Ubuzima
Canvas ya Casimir Malevich izwi kuri miriyoni, ariko ifatika ibice. Amashusho amwe yumuhanzi arakaye kandi arakaye kubera ubworoherane, abandi bashima kandi bashimishwa nubujyakuzimu hamwe nubusobanuro bwibanga. Malevich yakoraga mu batowe, ariko nta cyitayeho yasize umuntu uwo ari we wese.
Kuba yarabayeho ubuzima bwuzuye, Uburusiya Avant-garde yashyikirije abakomoka kubintu byose ubuhanzi muri iki gihe, kandi amashusho yayo arasa na paradoxique.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Kazimir Seporonovich Malevich yavukiye i Kiev ku ya 23 Gashyantare 1879. Ubuzima bwumuhanzi ni amayobera kandi yuzuye "ahantu hera". Bamwe bita umwaka wamavuko yumwaka wa Kubist 1879, abandi - 1978. Dukurikije verisiyo yemewe, Malevich yavukiye i Kiev, ariko hari abashaka gutekereza ku mvugo nto y'umuhanzi wa Biyelorusiya, maze se wa Casimir - Ebere Vinir hamwe na Patherkloring Sevevich.
Niba ukurikiza verisiyo yemewe, ababyeyi babatije Casimir quapervich hagati muri Werurwe 1879 mu rusengero rwa Kiev rwa Mutagatifu Kaleandre, bifatika byo kwinjiza mu gitabo cya Paruwasi.
Se w'ejo hazaza heza - Svalkić Se usvich yavukiye mu mujyi wa Turbov Intara ya Podolsk yo mu Ntema y'Uburusiya (uyu munsi mu karere ka Vinnitsa muri Ukraine). Muri Turbov, Severin Antonovich yakoraga n'umuyobozi ku gihingwa cya Sahara cyo mu rugamba Nikolai Terefichenko. Mama Casimir Malevich - Ludwig Alexandrovna Galinovskaya - yarebye inzu y'abantu benshi: Malevich yavutse ku rubyaro rwinshi muri bo - abahungu bakuru, abahungu batanu n'abakobwa bane.
Kazimir ni imfura ya Ka Malevichi. Umuryango waganiriye mu Gipolonye, ariko bari bazi Ukraine n'Uburusiya. Umuhanzi uzaza yifataga inkingi, ariko mugihe cyo gukosora mubibazo byanditswe na Ukraine.
Kugeza ku ya 12, Kazimir Mayvich yabaga mu mudugudu wa Moevka Yampolsky Intara ya Podolsk, ariko kubera umurimo wa Data uri munsi y'intara ya miliyoni 17, umwaka n'igice babaga mu midugudu ya Kharkiv, Chinev n'intara.
Mubwana, Qazimir Mayvich kubyerekeye gushushanya nabi. Inyungu zo mu chanvas no gushushanya zari zifite ingimbi afite imyaka 15, igihe umuhungu hamwe na se yasuye Kiev. Muri imurikagurisha, umusore Malevich yabonye ishusho ye yumukobwa yicaye ku ntebe kandi yibirayi isukuye. Ishusho yahindutse intangiriro yo gushaka gufata brush. Kumenya ibi, Mama kumunsi wamavuko yaguze umuhungu urutonde rwamabara.
Gushimisha Igishushanyo cya Casamira byari byiza cyane ku buryo umuhungu w'imyaka 17 yavuganye na se uruhushya rwo kwinjira mu ishuri ry'ubuhanzi rya Kiev, washinzwe n'Umuhanzi w'Uburusiya Nikolai Murash. Ariko quarsvich yize muri Kiev mumwaka gusa: Mu 1896, umuryango wimutse kuri Urkin.
Gushushanya
Ishusho yambere mubuhanga bwibishushanyo bya peteroli, ifitwe na brush ya masvich, yagaragaye muri konokk. Cazimir w'imyaka 16 ku ruhande rw'ubunini bwa Arshin kuri bitatu by'amezi atatu yerekanaga ijoro ry'ukwezi n'uruzi n'ubwato bwarashimye ku nkombe. Akazi karita "ukwezi". Ubutumire bwa mbere bwa canvas bwagurishijwe kuri 0 na 5 barazimiye.
