Rene Descartes - Biografiya, ifoto, ubuzima bwite, filozofiya, uburyo no gutekereza

Ubuzima

René Descat - Mahematiya, filozofiya, filozori, umukanishi na fiziki, ibitekerezo byagize uruhare mu bitekerezo no kuvumbura no kuvumbura byagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'inganda nyinshi za siyansi icyarimwe. Yateje imbere ikigereranyo cya algebraic, ibyo dukoresha kugeza na n'ubu, byabaye "se" wa geometrie isesengura, yashyizeho urufatiro rwo gushira uburyo bwo kwerekana ibintu, kandi ibi ntabwo byose byagezweho.

Mu bwana n'urubyiruko

Rene Descarte yagaragaye mu mujyi wa La ku ya 31 Werurwe 1596. Nyuma yaho, izina ryuyu mujyi ryahinduwe kuva ku masekuru. Ababyeyi ba Rena bari bahagarariye abanyacyubahiro ba kera, muri XVI mu kinyejana cya XVI bagabanutse barangirira impera. Rena aba umuhungu wa gatatu mumuryango. Igihe Descorte yari afite imyaka 1, nyina yapfuye giturumbuka. Se w'ejodiri uzwiho Umuhanga wakoraga nk'umucamanza mu wundi mujyi, bityo rero yasuye abana. Kubwibyo, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Mama, nyirakuru yafashe muto.

Kuva mu myaka ya mbere, Rene yagaragaje amatsiko atangaje kandi yifuza kunguka ubumenyi. Muri uru rubanza, yari afite ubuzima buke. Umuhungu wambere wuburezi yakiriwe muri kaminuza ya jesuit ya La Flash. Iki kigo cy'amazi cyatandukanijwe n'ubutegetsi bukomeye, ariko Destte, uzirikana ubuzima bw'ubuzima, bwakoreye muri ubu buryo bwo kwidagadura. Kurugero, yashoboraga kubyuka nyuma kurusha abandi banyeshuri.

Nko muri kaminuza nyinshi, muri La Flash, uburezi bwari umunyedini. Kandi nubwo ubushakashatsi bwasobanuraga byinshi kumwanya muto uhagaze, icyerekezo nkiki cya sisitemu yuburezi cyarahenze kandi kikamukomeza muri we imyitwarire inyenzi kubirwa bya filozofiya byicyo gihe.

René amaze kurangiza amasomo mu Nama, yagiye mu gaciro, aho yakiriye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu mategeko. Hanyuma yamaze igihe mu murwa mukuru w'Abafaransa, kandi mu 1617 yinjiye mu gisirikare. Imishinga yitabiriye imirwano yo mu karere k'ubuholandi, mu gihe umuco wasuzuguye na revolution, ndetse no mu ntambara ngufi ya Prague. Mu Buholandi, kuva mu matama byagize inshuti na muhangaya wa muhanga Isaase Bekman.

Rero yabayeho igihe runaka i Paris, kandi igihe abayoboke ba Yesuyi bamenye ibitekerezo bye bitinyutse, basubira mu Buholandi, aho yari atuye imyaka 20. Mu mibereho yose, yatotejwe kandi agabitero mu itorero kugira ngo agire ibitekerezo bitera imbere, wazimye urwego rw'iterambere ry'ubumenyi bw'ubumenyi bwa XVI-XVII.

Filozofiya

Inyigisho za filozofiya ya René Descar yari yihariye ebyiri: yizeraga ko hari ibintu byiza, kandi ibikoresho. Hanyuma, undi ntangira yamenye abigenga. Igitekerezo cya rene desturte nacyo kirimo kumenyekanisha ko hari ubwoko bubiri bwinzego ebyiri mwisi yacu: gutekereza no kwagurwa. Umuhanga yizeraga ko Imana ari yo soko y'ibigo byombi. Irabatera ukurikije amategeko amwe, arema ibintu bijyanye namahoro no kugenda, kandi nanone bigumana ibintu.

Uburyo budasanzwe bwo kumenya ubumenyi bwa René Descartes yabonye mu gushyira mu gaciro. Muri icyo gihe, ubumenyi bw'umuhanga yabonaga ko hashingiwe ku kuba umuntu azaganza imbaraga za kamere. Ibishoboka byo gutekereza ku mato biratereranwa no kudatungana k'umuntu, itandukaniro ryayo ku Mana itunganye. Kumenya ibitekerezo kubijyanye no kumenya muburyo busanzwe bwo gushyira mu gaciro.

