Ubuzima
Ubuzima bwa Jack London bwuzuyemo ibintu bishimishije nimpinduka zitunguranye zangiza: Mbere yo kuba Umwanditsi uzwi wa Romanov ninkuru, London yagombaga kunyura munzira ikomeye, yuzuye ibyambu. Mubuzima bwa jack nibaza byose, guhera kubabyeyi badasanzwe b'umwanditsi kandi urangirira hamwe ningendo nyinshi. London yabaye umwe mu banditsi bazwi cyane, wasomwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti: Nk'uko Usssr abivuga, Abanyamerika barenze Hanssen.
Umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yavutse ku ya 12 Mutarama 1876 mu mujyi wa San Francisco, muri California. Bamwe mu banditsi basetsa ko John Griffith Cheney (Izina Ryukuri Jack London) yamenyekanye mbere yo kuvuka. Ikigaragara ni uko ababyeyi b'umwanditsi ari abantu basanzwe bakunda gukusanya abaturage. Nyina Flora Werman numukobwa wa Marshall Wereman, rwiyemezamirimo ukomeye ukomoka muri Ohio.
Umukobwa yimukiye muri Californiya kugirango yinjize ibikorwa byo kwigisha. Ariko umurimo wa Flora ntiwagarukiye ku masomo y'umuziki, nyina w'umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yakundaga mu mwuka kandi akavuga ko yajugunywe mu mwuka n'umuyobozi w'Ubuhinde. Nanone, Flora yahuye n'ikibazo gikomeye kandi itandukaniro rinini cyane kubera tiphoid, umukobwa yinjiye mu myaka makumyabiri.
Kuguma i San Francisco, amateur ya esoteric azi neza umuntu ushimishije cyane - William Cheney (chani), Irlande na Inkomoko. Umunyamategeko William yunvikana mu mibare n'ubuvanganzo, ariko yari azwiho kuba umwe mu barimu bazwi cyane ry'ubumaji n'inyenyeri muri Amerika. Uyu mugabo yari ayobowe n'imibereho ya Wicker kandi asenga ingendo yo mu nyanja, ariko inyenyeri yatanze amasaha 16 kumunsi.
Eccentric abakundwa yabaga mu bashakanye, kandi nyuma yigihe gito Flora atwite. Porofeseri Cheanse yashimangiye gukuramo inda, yakandagiye imitwe iteye ubwoba, yavugaga imitwe y'ibinyamakuru byaho: yihebye cyane yagerageje kurasa afashijwe n'ubufasha bwa rusty ishaje, ariko isasu ryamukomerekeje gato. Ukurikije iyindi verisiyo, Flora yagerageje kwiyahura kubera gukonjesha ibyiyumvo bikundwa.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, abanyamakuru ba San Francisco babonye kuriyi nkuru, amakuru yitwa "Umugore watereranywe" yaguzwe muri kiosque yose yo mumujyi. Itangazamakuru ry'umuhondo ryanditse, rishingiye ku nkuru z'uwahoze ari umukobwa wa William, kandi watemye izina rya Esoteric. Abanyamakuru bavuze ibya Cheney nk'igisimbaga cyaterera abagore benshi, kandi usibye, yakoreye muri gereza. Yahinduwe neza Fame Porofeseri-imitako mu mpeshyi ya 1875 kandi ihoraho yavuye mu mujyi. Mu bihe biri imbere, Jack London yagerageje kuvugana na William, ariko ntiyigeze abona papa udasomye umurimo umwe w'umwana w'icyamamare, kandi na we wanga se.
Nyuma yo kuvuka k'urukoza, yigeze gusezerana no kurera umwana, kuko ataretse ibintu by'isi, bityo umuhungu ukivuka ahabwa umuforomo w'inkomoko y'inkomoko ya Jenrogyeni, akaba Umwanditsi yibukije nka nyina wa kabiri.
Umuzamu w'amayobera na nyuma yo kuvuka k'Umwana yinjije abifashijwemo n'amasomo yo mu mwuka. Mu 1876, John London, wabuze umugore we n'umuhungu, ashushanywa kugira ngo amfashe mu mwuka. Umukanara wa John, Yohana yumvise umuntu mwiza kandi mwiza, yazanye abakobwa babiri kandi ntiyazuka umurimo. Nyuma y'ubukwe bwa Wellman na Londres, mu 76, umugore yafashe umuhungu wavutse mu muryango wa John.