Nyuma yo kwimukira i Kursk, Mazimir Mayvich yabonye igikurura mu micungire ya gari ya moshi ya Leta y'Uburusiya. Gushushanya byahindutse akazi kavumbuwe kandi udakunzwe: Umuhanzi ukiri muto wateguye uruziga aho abantu bahuje ibitekerezo bahuriza hamwe.
Imyaka ibiri nyuma yo kujya i Kursk Malevich yateguye imurikagurisha ryambere ryamashusho, nkuko yanditse ibyerekeye "Autobiografiya", ariko nta bimenyetso byatangajwe. Mu 1899, Casimir yashakanye, ariko bidatinze, umurimo wo mu muryango, umurimo usanzwe mu micungire n'imitako y'umujyi wasunitse Umuhanzi kugira ngo uhindure: Kazimir Malevich, asiga umuryango wabereye i Murks, yagiye i Moscou.
Muri Kanama 1905, Malevich yatanze icyifuzo mu ishuri ry'imari, siyanse n'ubwubatsi, ariko ubwubatsi, ariko bwanga kubanga. Kazimir ntiyigeze asubira mu muryango igwa, kandi ku makimbirane 7 mu kwezi afata icyumba cya komini y'ubuhanzi, aho abantu batatu "" bamwe. Nyuma y'amezi atandatu, amafaranga yarangiye, na Kazimir Mayavich asubira mu rugo.
Mu ci ryo mu 1906, yagerageje ubusa na kabiri bwo kwinjira mu ishuri ry'imari. Ariko iki gihe umuhanzi yimukiye i Moscou n'umuryango we: Malevich hamwe n'umugore we n'abana babaga ku isasu rya nyina. Ludwig Alexandrovna yakoze nk'icyumba cyo kuriramo ku muhanda wa Tversuyaya. Nyuma y'ubujura bwo mu cyumba cyo kuriramo no kurimbuka, umuryango wimukiye mubyumba byimuwe mu rugo rwinjira muri Brusov Lane.
Icyifuzo cyo kwigira cyasunitswe Casimir Malevich gusura Sitidiyo yumuhanzi Fhodor wu Burusiya Reerberg. Imyaka itatu, guhera mu 1907, umuhanzi yize ashishikaye. Mu 1910, yagize uruhare mu imurikagurisha rya mbere rya Sosiyete y'abahanzi "Bubnovaya Valet" - guhuriza hamwe byo guhanga hakiri kare. Ati: "Bubnovytovtsy" bazwiho gutanyagura imigenzo ya picaliste ifatika. Muri ubumwe, Malevich yahuye na Peter Konchalovsky, Ivan Urufunguzo, Aristarkh Letilov na Mikhail Larionov. Tazimir Resovich yafashe intambwe yambere yerekeza mu cyerekezo gishya - Avant-gade.
Cubism na Sprem
Muri icyo 1910, umurimo wa Maid wagize uruhare mu imurikagurisha rya mbere ryabahanzi ba Bushnoy. Mu gihe cy'itumba, 1911, Ishusho ya Kazimir Seporoich yagaragaye muri sosiyete ya sosiyete ya Moscou, maze isoko yitabiriye imurikagurisha ry'ubumwe bwa mbere bw'Abatagatifu-Abahinzi ba Mutagatifu Petersburg "ubumwe bw'urubyiruko.
Mu 1912, Kazimir Mayvich yagiye i Munich, aho yitabiriye imurikagurisha ry'imirimo y '"ubumwe bw'urubyiruko" ndetse n'Ubutabo cy'Ubudage bwa Sosiyete ". Muri kiriya gihe, umuhanzi yinjiye mu itsinda ry'abakozi ba bagenzi bakiri bato kugira ngo umurizo, wabayeho kugeza mu 1913 maze yakinguye Niko Pishissemanishvili.
Guhanga abahanzi ba Avant-Garde bambukaga akazi k'abasizi ba Futurist velimira khlebnikov na Alexey Tschechey. Casimir Malevich yerekanaga ibitabo byo kwiyitirira Khlebnikov no kugoreka, kandi mu 1913 yaremye imitako n'ibishushanyo by'imyambaro ya opera ", inyandiko yacyo yanditse kugoreka. Opera yarakozwe kabiri muri St. Ibicumbe bya Statersburg "LUNA Parike". Provicery Procery ni ukugereranya ubunini bwamashusho yigihe kandi bigizwe na geometrike. Kazimir Mayvich yise iyi canvas "ya kiliziya ya Zaluse" na "Cubo-Futuristis."
