by'Abagereki. Ibisubizo byibikorwa byabacuranzi, abasizi n'abaririmbyi nibyo byari ibyaremwe mugihe cyibinyejana bya xvi-XVII byikinyejana cya Opera.
Mama Julia Ammannati yayoboye urugo akazamura abana bane: mukuru Galileo, Virginie, Libiya na Michelangelo. Umuhungu muto yagiye mu kirenge cya Data hanyuma azwi cyane kubera ibihangano by'uwahimbye. Igihe Galileo yari afite imyaka 8, umuryango wimukiye mu murwa mukuru Tuscany, Umujyi wa Florence, aho ingoma ya Medisi yateye imbere, izwi ku bw'abahanzi, abahanzi, abahanga n'abahanga.
Akiri muto, yahawe ishuri ku kigobe cya Bennedkliney cya Vallomboz. Umuhungu yerekanye ubushobozi bwo gushushanya, indimi ziga indimi nubumenyi bwuzuye. Kuva kwa se Galilao twarazwe iburanisha ry'umuziki n'ubushobozi bwo guhimba, ariko siyanse yakuye uwo musore.
Ubushakashatsi
Ku ya 17, Galileo yagiye muri Pisa gushakisha imiti muri kaminuza. Umusore, usibye ibintu nyamukuru nubuvuzi, byashishikajwe no gusura amashuri yimibare. Umusore yavumbuye isi ya geometrie na algebraic, byagize ingaruka ku isi ya Galileya. Muri iyo myaka itatu, umusore yize muri kaminuza, yize neza umurimo w'abatekereza b'Abagereki ba kera n'abahanga, kandi na bo bahura n'isezerano rya Hidiyonic rya Copernic.
Nyuma y'imyaka itatu yo guma mu ishuri, Galilaya yahatiwe gusubira muri Florence kubera kubura amafaranga yo kurushaho guhugura ababyeyi. Ubuyobozi bwa kaminuza ntabwo bwagiye ku rubyiruko rw'umusore ufite impano, ntiyemereye amahirwe yo kurangiza amasomo no kubona impamyabumenyi. Ariko Galileo yamaze kugira patron ikomeye, Marquis GWIDOBALDo Del Monte, washidikanyaga impano ya Galilaya mu rwego rw'ivumburwa. Aristoct yateguye uyu munsi wa Tuscan Duchoga Ferdinand I Medico kandi aha umusore umushahara ku gikari cy'umutegetsi.
Kora muri kaminuza
MARquis Del Monte yafashije umuhanga ufite impano kugirango umwambe abone umwanya wa mwarimu muri kaminuza ya Bologna. Usibye ibiganiro, Galileo aganisha ibikorwa bya siyansi. Umuhanga akora mu bibazo by'ubukanishi n'imibare. Mu 1689, imyaka itatu, isubira mu kaminuza ya Pisa, ariko ubu nk'umwarimu w'imibare. Mu 1692, imyaka 18 yimukiye muri Repubulika ya Venice, umujyi ni Padu.
Guhuza imirimo yo kwigisha muri kaminuza yaho hamwe n'ubunararibonye bwa siyansi, Galileo atangaza ibitabo "ku cyerekezo", "ubukanishi", aho yamagana ibitekerezo bya Aristote. Muri ubwo buryo, kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bibaho - Umuhanga ahimba telesikope yemeye kubahiriza ubuzima bwo mwijuru. Ubuvumbuzi bwakozwe na Galilaem hamwe nubufasha bwigikoresho gishya, umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere bwasobanuwe mu gitabo "Inyenyeri".
Kugaruka mu 1610 muri Florence, ku kwita kuri Tuscan Duzimo Medici II, Galileya yatanze inyandiko y'insanganyamatsiko z'akati "izuba rishingiye ku kimwaro", ryahuye cyane na Kiliziya Gatolika. Mu ntangiriro ya XVII, iperereza ryakoraga no gukaraba cyane. Kandi abayoboke ba Copernic bari ku bamutsinzwe mu kwizera kwa gikristo kuri konti idasanzwe.
Mu 1600, Yorodani Bruno yiciwe ku muriro, utabateje ibitekerezo bye. Kubwibyo, imirimo yabagatolika ya Galileo ya Galileya yafatwaga nkububi. Umuhanga ubwe yigaragaje ko ari Umugatolika kandi ntiyabona kwivuguruza kw'imirimo ye n'ishusho ya Kristo y'isi. Umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere cya Bibiliya n'umubare yabonaga igitabo giteza imbere agakiza k'ubugingo, kandi atari mu gitabo cya siyansi rwose.
Mu 1611, Galilaya yagiye i Roma kwerekana papa wa telesikope Paul V. Kugaragaza igikoresho umuhanga mu bya siyanse yakoresheje neza ndetse no kwemerwa n'abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere. Ariko icyifuzo cy'umuhanga cyo kwihanganira icyemezo cya nyuma ku kibazo cya Sisitemu ya Hidiocentric y'isi yafashe icyemezo mu maso ya Kiliziya Gatolika. Abapapite batangaje ko Galilaya hamwe na hotike, gahunda yo gushinga yatangijwe mu 1615. Igitekerezo cya Hidiyontrism cyemewe ku mugaragaro nka komisiyo y'Abaroma y'ibinyoma mu 1616.