Umuhungu yari afite umubano mwiza na papa, John Sr. Yasimbuye ejo hazaza h'ejo hazaza, kandi umusore ntiyigeze yumva umuntu utazi. Jack yatangiye inshuti ze na mushiki we wahujwe na Elise arabibona inshuti nziza.
Mu 1873, ibibazo by'ubukungu byatangiriye muri Amerika, kubera abatuye igihugu benshi bo mu gihugu batakaje amafaranga. Londres yabayeho mu bukene kandi anyura mu mijyi ya Leta ashakisha ubuzima bwiza. Mu bihe biri imbere, Umwanditsi wa Romanov yibukije ko Flora ntacyo yashyizwe kumeza, kimwe na Jack nkeya atazi icyo kugira ibikinisho bye. Ishati yambere yaguzwe mububiko, umwana yatanzwe afite imyaka 8.
Yohana mukuru yagerageje kwigarurira inka, ariko flora idasanzwe ntiyakunze iyo akazi kagenda gahoro gahoro. Umugore yahoraga abika umuyobozi w'imigambi atangaje, abibona, yagombaga gufasha vuba gukira: rimwe na rimwe yaguze amatike ya tombora, yizeye ko amahirwe masa. Ariko kubera umurinzi udasanzwe, umuryango wari inshuro zirenze imwe munzira yo guhomba.
Nyuma yo guhambwa, Londons yatuye muri Auklande, ntabwo ari kure ya San Francisco, muri uyu mujyi umuhungu yagiye mu mashuri akiri muto. Umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yari amenyereye ko mu bwana bwe yitwaga Jack, mu magambo ahinnye yitwaje Yohana.
Jack London yari abashyitsi kenshi mu isomero rya Oakand: Umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yagiye mu cyumba cyo gusoma buri munsi amimira ibitabo umwe. Miss Aina Kulbrit, Umukiza wo mu gihembo cyaho mu bitabo, wabonye ishyaka ry'umuhungu ku bitabo kandi rikosora uruziga rwo gusoma.
Buri gitondo ku ishuri, jack nto yafashe ikiganza gifite urupapuro kandi yandike amagambo agera ku gihumbi kugirango arekurwe ku masomo yo kuririmba. Umuhungu yahoraga aceceka kuri korari, aho yahabwe igihano, aho ejo hazaza yari afite umwanditsi mu ntoki.
Londson yagombaga kubyuka kare kugira ngo imbere y'amasomo agomba kurambura ikinyamakuru cyiza cy'ishuri, London yashyize London muri wikendi maze asukura inkoni ya byeri muri parike kugira ngo nibura amafaranga.
Igihe Londres yari umuri muto urengeje imyaka 14, yarangije amasomo y'ibanze, ariko umuhungu ntashobora gukomeza gutozwa, kubera ko nta kintu cyo kwishyura.
Nibyo, kandi nta gihe cyashize cyo ku mwanditsi w'ejo hazaza: Mu 1891, abashoferi bo mu muryango wa John Londres baguye munsi ya gari ya moshi maze bamugaye, bigatuma umugabo yamugaye. Kubwibyo, umusore Jack nyuma yuko ishuri rito ryarangiye ryagombaga kujya muruganda rubi. Ku minsi 10-12-amasaha y'akazi, ejo hazaza Umwanditsi w'inkuru zidapfa yahawe idorari rimwe. Akazi kari garemereye kandi gashimishije, Dukurikije kwibuka ku mwanditsi, ntiyashakaga guhindukirira "amatungo akora" - ibitekerezo nk'ibi byatumye umwangavu ava mu gihingwa.
Mu rubyiruko, Jack London yakurura adventure, ahari ishyaka ry'abantu ba kavukire bimurirwa muri Jack avuye kuri nyina. Kuzuye ibyiringiro rero byo kurangiza ubukene. Umusore wimyaka 15 afata umubyimba 300 afata umunywanyi agura and ans agura slason yakoresheje. "Kapiteni Jack" akusanya ikipe ya pirate ikomoka ku bucuti bwingimbi kandi yoherezwa gutsinda "akarere ka oyster". Rero, Jack na bagenzi be braat mollusks ku kigobe cyigenga cya San Francisco.