Mu kwibuka kwibukira, Madamuvich yabwiye ko igitekerezo cya Square kirabura cyavukiye ku kazi kuri opara cyagoretse: Umuhanzi "yabonye" kare ku mwambi w'ibanze.
Mu 1915, Malevich yagize uruhare mu imurikagurisha rya mbere "Tram B" muri Petter kandi yanditse Manisto "ukomoka muri Cubism yerekeza mu buryo busanzwe. Ibintu bishya bifatika. " Muri Manifesto, Kazimir Mayvich Yerekanwe Icyerekezo gishya cya Avant-Garde - Suprematism (kuva Ikilatini Suppre - Drivence), washinze). Dukurikije Malevich, ibara ryiganjemo ibintu bisigaye byo gushushanya no gusiga irangi kuri canvase "yasohotse" kuva ku ruhare rw'ingenzi. Mubikorwa byihuse, umuhanzi yatembye imbaraga zo guhanga umuntu na kamere.
Ukuboza 1915 (ukurikije imiterere nshya - Mutarama 1916) mu imurikagurisha rya futuristic "0.10" Kazimir Madamu Endabukiye imyenda 39 yunze ubumwe n'umutwe "ushushanya ubuziranenge". Mubikorwa byerekanwe hari aho umurimo uzwi "kare cyane". Ishusho ni igice cya triptych, kirimo "umukara" na "umusaraba wumukara".
Mu Nzu Ndangamurage ya Amsterdam ni Malevich "Suprematism. Kwishushanya kwishushanya mubipimo bibiri ", bishushanyije mu 1915. Kwimura ibyayo "I", shebuja yakoresheje byibuze amarangi na geometrike ishusho. Mu kwishushanya, Kazimir Mayvich "yemeye" kutizera, "ibihembo", kunangira. Ariko amabara atukura n'umuhondo "dilute" urangara cyane, kandi impeta ntoya muri Centre "agira ati" kubyerekeye itumanaho n'isi.
Suprenatism Malevich yagize ingaruka ku bahanzi b'Abarusiya Olga Rozanov, Ivan Klanov, Ivan Klanov, ibyiringiro bya UDALtsov, Lyubov Popov, MStislav Yurkvich. Binjiye muri societe "Funga" Yateguwe na Kazimir Malevich.
Mu ci ryo mu 1917, Kazimir Mayvich yerekeje igice cy'ubuhanzi bw'inama y'abadepite b'abasirikare kandi yari mu baterankunga b'ishuri ry'abaturage. Mu Kwakira, Madamuvich yabaye umuyobozi wa "Bubnovaya", no mu Gushyingo, Komite ya Moscou yashyizeho umuhanzi na Komiseri mu kurengera inzibutso za kera. Yinjiye muri Komisiyo yerekeye kurinda indangagaciro z'ubuhanzi, harimo indangagaciro za Kremlin. Guverinoma nshya yashyigikiye abahanzi bakoze impinduramatwara mu buhanzi.
Mu 1918, Kazimir Malevich yimukiye i Petrograpp, aho yashinze ibintu n'imyambarire ya Psevolod Meyerter Meyer Meeria-Buff ku gikinisho cya Vladimir Mayatovsky. Muri iki gihe, hari igihe cya "Suprematism yera" Malevich. Urugero rutangaje rutabaza "cyera kuri canvas" yera (irindi zina - "kare yera").
Mu 1919, Kazimir Mayvich yasubiye i Moscou, yagizwe Umuyobozi w 'AantHop kugira ngo yige ubuhanga bushya bwo gukomera. "
Mu gihe cy'itumba, mu gihe cy'intambara y'abenegihugu, Avant-gari yimukiye i Viterisk, aho yayoboye amahugurwa y'ishuri ry'ubuhanzi bw'abaturage "icyitegererezo gishya cy'impinduramatwara". Yerekeje ku ishuri Mariko Chagall. Muri uwo mwaka, abigishwa ba Malevich binjiye mu itsinda rya UIVIs baremwe na we (koroshya ibihangano by'ubuhanzi), byateje imbere icyerekezo cya suprematimu. Umuyobozi wUmuremyi (Komite ishinzwe guhanga) "Uivisa" yahisemo Lazaro Hidekel, yateje uruhame nyawe. Muri iyi myaka, Kazimir Mayvich yibanze ku guteza imbere icyerekezo gishya no kwandika ibikoresho bya filozofiya.