Ingingo ya mbere yo gushakisha cyane Ren mu rwego rwa filozofiya yari ashidikanya mu kuri, ikosa ry'ubumenyi rijyanye no kwemerwa muri rusange. Gufata Descartes "Ndatekereza - kubwibyo, ndahari" kubera iyo ngingo. Philosopher yavuze ko buri muntu ashobora gushidikanyaho kubaho k'umubiri we ndetse n'isi yo hanze muri rusange. Ariko icyarimwe, uku gushidikanya gukomeza gushika neza.

Imibare na fiziki

Ibisubizo nyamukuru bya filozofiya n'ibisubizo by'imibare y'umurimo wa Rene Descartes nibwo kwandika igitabo "Gutekereza ku buryo". Igitabo cyarimo ibyifuzo byinshi. Porogaramu imwe ikubiyemo isesengura rya geometrie isesengura. Ikindi gipimo cyarimo amategeko yo kwiga ibikoresho bya optique no mubihe bifatika, ibyagezweho na Cartate muri iyi nganda (kumwanya wa mbere wakoze neza amategeko yo gukuraho urumuri) nibindi.

Umuhanga yashyizeho impamyabumenyi yakoreshejwe ubungubu, umurongo uri hejuru yimvugo wafashwe munsi yumuzi watangiye kwerekana ibimenyetso "x, y, y", nindangagaciro zihoraho - inyuguti "A, c". Imibare nayo yateje imbere uburyo bwa Canonical yuburinganire, bukoreshwa mugukemura (mugihe zeru iri mugice cyiza cyo kugereranya).

Ikindi cyagezweho Reeduts, ni ngombwa kunoza imibare na fiziki, ni iterambere rya sisitemu yo guhuza. Umuhanga yabishyizeho kugirango ashobore gusobanura ibisobanuro bya geometrike imitungo n'imirongo mururimi rwa algebra ya kera. Muyandi magambo, byari René Destras watumyesesengura ikigereranyo cyumurongo muri sisitemu ya Carsiste, nikihe umwanya wihariye muri sisitemu ifite urukiramende ruzwi cyane. Iyi mitwe yemerewe kandi neza cyane kandi neza gusobanura imibare itari myiza.

Imibare yakoranye na algebraic na "imikoranire", mugihe itongana ko nta buryo bumwe bwo kwiga imikorere yomeneka. Descartes yize imibare nyayo, ariko itangira kuzirikana kandi igoye. Yatangije igitekerezo cyumizi mibi yibitekerezo bihuza nigitekerezo cyimibare igoye.

Ubushakashatsi mu rwego rw'imibare, geometrie, opics na fiziki nyuma byabaye ishingiro ryimpapuro za siyansi za Euler, Newton n'umunyeshuri benshi. Imibare yose yo mu gice cya kabiri cy'Ikinyejana cya XVII cyashinze inyigisho ze ku mirimo ya Rene.

Uburyo bwo Gukwirakwiza

Umuhanga yizeraga ko uburambe bukenewe gusa gufasha mubitekerezo muri ibyo bihe mugihe bidashoboka kuza kuri ukuri gusa. Imibereho mirongo itatu yubuzima bwa siyanse yo guterana ibice bine byingenzi byuburyo bwo gushakisha ukuri:

1. Birakenewe gutangira kubigaragara, ntabwo byashidikanyaga. Hamwe nibinyuranye nibyo bidashoboka kwemerera.
2. Ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose kigomba kugabanywamo ibice byinshi bike nkuko bisaba kugirango ugere kumuti wacyo utanga umusaruro.
3. Igomba gutangirana byoroshye, aho ukeneye kugenda buhoro buhoro kugirango ugere ku rugero rwinshi.
4. Kuri buri cyiciro, birakenewe gusubiramo ukuri kw'imyanzuro yatezwe ku buryo hakurikijwe ibisubizo by'ubushakashatsi, kwigirira icyizere mu bintu by'ubumenyi byungutse.

Abashakashatsi babona ko aya mategeko atavamo yakoreshejwe, akora imirimo, yerekana ko umuco w'uburayi wa XVII uharanira amategeko ashaje kandi yo gutera imbere kandi bitera imbere.

Ubuzima Bwihariye

Kubyerekeye ubuzima bwihariye bwo kwegera buzi bike. Muri abo gihe bavuze ko muri societe yishyira hejuru kandi acecetse, ahitamo kwigunga kw'isosiyete, ariko mu ruziga rw'abantu bashoboraga kwerekana ibikorwa bitangaje mu itumanaho. Muka Rena, uko bigaragara atari.

