Ubuzima
Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollondtai - Impinduramatwara ya Wave ya mbere, komiseri y'abantu b'abantu b'abantu, ambasaderi wa USSR muri Scandinavia na Mexico.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Alexandra yavutse ku ya 19 Werurwe 1872 i St. Petersburg mu muryango wa Jenerali kuva kuri Kamena Mikhail Alekseevich Domontovich, Ukraine ku nkomoko. Se wa Alexandra yagize uruhare mu bukangurambaga bwa gisirikare bwo kurwanya Hongiriya, yitandukanyije mu ntambara ya Crimean. Mikhail alekseevich yari agizwe na societe ya geografiya, yanditse umurimo ku mateka ya gisirikare, umwaka yabaye guverineri w'intara ya Carnov.
Nyina w'ejo hazaza, Igifinilande yatanze Alexander Masalina-Mravinkaya, yari muto cyane ku mutima umugabo we, ariko yari asanzwe ashakanye ya mbere inyuma y'urubingo. Kuva mu bumwe bwabanje, yari afite umukobwa wa Eugene Mravinkaya, uzwi ku muhanzi wa Opera. Sogokuru ku murongo w'ababyeyi, ufite imizi y'amahoro, yateremye isosiyete yinjira, ikaba abakire.
Shura yavutse igihe se yari asanzwe afite imyaka 42, kimwe na Mikhail Alekseevich, yari afite umubano utangaje. Jenerali Rusange Yibasiye Urukundo rw'amateka, geografiya, politiki. Kureba Data, umukobwa yize gutekereza ku gisesenguzi. Ababyeyi bita ku burezi bwiza bwo mu rugo ku mukobwa we. Ishuri rirangiye, Shura yagaragaye mu busa mu Bufaransa, Icyongereza, Igifaransa, Igifaransa, Igisuwede, Noruveje n'Ikidage.
Ku myaka 16, Alegizandere yatsinze ibizamini bikenewe hanze kandi ahabwa impamyabumenyi ya guverinoma. Umubyeyi ucogora atekereza ko ari amashuri mu ijoro rimwe, kandi umukobwa yarashimishijwe no gushushanya. Usibye amasomo yo guhanga, umukecuru akiri muto yitabiriye imipira, aho, akurikije ababyeyi, byabaye ngombwa ko abona umukwe mwiza. Ariko mukuru Alegizandere ntiyifuzaga kurongora, nubwo yishimiye intsinzi idasanzwe mu bahagarariye umuryango munini.
Hagati ya 1990, Alexandre yashimishwaga n'umutwe w'ipiganwa, umukobwa yifatanije n'ibitekerezo by'impinduramatwara kuva mu bwana, akurikiza urugero rw'umwarimu M. I. Ubwishingizi. Alexandre, hafi yubushake bwababyeyi bushyingiranywe numuvandimwe ukennye, Vladimir Kollloktaya ava mu nzu, umukobwa yumva afite umudendezo. Umukobwa ukiri muto yatangiye kuzimira ashingiye ku ibanga kumenya ko Elena Dtimiriena stasov, umukobwa wumukobwa wegereye ibyiringiro bya KARPAYA na Vladimir Ulyanov.
Alexandra Kollondty yashinzwe kuba intumwa. Umukobwa yashyize ubuzima hamwe nizina, kujya mu cyumba kidakora neza hamwe na parcelle ibujijwe nubuvanganzo. Urukundo rwa Revolution rwafashe umukobwa ukiri muto, kandi yarataye ubuvuzi bwe bwose. Mu gihe cye cy'ubusa, Kollondai yize Lenin na Marx.
Mu 1898, Alexandre yakemuwe no kwimukira mu mahanga, asenya rwose ishyingiranwa rye. Mu Busuwisi, impinduramatwara ikiri nto ije muri kaminuza, umujyanama we aba Professor Heinrich agaserner, ibikoresho by'ubukungu. Yasabye umunyeshuri udasanzwe w'imihanga kujya mu Bwongereza mu rwego rwo gushakisha abashinze ishuri ry'ishuri rya Londres bo mu Buhanga n'abayobozi b'abakinnyi b'abakinnyi Sydney na Beatrice Webbami.
Agarutse mu myaka ibiri mu Burusiya, Alexandre abaye umwe mu bagize Ishyaka RWANDA RY'AMATEGEKO RW'UBUBASHA. Nk'uko byategekaga Ishyaka, impinduramatwara yongeye koherezwa mu mahanga, aho ikindi kintu gikomeye cyabereye kuri Alexandra. Mu 1901, i Geneve, yahuye na George Revolutions Revolutions Reprolution.