Nyuma, mubihe bitotokoma bya Avant-gahoro, ibitekerezo bya suprematism muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti "byatembye" mu gishushanyo, ahose.
Mu 1922, Theolesophe n'umuhanga mu bya filozofiya barangije umurimo nyamukuru "Suprematimu. Isi ni nk'ibidasanzwe cyangwa amahoro y'iteka "kandi yimuka hamwe n'abanyeshuri bava Vitebsk kuri Petrograpp.
Hamwe nakazi ka Malevich wahuye na Berlin: Ibibuga bya Avant-Umurima yerekanwe kumurikamu wambere wu Burusiya.
Mu 1923, Kazimir Mayvich ni umuyobozi w'agateganyo w'ingoro z'umuco wa petrograpp. Hamwe n'abigishwa ba "Uvanis" akora umurimo w'ubushakashatsi.
Kuva mu 1924 kugeza 1926 - Umuyobozi w'ikigo cya Leta ya Leningrad cy'Ikigo cy'ubuhanzi cya Leningrad, aho yerekezaga ishami rikuru-tekinike. Ariko nyuma y'ingingo yo kutabona yatangajwe muri Nyakanga, Ikigo cyarafunzwe, kandi akazi kateguwe ku icapiro cyahagaritswe. Guverinoma y'Abasoviyeti yavuye ku bahagarariye "reaction".
Gutotezwa byakajije umurego mu 1927, igihe Kazimir Mayvich yasuye Ubudage. Mu imurikagurisha ry'ubuhanzi ngarukamwaka i Berlin, umuhanzi yatanze inzu y'imirimo ye, ariko we, amaze kubona ibaruwa yemewe isaba ko yagaruka, yitegereza byihutirwa muri Leningrad.
Malevich ategereje ubushake bubi bwanditse, asiga irangi, muri zo kare yera, ku muryango wa Rizen na Archite Herding. Mu gihe cy'intambara, imirimo 15 irazimira, ibisigaye byose bibitswe mu nzu ndangamurage y'umujyi wa Amsterdam. Igicapo "igitondo nyuma yuko imvura yo mu mudugudu" Kazimir Malevich yagurishijwe i Berlin. Canvas yerekanwa mu nzu ndangamurage ya Salomo Guugenheim i New York.
Guverinoma ntiyababariye kumenyekana mana mu burengerazuba n'ingendo mu Budage. Mu 1930, Kazimir Mayvich yatawe muri yombi, akekwaho kuba mu rwego mpuzamahanga. Igisubizo cyibitangazamakuru na bagenzi be byiburengerazuba byatanze ububasha bwo gutanga umuhanzi mukwezi. Gutinya ibihano ntibyavunitse mayvich, kandi "abibwira" binyuze muri brush na canvas y'ukuri kubona: Abahinzi mu rupapuro rwa Kubist - mannequins nta bantu barwanya inyuma y'imirima irumbuka. Kazimir nkaya Mamavich abona abaturage bo mu midugudu nyuma y'intumwa no gukusanya.
Urwango rw'imbaraga ku muhanzi rwakuze: Imurikagurisha ry'imirimo ya Malevich i Kiev, kandi ryongeye gufungwa, rishinja Anti-Soviet copaganda. Ariko mu Kuboza, Kazimir Mayvich yararekuwe.
Nyuma ya gereza ya kabiri pubile, imburagihe cyashizeho urubuga "cycle yintara", icyiciro cyo kuranga "," ubusemburo bwa "Ubuntu-Ubuntu-Missistique yindege igaragara. Urugero runini ni ishusho "yo gusarura (Marita na Vanka)".