Filozofiya
Inyandiko nyamukuru yisi yose ya Galilaya ni ukumenya ibintu byisi, tutitaye ku myumvire ifatika numuntu. Isanzure ni ihema kandi ritagira iherezo, ryatangijwe na pellench yimana. Ntakintu kiri mumwanya kidafite ibimenyetso, gusa impinduka mumiterere ibaho. Isi ishingiye ku rugendo rwa mashini y'ibice, kuba yarize bishobora kwigishwa n amategeko y'isi n'ijuru. Kubwibyo, ibikorwa bya siyansi bigomba gushingira kubunararibonye nubumenyi bwumva kwisi. Kamere kuri Galileo ni ingingo nyayo ya filozofiya, usobanukiwe ushobora kwegera ukuri nubutabera bwibanze muri byose.
Galilaya yari icyemezo cyubu buryo bubiri bwa siyanse karemano - kugerageza no guterwa. Abifashijwemo n'uburyo bwa mbere, abahanga bazi ibimenyetso byerekana ko hypotheses, uwa kabiri yafashe urugendo ruhoraho ruva mubyabaye kurindi, kugirango ugere kubumenyi bwuzuye. Mu kazi, igihome cyo kwishingikiriza cyane ku nyigisho za Achidedes. Kunegura ubujurire bwa Aristote, Galilaya ntabwo yanze uburyo bwo gusesengura bukoreshwa na filozofiya ya kera.
Astrono
Kubera ko yahimbwe mu 1609, telesikope yaremewe hakoreshejwe lens ya convex kandi ijisho ry'ibiganiro, Galilay yatangiye gukurikirana Liminais yo mu ijuru. Ariko kwiyongera bitatu mu bikoresho bya mbere byabuze umuhanga mu bushakashatsi bwuzuye, kandi bidatinze umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere atera telesikope afite uburebure bwa 32 mu bintu.
Luminaire wa mbere, icyo gihe Galilaya yize mu buryo burambuye afashijwe nigikoresho gishya, cyari ukwezi. Umuhanga yavumbuye imisozi myinshi n'ibisigazwa hejuru ya satelite yisi. Ubuvumbuzi bwa mbere bwemeje ko ubutaka bufite ibintu bifatika ntaho butandukaniye nindi mibiri yo mwijuru. Uku kwambere kwamaganye cyemewe kwa Aristote kubyerekeye itandukaniro ryisi na kamere yo mwijuru.
Ubuvumbuzi bwa kabiri bukomeye mu rwego rwa Astrononon ya bireba kumenya Satelite enye za Jupiter, mu kinyejana cya 20 rumaze kwemezwa n'amafoto menshi ya cosmic. Rero, yahakanye ingingo z'abatavuga rumwe na Copernico ko, niba ukwezi kuzenguruka isi, igihugu ntigishobora kuzenguruka izuba. Galilaya kubera ubusembwa bwa telesikope ya mbere ntigishobora kwerekana igihe cyimpinduramavu ya satelite. Icyemezo cya nyuma cyerekana kuzunguruka ukwezi kwa Jupiter rwashyizwe imbere nyuma yimyaka 70 nka Cassini.
Galileo yavumbuye ko habaho ahantu h'izuba, ibyo yabibonye igihe kirekire. Kuba yarize urumuri, Galiley yakoresheje umwanzuro kubyerekeye kuzunguruka izuba rikikije amacakumi. Kureba Venusi na Mercure, umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere yemera ko imibumbe ya orbite yegereye izuba. Galilaya yavumbuye impeta ya Saturne ndetse isobanura umubumbe usenya, ariko kugeza imperuka muri ubwo buvumbuzi yananiwe gutera imbere, kubera kwihangana n'ikoranabuhanga. Kureba telesikope inyuma yinyenyeri zo munzira y'Amata, umuhanga yavuze neza ko ubwinshi.
Ubushakashatsi no kubyumvirwa, Hillege, Hisha byerekana ko isi izenguruka izuba, ariko no hafi yayo, bishimangira cyane umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere mukuri kwa hypothesis ya Copernic. I Roma, nyuma yuko abashyitsi bakirebwa muri Vatikani, Galilaya abaye umwe mu bagize iryo shuri rya Dei Linch, yashinzwe n'umutware wa Cese.
Ubukanishi
Ishingiro ryimikorere yumubiri muri kamere dukurikije Galilaya ni ingendo. Umuhanga wo muri Universie yafatwaga nkuburyo bugoye bugizwe nimpamvu zoroshye. Kubwibyo, ubukanishi bwabaye imfuruka mubikorwa bya siyansi ya Galilaya. Galileo yavumbuye byinshi mu karere ubukanishi butaziguye, kandi bwerekanye amabwiriza y'akarere kavumburwa kazoza muri fiziki.