Impinduramatwara
Mu 1903, kuri Congere y'Ibi ya RSDRP, hashyizweho abantu bo mu ishyaka ryagaragaye, kubera uko baho bashizweho amababa abiri: Kubera iyo mpamvu, Bolshevike na Vladimir Lenin ku mutwe na Mensshevib, abo Julius Martov yerekeje. Ibirori bya Menshevik birimo Plekhanov na Collatitai. Ariko nyuma yimyaka 11, Alegizandere yahinduye ibitekerezo anahagarara munsi ya banneri bo muri Bolshevik.Mu mpinduramatwara ya mbere y'abasosiyalisiti yo mu 1905, yatsinzwe, uwasezeranijwe, ashyigikira abagore bakora, akwirakwiza agatabo ka Finilande na Socisiyalisiti. Nyuma yo gutsindwa kw'impinduramatwara, bahunga ibitotezo no kwerekanwa, impinduramatwara yari yihishe mu mahanga. Kollondtai ntabwo yicara ahantu hamwe, akemura umubano hamwe na demokarasi Danemark, Suwede, Finlande, Britain, Ubufaransa, Noruveje.
Mu Budage, Alexandra yasabye kugira inshuti n'abayobozi b'ishyaka rya gikomunisiti na Rosa Luxembourg na Karl Liebknecht. Ingoma zifasha kwimukira hamwe na mugenzi mushya muri Suwede igihe Ubudage butangaje intangiriro y'intambara ya mbere y'isi yose.
Nyuma yo koherezwa kwaguha impinduramatwara ya Stolutionholm yimukiye muri Danimarike. Duhereye kuri iyi ngingo, amande ya Collittai hamwe na Bolsheviks.
Mu gushyiraho itumanaho n'ubwenge bwo mu Budage no kubona amafaranga atagira imipaka, Bolsheviks abaye abayobozi b'imitwe y'impinduramatwara yo mu 1917 mu Burusiya. Ariko guverinoma yigihe gito nyuma yibyabaye ku birori byo muri Gashyantare byashoboye gufata Alexandre kuba espionaage ashyigikira Ubudage.
Asiettia, kuri Kongere y'Ishyaka, Colanita yinjira mu bagize komite shinga. Umurwanashyaka w'intwari yabaye umugore wa mbere mu bayobozi ba Bolshevik, hamwe na Stalin, Lenin, Trotsky, Drotsky, muri Zzerzhinsky, Drorzhinsky, ZINECHIEV, Kamenev, Bukharin.
Lenin, na we akurikiranwa na guverinoma y'agateganyo, muri iki gihe yihishe mu nyubako y'ibanga. Mu gatasi, colantai yamaze gusiga gereza kandi yitabira inama z'Ishyaka, icyemezo kijyanye no kwipimisha intwaro.
Impinduramatwara ikorwa ku ya 25 Ukwakira, kandi iminsi 2 ifite umubiri nyamukuru w'imbaraga - Inama ya Leta, aho kollondai yahawe umwanya wo kubanzi n'umujyi. Mubyukuri, uyu niwo mwanya wa Minisitiri uharanira impinduramatwara yamaze mbere y'impeshyi yo mu 1918.
Ambasaderi wa usssr
Mu 1922, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zaremewe. Leta ikomeje gutangaza isi, ku buryo abantu bafite uburambe mu mahanga kandi bafite amasano mu ishyaka riharanira demokarasi ry'ibihugu by'ibihugu by'i Burayi ryatoranijwe nk'abadipolomate. Alexander Kollonai aramusaba Guverinoma yashyizeho guverinoma yashyizeho ambasaderi wa Scandinaviya. "Impinduramatwara ya Valkyrie" yoherejwe muri Noruveje, aho ishaka kumenya politiki ya UssR, ugereranije no kugurisha umubano w'ubucuruzi hagati y'ibihugu.
Mu 1926, Kollondai yashyizeho uhagarariye ubumwe muri Mexico, ariko, atiteguye ikirere gishyushye, kigira ingaruka mbi ku mirimo y'umutima, Alexandre yongeye guhindura muri Oslo.
Kuva 1930 kugeza 1945, kuba uhagarariye USSR muri Suwede, Kollondai akora intsinzi itari myinshi ya diplomasi. Alexander Mikhailovna, mu mishyikirano, irahambirwa gukumira intangiriro y'ingabo za Suwede mu bukangurambaga, kandi mu 1944, kandi mu 1944, yihutishije kuzamurwa mu ntera y'ingabo z'Abasoviye akarere k'Uburayi.