Imyanya yo mu nyanja yagurishije umuhigo watsinze muri resitora yaho kandi yakiriye amafaranga meza: Jack ndetse yegeraga amajana atatu kugirango atange umwenda kuri Nian. Ariko muri Californiya, barushijeho gushikama kubucuruzi butemewe, nuko London yagombaga gusiga ubucuruzi bwunguka. Byongeye kandi, amafaranga yangiritse numusore: Amafaranga menshi yakoreshejwe mubuzima bukabije, gutonyanga bitagira iherezo.
Jack Londres yakundaga mu nyanja, nuko nabeshye ku bushake bwo gukorera "irondo ry'uburobyi" kugira ngo barwanye n'abapadiri, kandi mu 1893 umwanditsi uzagenda mu bwato bwa mbere ku nkombe z'Ubuyapani kubera gufata injangwe zo mu nyanja.
London yatangajwe no kuzungura, nyuma amateka yo kwihorera ashingiye ku cyegeranyo cy '"inkuru za Rybatsky Patrol", ndetse n'ibitekerezo by'umwanditsi byagize ingaruka ku mahame menshi "marine. Nyuma yo kuzenguruka amazi, London yagombaga gusubira ku mwanya w'umukozi w'uruganda, gusa ubu yakoraga ku gihingwa cyo gukora canvas yimyenda yavuye muri jute. Mu 1894, Jack yagize uruhare mu bukangurambaga bw'abashomeri i Washington, nyuma umusore ukiri muto azafatwa azira Vagobonds - uyu mwanya w'ubuzima wabaye urufunguzo rwo kwandika "ishati."
Ahagana mu 19, umusore yatsinze ibizamini yinjira muri kaminuza ya Californiya, ariko ahatirwa kuva mu myigire yabo kubera kubura amafaranga. Nyuma yo kuzerera mu nganda n'igihe gito, aho amafaranga ahembwa, Londton "mu buryo butiteguye kuyobora imibereho ya" Skatsky ", yuzuye imirimo ifatika, ntabwo yasuzumwe.
Ubuvanganzo
Londres yatangiye kugerageza uruhare rw'umwanditsi, aracyari ku ruganda rwa JUSHA: Noneho umunsi wakazi umaze imyaka 13, kandi ntabwo yari afite umwanya wo ku ma saa 13, kandi nta gihe yari afite byibuze isaha imwe ku munsi kumara umwanya mubikorwa.
Muri San Francisco, ikinyamakuru cyaho "Hamagara" cyashyizeho igihembo cyinkuru nziza. Flora yasukuye umuhungu we kugira uruhare, kandi kandi impano y'ubuvanganzo ya Londres yatangiye kwigaragaza mu myaka y'ishuri, igihe aho kuririmba umuhungu yanditse inyandiko. Noneho, kumenya ko saa kumi nimwe mugitondo ukeneye kuba kukazi, Jack yicaye saa sita z'ijoro yo kwandika inkuru, kandi amajoro atatu arakaye. Ingingo y'umusore yahisemo "inkubi y'umuyaga ku nkombe z'Ubuyapani."
Londres yicaye inyuma yinkuru asinzira kandi ananiwe, ariko umurimo we wafashe umwanya wa mbere, naho uwa kabiri nuwa kabiri na gatatu yagiye kubanyeshuri ba kaminuza zizwi. Nyuma yibi byabaye, London yatangiye kwibwira umwuga wo kwandika. Jack yanditse izindi nkuru kandi yohereza mu kinyamakuru, cyamutoranye nuwatsinze, ariko abandi banga kuba umusore.
Noneho ibyiringiro byongeye kuva mu mpano nto, kandi London yoherezwa ku kibyimba ku ruganda. Amaze kumenya ko mugenzi wawe yiyemeje kwiyahura kubera kubura amafaranga, kwizera gusubira i Jack ko yashoboye kurwana.