Mu 1931, umuhanzi yakoraga ku gishushanyo cy'ishusho ya "Inzu ya Baltique" (yahoze ari theatre itukura). Umwaka ukurikira, Malevich yagizwe umuyobozi wa laboratoire y'ubushakashatsi mu Nzu Ndangamurage y'Uburusiya kandi agira uruhare mu imurikagurisha ry'isabukuru "abahanzi bo muri RSFR imyaka 15." Kuri iri imurikagurisha, ukurikije ibihanga bya biographers, Kazimir Malevich yanditse verisiyo ya nyuma, ya kane ya kare yabirabura, ibitswe muri hermitage.
Mu myaka itatu ishize, Avant-Garde yashushanyijeho amashusho yubutumwa bwa realism. Kora ku ishusho "societe" Malevich ntabwo yarangije.
Kwiyongera kw'igishushanyo cya Kazimir Malevich - ibikoresho bikoresha amarangi ni ikindi. Kugirango ubone ahantu hatukura, umuhanzi kumurongo wirabura washyizweho umutuku. Abareba babonye ibara ntabwo ari umutuku gusa, ahubwo bakoresheje umwijima. Impuguke, izi ibanga rya Malevich, byoroshye guhishurwa ibiryo bya Canvase.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu 1896, Kazimir Madamu Malevich yimukiye i Kumeneka n'ababyeyi be. Nyuma yimyaka itatu, umushinga w'imyaka 20 ashyingirwa yashakanye n'umukobwa w'umutendo waho Kazimir Zgorleitz. Ubukwe bwari bukubye kabiri: Mushikiwabo Casimir Maria yashakanye na murumuna wa Kazimir - imisozi.
Mu 1992, abashakanye bavutse imfura anatoly (bapfuye bazize Tifa bafite imyaka 15). Kandi mu 1995, umukobwa wa Galina yagaragaye.
Ubuzima buhuriweho bwabashakanye bwatanze crack nyuma gato yo kuvuka kw'abana: umugore yabonaga ko akunda gushushanya inkingi. Malevich yagiye i Moscou, kandi umubano w'abashakanye nabi.
Ubuzima ku giti cye ntabwo bwakoze na nyuma yo kongera guhura mu muryango i Moscou: Casimir yajyanye abana atura na Fleldsher mu bitaro bya Psycheatc mu mudugudu wa Meshchersky. Bidatinze, umugore yakundanye kandi ajugunya umuhungu n'umukobwa we kwita kuri mugenzi we, asigaranye umukunzi we mu cyerekezo kitazwi.
Kazimir Malevich yaje kwa Meshcherskoye ku bana, ahura Sofiya Rafalovich, umugore, yita ku bana bagumye. Mu 1909, Sofiya na Kazimir bakinnye ubukwe, kandi mu myaka ya za 1920 bari bafite umukobwa wahawe imyenda yatiriwe, witwa Uvanis ".
Umugore yashyigikiye ibyo akunda umugabo we guhanga, yitwaye ibibazo byo mu no mu rugo, kugeza igihe uwo bashakanye yezaga tekinike yo gushushanya, yinjije amafaranga. Mu 1925, umuryango IDYLL yarangiye: Sofiya arapfa, asiga uwo mwashakanye afite imyaka 5 mu maboko.
Casimir masvich nyuma yimyaka 2 yashakanye n'inshuro ya gatatu: Umugore we yabaye muto na Natalia Manchenko imyaka 23.
Urupfu
Mu 1933, Malevich yahawe diagnose iteye ubwoba: kanseri ya prostate. Indwara yateye imbere: Mu 1935, shebuja ntiyigeze ava mu buriri. Ubukene - Kazimir Malevich ntabwo pansiyo yaturutse mu bumwe bw'abahanzi - kandi indwara idakira yazanye Matra mu mva: ntabwo yari ku ya 15 Gicurasi.
Kumenya urupfu rurinzi, yateguye idini rya nyuma - isambumari ziteye ubwoba, aho umubiri we uryamyeho, nzakingura ikirere. "
Abanyeshuri ba Casimir Malevich, ubwo yaziraga, akora isanduku ku gishushanyo cye. Yambaye umuhanga wa nyakwigendera mu ishati ryera, ipantaro yumukara ninkweto zitukura. Basezera na Shebuja i Leningrad na Moscou. Umurambo watwitswe muri Moscow Don Conmatorium kandi 21 Gicurasi yashyinguye umukungugu munsi y'umuti w'umuhanzi hafi y'umudugudu wa Nemchinovka (Akarere ka Odesono wo mu karere ka Moscou).
