Ubuzima
Uwashinze siyanse ya genetike muri USSR, inyigisho, abahanga mu binyabuzima na Espeder. Umuntu ufite imitekerereze, washyize ahagaragara indimi eshanu z'Uburayi, mu myaka 41 yabaye Perezida w'ishuri ry'ubumenyi bw'ubuhinzi.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov yavutse mu 1887 mu muryango wa Moscou umucuruzi wa Moscou wo mu Bucuruzi bwa kabiri bwa Ivan Illyich Vavilov, umuhigi wo mu bahinzi. Vavilov yayoboraga inkweto, maze mu 1909 Ivan ivan ilyich yatowe umwe mu bagize inama y'umujyi. Umuryango wumuyikozi wishoramari wabaga munzu ye murugendo ruciriritse. Mama - Alexander Mikhailovna Extnikova - Kuva mu muryango wa Moscou buteye imbere w'abakozi b'ibikoresho.
Batatu mu bana ba Wavilov barindwi bapfuye bakiri bato. Mushikiwabo muto wa Nikolai - Lidiya Vavilov, Microbiologue - yapfuye azize indwara y'umukara mu 1914, yanduye indwara yica mu rugendo. Murumuna wa Sergey Vavilov, fiziki azwi kandi yihanganye, ntabwo yari mu 1951 (yapfuye azize umutima).
Dawe yarose ko abahungu bazajya mu kirenge cye kandi bakomeza ubucuruzi bwumuryango. Ariko imfura, amaze gushyira akabariro n'amakarita ya geografiya, yize ibitabo bya biologiya, umuto yatwarwaga na fiziki n'imibare. Papa yagerageje "kumvisha" afashijwe n'umukandara, arayabumbike, ariko abahungu barazwe n'umutwe w'imiryango ikomeye.
Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi ya Gymnasium, Nikolai na Sergey babuze Data binjira mu ishuri ry'ubucuruzi kuri Oozen, ariko inzozi z'umunyamwuga watsinzwe. Nikolai, ntashaka kumara umwaka wo gucukumbura ururimi rukenewe mugihe yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Imperial, mu 1906 yabaye umunyeshuri w'ikigo cy'ubuhinzi, ahitamo agrose. Sergey yinjiye muri fiziki nishami ryimibare ya kaminuza ya Moscou.
Abigisha ba Vavilov muri kaminuza y'ubuhinzi yari umuhanga Bottaniste Nikolai Khudyakov n'uwashinze wa chironome ya hemmithic, imurika siyanse ya Soviet. Mu ntangiriro zabo, Nikolay yashizweho nk'umuhanga.
Guhitamo no genetics
Muri iki kigo, ku bushake bw'amasomo na biokiesie, Dmitry Spicynikova Nikolai Vavilov yize guhitamo. Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi ya Academy, yimukiye muri Biro ya St. Petersburg ya Porotse.
Mu 1913, abahanga mu binyabuzima ba biologi boherejwe kwiga mumahanga. Muri komini ya Komini mu Bufaransa, yamenyereye imbuto zororoka, mu kidage Jena na Cribrn Cribton bakoze muri laboratoire. Amezi atandatu yakoragana numunyabuzima bazwi cyane William Batton. Muri Cambridge, Nikolai Vavilov yakomeje gushakisha ibinyampeke, imbuto z'imbuto zitwara mu Burusiya mu isambu ya kaminuza.
Ubukangurambaga bwa siyansi bwatangiye kubera Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose yatangiye. Komisiyo yatumiye yakuye umuhanga mu basore wa serivisi: Nicholas yabonye imvune ndende.
Mu 1916, Vavilov yasuye Irani y'Amajyaruguru, Fergana na Pamire. Gutembera byakusanyije ibikoresho bya siyansi, byateje imbere amategeko yiseni zubupfura kandi ushireho intego yo gukwirakwiza ibihingwa byahinzwe.
Ibyabaye mu 1917, byatangaje Uburusiya, bwasanze Nikolai Vavilov muri Saratov, aho yakuye umwarimu muri kaminuza. Bidatinze, hazasoza amasomo yo mu ishuri yasohoye ubushakashatsi ku bushakashatsi bwatewe no kwandura umwanya wagaragaje bwa mbere byerekana imiterere y'ubudahangarwa.
Abafungura abahanga mu bihanga mu bihanga mu bihanga mu binyabuzima bahanganye bize mu myaka ya za 1920 kuri Kongere y'aborozi muri Saratov. Raporo yumuhanga Raporo yerekana urumuri hashingiwe ku nyigisho yo guhinduka. Aboloseagues Nikolai Ivanovich Yahamagaye Gufungura Vavilov bihuye nigipimo cyavumbuwe kuri Dmitry Mendeleev muri chimie kandi ifungura ibyifuzo byinshi byimyitozo.