Mu 1897, Jack London yahangayikishijwe n'umuriro wa zahabu agasigara ashakisha ibyuma by'agaciro kuri Alaska. Jack yananiwe kubona zahabu no gukonjeshwa, usibye, yarwara qing.
Umwanditsi ukomeye yibutse ati: "Nateretse inyandiko, nhitamo ko ndi uwatsinzwe, njya i Klondake zahabu."Nyuma, ibintu byose byabaye umwanditsi ejo hazaza bizahinduka ishingiro ryinkuru zabo nibitabo. Nyuma rero yo kuva muri MIGHT MURI MURI MURI 1899, London atangira umwuga ukomeye wavanyweho maze arandika "inkuru z'amajyaruguru", urugero, "guceceka byera". Umwaka umwe, umwanditsi asohora igitabo cya mbere "umuhungu w'impyisi." JACK itanga imbaraga ze zose zo kwandika ibitabo: Umwanditsi ukiri muto yanditse hafi umunsi wose, asiga amasaha make mu biruhuko no gusinzira.
Mu 1902, Jack yimukiye mu murwa mukuru w'Ubwongereza, yandika inkuru zikomeye nijambo: "Guhamagarwa kwa ba sogokuruza" (1909), "igihe nticyite" (1910), "Ikibaya cy'ukwezi" (1913), n'ibindi.
Akazi keza ke, Jack yabonaga "nyirabuja muto w'inzu nini" - igitabo giteye ubwoba, cyasohotse mu 1916. Iki gicuruzwa kiratandukanye nibitekerezo nibitekerezo byumwanditsi. Igitabo cyanditswe mu mwaka wanyuma wubuzima bwa London kandi kigaragaza imiterere yumwuka y'Abanyamerika muri kiriya gihe.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ibikorwa byubuvanganzo Jack London byerekana ubuzima bwe bwite. N'ubundi kandi, intwari z'umwanditsi ni abantu bahanganye n'ingorane z'ubuzima, nubwo inzitizi. Kurugero, inkuru yo "gukunda ubuzima", yatangajwe mu 1907 ivuga iby'umuntu wigunge, nyuma yo guhemukira inshuti igenda mu rugendo. Imiterere nyamukuru ikomeretsa ukuguru kandi iterana imwe kuri imwe ifite inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, ariko ikomeza gutera imbere. Birashoboka rero kuranga London ubwayo, kuko umuntu wese mukuru arashobora kubaho ibyo umwanditsi yahuye nabyo mubana.
Mubuzima, Jack yari umuntu wishimye kandi usekeje wamwenyuye igihe cyose. JAC JACK yahisemo guhitamo umugore, maze mu 1900 arongora umugeni w'inshuti ya nyakwigendera ya Bessie Maddern.
Kuva mu mubano wa mbere, umwanditsi yagaragaye abakobwa babiri, Bass na Joan. Ariko ubuzima bw'abashakanye bwanditse ibitabo ntibishobora gufatwa nk'ibyishimo: Nyuma yimyaka 4, yavuze ko uwo mwashakanye ateganya gutandukana. Kuki gukonjesha gukabije kw'ibyo ya Jack byabaye, umwanditsi we yibajije igihe kirekire, igitekerezo cya mbere ni uko Londres yongeye guterana n'imirya ya Anna.
Nyuma, Maddern yasanze London afitanye isano na Charmiant Kittredzh, umwanditsi ntiyashoboraga kwihanganira umwimerere. Uyu mukobwa ntabwo yatandukanijwe n'ubwiza, kandi ntiyari akamurikana n'ubwenge, rimwe na rimwe abamuzi be basetse i Charmian, kubera ko yirutse nyuma y'abantu. Kuki umwanditsi yavuye mu mugore wabanjirije atangira kwishora mumugeni utina - yakomeje gukeka gusa. Nyuma byaje kugaragara ko Kittlezh yigaruriye London hamwe ninzandiko nyinshi zifite ibyanze urukundo. Nibura Londres yarishimye hamwe nuwo mwashakanye mushya, kuko ni kimwe numwanditsi ni ibintu byimibereho ningendo.