Umuhanga yabanje gushyiraho amategeko yo kugwa kandi arabyemeza neza. Galileo yafunguye imiterere yumubiri iguruka, igenda kuri inguni kugeza hejuru ya horizontal. Gukomeza parabolike yikintu cyatereranywe cyari ingenzi kubabara ameza ya artillerie.
Galiley yateguye amategeko ya Inetia, yabaye axiomi shingiro yubukanishi. Ubundi buvumbuzi bwari butanga ihame ryo kurwanya ubukanishi bwa kera, ndetse no kubara formula ya landulum ya occillations. Hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwa nyuma, amasaha ya mbere hamwe na pendulum muri 1657 na Geuger Faccome yavumbuwe.
Galileya yabanje kwereka ibintu byo kurwanya ibikoresho kuruta imbaraga mu iterambere rya siyansi yigenga. Ibitekerezo by'umuhanga byakurikiyeho ishingiro ry'amategeko ya fiziki ku kubungabunga ingufu mu rwego rwa rukuruzi, igihe cy'ingufu.
Imibare
Abagalilaya mu manza z'imibare begereye igitekerezo cy'igitekerezo gishoboka. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri ubu bumenyi, Umuhanga wagaragaje mu gitabo "Gutekereza ku mukino mu magufwa", yasohotse nyuma yimyaka 76 apfuye. Galilaya yabaye umwanditsi wa paradox izwi yimibare kumibare karemano hamwe na kare. Kubara k'ubusambanyi byanditswe mu kazi "Ibiganiro bijyanye na siyansi abiri". Iterambere ryagize ishingiro ryicyerekezo cyashyizweho no gutondekanya.Amakimbirane n'Itorero
Nyuma ya 1616, impinduka mu biografiya ya Galileya, yahatiwe kujya mu gicucu. Umuhanga yatinyaga kwerekana ibitekerezo bye neza, bityo igitabo cya Galileo cyatangajwe nyuma yo gutangaza ko Copernic Letic yari afite imyaka 1623 "prodreshtik." Amaze guhindura ubutegetsi muri Galilaya, yafashe umwuka, yizeraga ko papa mushya wa VIII yaba ari mwiza ku bitekerezo bye kurusha uwabanjirije.
Ariko nyuma yo kugaragara mu binyamakuru mu 1632, igitabo kitavugwaho rumwe "kijyanye na sisitemu ebyiri nyamukuru z'isi", isezerano ryo kongera kugaragara kurwanya umuhanga. Iyi nkuru yasubiwemo no gushinja, ariko iki gihe kuri Galileo ibintu byose byarangiye byinshi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Kuba muri Padua, umusore Gallile yabonanaga n'abayoboke ba Repubulika ya Marenianiya ya Marina Gamba, wabaye umugore wa Leta w'umuhanga. Mu muryango wa Galilaya, bakomokaho batatu bavutse - mwene Vincenzo n'umukobwa wa Virginia na Libiya. Kubera ko abana bagaragaye hanze yubukwe bwubukwe, abakobwa nyuma bagombaga kuba ababikira. Mu 55, Galileo yashoboye kwemeza umuhungu gusa, bityo umusore yashoboye kurongora no guha se w'umwuzukuru, mu gihe kizaza nkuko nyirasenge ahinduka umumonaki.
Iperereza rimaze gutangaza Galileo mu mategeko, yimukiye muri villa mu murashi, utari kure y'abigo by'abigo by'abakobwa. Kubwibyo, kenshi, Galileya yashoboraga kubona aku gukundwa, umukobwa mukuru wa Virginie, kugeza apfuye mu 1634. Libiya muto ntiyasuye se kubera ububabare.
Urupfu
Bitewe n'igifungo gito mu 1633, Galilaya yanze igitekerezo cya Hiduocentrism gifatwa burundu. Umuhanga yashyize mu mutekano wo mu nzu mu mujyi wa Archeryry abuza itumanaho. Galileo yagumye kuri villa ya Tuscan kugirango byoroshye kugeza iminsi yanyuma yubuzima. Umutima w'Ubuhanga wahagaze ku ya 8 Mutarama 1642. Igihe cyo gupfa, hari abanyeshuri babiri - Viviani na Tornelli hafi yintiti. Muri 30, imirimo yanyuma ya mandeker yakozwe - "ibiganiro" n "" ibiganiro n'ibimenyetso by'imibare bijyanye n'inganda ebyiri "mu Buholandi.
Nyuma y'urupfu rw'Abagatolika rwarabujijwe gushyingura umukungugu Galileya muri Santa Croce Basilika, aho umuhanga yashakaga kunangira. Ubutabera bwaburanishijwe mu 1737. Kuva ubu, imva ya Galilaya iherereye iruhande rwa Michelangelo. Nyuma yiyi myaka 20, itorero ryasubije igitekerezo cya heliyocentrism. Itsindire ya Galileo yagombaga gutegereza igihe kirekire. Ikosa rya Serivisi ryamenyekanye gusa mu 1992 na Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II.