Mu myaka y'intambara, urwibutso rw'ibiti hamwe na shitingi yaguye irasenyutse, imva yazimiye.
Nyuma y'intambara, abakunzi babonye aho imva, ariko umurima ukiri muto wakwirakwiriye aha hantu. Kubwibyo, aho gushyingura byakomeje ku nkombe y'ishyamba rya kilometero ebyiri: kare itukura yashyizwe kuruhande rwimbere ya cube yera. Uyu munsi, kuruhande rwimva ni inzu nimero ya 1, umuhanda muri Nemchinovka nizina ryumuhanzi.
Umwanya wo muri rusange, ukingira umukungugu wa Casimir mayvich, yubatse Elite yo guturamo "Romashkovo-2". Muri Kanama 2013, Master bene wabo bafunze igihugu kuva ku Banya capsules, umuntu yatwitse i Romashkov, abandi bimuriwe ahantu Kazimir Malevich yabaga.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Ubuhanga bwa Cubism na Suprematism bwananiranye inshuro ebyiri ibizamini byishuri rya Moscou byo gushushanya, biteye ubwoba nubwubatsi.
- Muri Gashyantare 1914, avobera yitabiriye "imyigaragambyo itangaje", aho yagendanaga na bagenzinye mu kiraro cya Kuznetsky, yihutiye ikiraro cya Kuznetsky, yihutiye ikiyiko cya khokhloma mu kirere.
- Canvas "itwara ibigori bitukura" nicyo gishushanyo mbonera cya Malevich, kimenyekana nkamateka yemewe yubuhanzi bwumusovu bitewe no gushyikirana na Revolution ya Ukwakira. Akazi kagabanijwemo ibice bitatu: ubutaka, ikirere n'abantu. Muri iki gihe ubugari bw'isi n'ijuru, umuhanzi yakoresheje "igice cya zahabu" (igipimo cya 0.618). Ingoro Ndangamurage.
- Ikimenyetso cyakozwe na Kazimir Malevich The Avant-Garde Ishyirahamwe "Univis" ryari karerabura, amasohoro ku ntoki.
- Nkuko Kazimir Malevich yatsindiye, ikimenyetso gikomeye cyibirinzi cyiganjemo umuhango wo gushyingura. Ishusho ya kare yari ku isanduku, mu Nzu y'Urwibutso rw'abasivili no mu modoka ya gari ya moshi, yatwaye ivu i Moscou.
- Hano hari verisiyo yo kurema ikirahure cyaciwe na Kazimir Malevich. Igitekerezo cyaje ku mutwe w'umuhanzi mu myaka ya za 1930 muri gereza ya kabiri. Malevich yasangiye igitekerezo n'umwanditsi wa "Umukozi n'Urwibutso n'Umwizera Mukhina, wahuza abo baziranye kandi batangira kurekura ibirahuri byakozwe mu musaruro rusange.
- Bashiki bacu kavukire b'umugore wa kabiri Sofia Rafalovich yashakanye n'abahanzi Evgenia Katzman na Dmitry Toorkov, bahagaze ku nkomoko y'ukuri mu bukorikori. Gukora ibihanga bya Malevich na Socialaliste bafatwaga bidakwiriye.
- Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Vladimir Lenin, Kazimir Mayvich yasabye umushinga w'uburwibutso rw'umuyobozi. Dukurikije gahunda yo gukuramo, umusozi wibikoresho byubuhinzi byagenze cube nkikimenyetso cyiteka. Uyu mushinga wanze.
- Muri 2008 kuri cyamunara ya Sothenya, ishusho ya Kazimir Mayvich "Ibihe Byinshi" yaguze umuntu utazwi miliyoni 60 z'amadolari miliyoni 60. Canvas yabaye ishusho ihenze cyane yanditswe numuhanzi kuva muburusiya.
Amashusho azwi Malevich
- "Umukara Square"
- "Umweru kumweru"
- "Umukara"
- "Umutuku"
- "Kugenda umurongo utukura"
- "Ibihe Byinshi"