Urupfu
Mu myaka ya nyuma y'ubuzima, Jack Londres yahuye n'imbaraga zo guhanga: Nta mbaraga zifite imbaraga no guhumekwa no kwandika umurimo mushya, yatangiye kureba ibitabo akiri urugwiro. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umwanditsi atangiye kunywa inzoga. Jack yashoboye kureka ingeso mbi, ariko inzoga zagize uruhare runini ku buzima bwe.
Yarwaye indwara y'impyiko apfa azize uburozi bwa Morfiyumu, umukozi wa anesthetique. Bamwe mu birwanyi ba Londres bemeza ko kunywa ibiyobyabwenge byateguwe, na Jack yiyahuye. Hariho ibisabwa kuri iyi: Insanganyamatsiko yo kwiyahura irashobora gukurikiranwa mubikorwa byumwanditsi. Ariko, iyi verisiyo ntishobora gufatwa nkizewe.
Urukundo rwa nyuma rwa Jack London rwari igitabo cy '"imitima ya bitatu", cyasohotse nyuma y'urupfu mu 1920.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Niki ntabwo cyakoze Jack London kubona amafaranga. Mu muto, umusore ndetse yahigaga injangwe zo kumuhanda kugurisha Abashinwa.
- Mu 1907, adventure yagerageje kujya mu rugendo rw'isi mu bwato bwubakiye ku gishushanyo cyarwo.
- London ashima abanditsi b'Abarusiya kandi bapima akazi ka Maxim Gorky.
- Inkuru "Gukunda Ubuzima" Nadezhda Krupskaya Soma Lenin mbere yo kuryama. Byabaye iminsi 2 mbere y'urupfu rw'umuyobozi.
- Mubuzima bwose, London ahinda umushyitsi n'imbwa kandi by'umwihariko, yakundaga impyisi. Kandi ntibitangaje, kuko inkuru nyinshi za Jack zisobanura ubuzima bwiyi nyamaswa yo mu gasozi. Ibi birimo "fang yera", "impyisi yijimye", nibindi
- Mugihe cyibibazo byo guhanga, Jack ntiyashoboraga kwandika ikibanza cyigenga, niko igitekerezo cyumwanditsi w'Abaroma gagura muri Sinclair Lewis mu 1910. Jack yatangiye kwiga igitabo "Biro y'ubwicanyi", ariko ntiyigeze arangiza akazi. Nk'uko umwanditsi abivuga, ntabwo yahimbye ibitekerezo bya Lewis.
- Jack yakoraga nk'umunyamakuru ku ntambara yo mu Burusiya-Ikiyapani n'intambara y'abasivili.
- Igihe Londres yamenyekanye, yakiriye amadorari 50000 ku gitabo kimwe. Bikomoka ku buryo Jack yabaye uwambere mu bishushanyo by'ubuvanganzo by'ubuvanganzo bwabonye miliyoni.
Amagambo
- "Ntugomba gutegereza guhumeka, ugomba kwirukana intambara."
- "Niba utekereza neza, uzandika neza niba igitekerezo cyawe gifite agaciro, kizaba gifite agaciro n'ibyanditse."
- "Umuntu ntagomba kwibona mu buryo bw'ukuri, ubuzima ntibwihanganirwa."
- "Ubuzima buri gihe buha umuntu uko bitarenze ibyo abisaba."
- "Niba ukubise ukuri, ubihishe, uramutse utazamutse uva aho hantu kandi utavuze mu nama, iyo mvuze, utavuze ukuri, wahinduye ukuri."
- "Brudodo buri gihe bidutera ikiganza mugihe twihanganiye mugihe dufite intege nke iyo tunaniwe. Ariko amasezerano y'urukundo rwe: imbaraga z'umubiri zisezeranya ni urwobo, kuzamura imitekerereze ni uburiganya. "
- "Nibyiza reka nkuri ivu kuruta umukungugu. Reka urumuri rwanjye ruruke neza mu mwonda utangaje kuruta mold izerera! "
Bibliografiya
- 1903 - Guhamagarira abakurambere
- 1904 - Impyisi yo mu nyanja
- 1906 - Fang Yera
- 1909 - Martin Edeni
- 1912 - Icyorezo cya Alya
- 1913 - John Barley SURIG
- 1915 - Ishati igororotse
- 1916 - nyirabuja muto winzu nini
- 1917 - Jerry Isornder
- 1920 - Imitima Batatu