Mukure, yakundaga umuja, wamuhaye umukobwa wa Francin. Uyu mukobwa yavutse mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, ariko intambwe yaramukundaga cyane. Ku myaka itanu, ubusaza bwa Francine bwapfuye kubera scarletna. Umuhanga wo gupfa yise ibyago bikomeye byubuzima bwe.

Urupfu

Mu myaka yashize, Rene Descartes yagize ikibazo cyo kureba neza siyanse. Mu 1649, yimukiye i Storilm, aho yatumiwe n'umwamikazi wa Eshiyona. Hamwe nintangiriro yanyuma, imyaka myinshi yongeye kwandikwa. Christina yatsinzwe n'ubuhanga bw'umuhanga amusezeranya ubuzima butuje mu murwa mukuru wa Leta. Yoo, ubuzima muri Stockholm Rene yishimiye igihe gito: nyuma gato yo kwimuka yari akonje. Ubukonje bwahise bwahindukiraga ibihaha. Umuhanga yajyaga ku isi mu kindi 11 Gashyantare 1650.

Hariho igitekerezo cy'uko intambwe yapfuye kubera umusonga, ahubwo kubera uburozi. Mu ruhare rw'ibimenyetso, abakozi ba Kiliziya Gatolika bashoboraga gukora, atari ukuba hari umuhanga wo kubohora iruhande rw'umwamikazi wa Suwede. Kiliziya Gatolika ya nyuma yashakaga guhindura ukwemera kwe, byabaye nyuma yimyaka ine nyuma y'urupfu rwa Re. Kwemeza intego kuriyi verisiyo uyumunsi ntabwo yakiriye, ariko abashakashatsi benshi babishaka.

Amagambo

• Igikorwa nyamukuru cyibibazo byose byabantu nuko batera inkunga kandi bagena ubugingo bwumuntu wifuza icyo ishaka itegura umubiri we.
• Mu makimbirane menshi ushobora kubona ikosa rimwe: Mugihe ukuri kubeshya hagati yibitekerezo bibiri birinzwe, buri kimwe cya nyuma kibutseho, kure kuruta ubushyuhe bunini.
• Impuhwe zidasanzwe zitotomba cyane kuko yibwira ko umusozi w'abitotomba ari munini cyane, mu gihe impamvu nyamukuru yimpuhwe z'abantu bakomeye ari intege nke z'abo bumva ibibazo.
• Filozofiya kuko ikoreshwa nazo zose ziboneka kubumenyi bwabantu, umuntu adutandukanya nabagabo, kandi abanyarwariniya, kandi abantu bose ni umuturage kandi bize, ibyiza muri it filozofiya; Kubwibyo, nta cyiza kinini kuri leta, uburyo bwo kugira abafilozofe nyabo.
• Amatsiko arashaka gusa kuba yarabatangaje; Amatsiko noneho kugirango ayige kandi uhagarike igitangaza.

Bibliografiya

• Filozofiya ya Mwuka kandi ukomoka
• Amategeko agenga ubuyobozi bwibitekerezo
• Gucuruza Ukuri binyuze mu mucyo
• Isi, cyangwa itandukaniro
• Gutekereza ku buryo bwo kohereza neza ibitekerezo byawe no kubona ukuri muri siyansi
• Mu ntangiriro, filozofiya
• Ibisobanuro byumubiri wumuntu. Kurema inyamaswa
• Ijambo kuri gahunda runaka ryasohotse mu Bubiligi mu mpera za 1647 munsi y'umutwe: Ibisobanuro byerekana ubwenge bwa muntu, cyangwa ubugingo bushyize mu gaciro, aho busobanuye ko bugereranya n'ibishobora kuba
• Ubugingo
• Ibitekerezo kuri filozofiya ya mbere, aho kubaho kw'Imana no gutandukanya ubugingo bwabantu numubiri bigaragazwa
• Inzitizi z'abahanga bamwe barwanya "Ibitekerezo" byavuzwe haruguru hamwe n'ibisubizo by'umwanditsi
• Byimbitse kuri Padiri Dina, Abbot yintara y'Ubufaransa
• Ikiganiro na Birner
• Geometrie
• Cosmopony: Ibitabo bibiri
• Mu ntangiriro, filozofiya
• Ibitekerezo kuri filozofiya ya mbere