Isano ya politiki yose n'isi ya Scandinaviya yari mu maboko y'umugore w'intwari, nuko Stalin ntiyamukozeho mu gihe cyo kwezwa kwa politiki. Byongeye kandi, umuyobozi w'abaturage yari ay'impinduramatwara hamwe no gusetsa, atabonye ko Collittai ari umwanzi ukomeye, yahoraga amutinda. Na we, Alexander Mikhailovna yashyigikiye byimazeyo politiki ya Joseph Vissariovich.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Alexandra Kollondai, nk'udusimburano nyarwo, mu cyifuzo cy'igitekerezo cyubwisanzure cyagiye kumpera, bityo rero ingingo y'urukundo itagira akamaro kuri we hamwe n'imyaka ukiri muto. Nkiri muto cyane, Alegizandere yashimangiye guhitamo umwanda, wabaye umuvandimwe wa kure vladimir kolighnai. Ababyeyi mu buryo bwose bibuza ubu bukwe, kandi n'abakire n'abakize, nka Jenerali Ivan Tuolmin, umuhungu wa Jenerali Piladeirov, yatanze ukuboko n'umutima. Ariko ubushake bwumukobwa ntabwo bwatsinze.Ubukwe bwabereye mu 1893, kandi mu mwaka wa Misha yavukiye mu muryango. Byinshi bituruka ku gusenyuka kw'abana sibyo. Tora mu bugenzuzi bw'ababyeyi, Alexandre aje ku bugizi bwa nabi kuruta gusenya umuryango. Mu 1898, umukobwa ukiri muto yahisemo guhungira i Burayi agasiga umugabo n'umuhungu we ubuziraherezo. Gushyingirwa hagati ya Alegizandere na Vladimir byahagaritswe mu 1916 gusa, ariko izina rya moko ntiryo ryahindutse.
Nyuma yo kuba umugore wubusa, kollondai yinjiye murukurikirane rwurukundo rwurukundo, rurerure kandi rwigihe gito. Abagabo be babaye abanyapolitiki bazwi bari munsi ye, kubera ko Alegizandere we yahoraga arebye abato kurenza imyaka ye.
Mu buzima bwite bwa Kollondati yatangaje ko "inyigisho y'amazi y'amazi", yari ishingiye ku kuba urukundo rugomba guhabwa abantu bose babikeneye. Ubukorikori ntabwo bwari umwanditsi wiyi poste, ariko agaragaza gusa. Kuva kera, "Valkyrie ya Revolution" yahuye na Alexander Gavrilovich Hatpnikov, wahoze ari mugenzi wa Lenin.
Ariko mu 1917, iherezo rya Shur hamwe na Paveliary Pavoliary-Sailor Pavel Dybenko, kuri bolilondtai yashakanye. Kwandika ifomu na Dyubenko byabaye uwambere mu gitabo cyo kubazwa ibikorwa bya leta. Umubano ntiwarashize, iki gihe kubera ubuhemu bwa Pawulo. Ntabwo byatangaje, nkuko igisirikare cyari munsi yumugore we imyaka 17. Kubwibyo, mu 1922, Alexandre yatwitse ibiraro amababi mumahanga.
Muri Noruveje, impinduramatwara imenyereye inzandiko z'Abafaransa zo mu mubiri wa Marseil Yakovlevich. Ariko leta z'Abasoviyeti zagize uruhare mu mibanire ya dipolomate n'umusore w'umufaransa, kandi abashakanye baratandukanye.
Ku iherezo rya 20, Alexander Mikhailovna yibuka umuhungu, wazamuye umugore utazi, umugore wa kabiri wa Vladimir Kollondty. Impinduramatwara izana na Mikhail mu ntangiriro z'igitangiriro cya Berlin, hanyuma kuri ambasade ya USSR i Londres na Stockholm. Collaga yita ku mwuzu wa Vladimir, wavutse mu 1927.
Urupfu
Ku mugoroba wa nimugoroba urangira intambara ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu, Kollollians ntibashoboraga kwihanganira kureshya, kandi yari afite ubwonko. Muri ibi, ibihanga bya politiki bya Alexandra Mikhailovna, nk'umunyapolitiki, urarangiye. Hagati muri Werurwe 1945, umudipolomate yagejejwe kubera umupaka ujya muri Moscou, aho yatangiye gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe.
Imyaka irindwi, Kollondati yari afite umunyururu mu kagare k'abamugaye kandi abaho yiherereye mu nzu ye ku muhanda muto wa Kaluga. Ubumuga bw'umubiri ntabwo bwabujije Alexander Mikhailovna gusohoza imirimo y'umujyanama ku bibazo bya politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga: Minisiteri y'ububanyi n'amahanga yahawe agaciro. Callelock yapfuye ku ya 9 Werurwe 1952 avuye mu gitero, cyabaye mu nzozi. Imva ya Revolution iherereye ku irimbi rya Novodevichy.