Umwaka umwe, Nikolai Vavilov yerekanye amategeko y'ingabo z'ibihugu muri Amerika, muri Kongere mpuzamahanga y'ubuhinzi. Raporo ya Vavilov yitwaga Sentional, amashusho w'Umurwango w'Abasoviyeti witeguye abanditsi b'ibinyamakuru.
Nyuma, nyuma yo gutangazwa na Nikolai Vavilov, ubushakashatsi ku bigo bikomoka ku bimera byahinzwe, abahanga bahawe ubwoko bwa kompaga, bakemerera kugenda mu ruganda rutagira umupaka isi.
Mu 1921, Nikolai Ivanovich yatumiwe muri petrograpp, aho yari hamwe n'itsinda ry'abanyeshuri ndetse n'abaturage bahuje ibitekerezo bateguye ikigo cy'ubumwe bwa Clading. Kaminuza iherereye mu mudugudu wa cyami, itangira imyaka makumyabiri ishize n'ubuzima bw'umuhanga uzwi.
Mu 1929, Nikolai Vavilov abaye amasomo na perezida Vaschnil. Perezida w'imyaka 42 y'amavuko yatuye imibonano na bagenzi bacu baturutse muri Amerika n'Uburayi. Abasoviyeti genetiki muri 1930 na kimwe cya kabiri cya 40 kigenda intambwe imwe imbere yubumenyi bwiburengerazuba.
Ubworozi bw'ibinyabuzima
Kimwe cya kabiri cyubuzima bwa Vavilov cyabaye mu ngendo. Muri uwo munyeshuri, umuhanga ukiri muto yageze ku ihema rya Caucase no mu majyaruguru ya Caucase.
Mu myaka ya za 1920, umuhanga ni umuyobozi uzwi w'ibinyabuzima wa Soviet hamwe n'ibiti bya siyansi y'ubuhinzi - byashimangiye gufungura no guteza imbere ibintu bikize cyane, byakusanyirijwe hamwe n'abanyeshuri mu gihe cyo kugenda mu bumenyi.
Mu 1924, Porofeseri yasuye NURISTATAN - afunze ababurayi mu ntara ya Afuganisitani. Ingendo zo mu mahanga mu nyanja ya Mediterane, Afurika n'Ubuhinde butuje bidasanzwe icyegeranyo cy'imbuto. Umuhanga yanditse ko mu Buhinde "yabonye Prazhi" na "Gindukush yahinduye inshuro enye, rimwe mu nzira ya Alexander Maketsionsky."
Mu myaka ya za 1920 rwagati, yasuye urugendo rw'ibirori bya Hivisky wa Uzubekisitani, maze mu 1926-27 yakoze imirimo y'ubushakashatsi muri Alijeriya, muri Siroc, Siriya na Palesitine. Nikolay Vavilov yize isi y'indabyo z'Ubugereki, mu majyepfo y'Ubufaransa, yakwirakwijwe muri Esipanye na Porutugali. Inzira ya Vavilov n'amatsinda ye bigera ku birometero ibihumbi 2, kandi ibikoresho byakusanyijwe bigizwe nibihumbi ibihumbi.
Mu mpera za 1920 na kare 1930, Umuhanga mu Buyapani asura Ubuyapani, Ubushinwa na Amerika yepfo. Nyuma y'ingendo, umurimo we wa kabiri w'ingenzi ku bigo bikomoka ku bimera byahijwe byasohotse, kubera ko V. I. Igihembo cya Lenin cyatanzwe.
Nikolai Ivanovich ubuzima bugufi bwakozwe ingendo 180 muri Amerika na Eurasia, bakungahaye ku isi, bakungahaye siyanse y'isi bamuzanira lavra y'umugenzi ukomeye. Ingaruka z'imiti ni ikusanyijwe n'ibiti bihingwa, bigeze ku byitegererezo ibihumbi 250 mu myaka 25 kandi byabaye banki ya mbere y'isi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Abanyeshuri bigana ku banyeshuri ba Vavilov batunguwe n'ishuri ry'ubuhinzi, bamaze kumenya intambara y'abanyabwenge kandi beza nikolai mwiza ku munyeshuri Katya Sakharov. Catherine numukobwa wumucuruzi wa Siberiya, nta bwiza, "ububiko bwubururu", umugozi no gukama mu itumanaho. Ariko Nikolai Vavilov yakunze umukobwa kubera ubwenge bwe butyaye. Yavuganye na Katya, yavuze insanganyamatsiko zose. Bageze hafi yo kwitoza mu Ntara ya Politava. Yashakanye mu 1912. Nta jambo ryurugendo rwubukwe bwagenze - muri iyo myaka, amasomo azaza muri "Vavilovsky Mode" Ingendo zubucuruzi zisanzwe hamwe ningendo zamezi menshi mu muvuduko wa kimuntu - uwa gatanu wumunsi wahawe gusinzira.
Mu nzu ya Data mu ruhanga rwo hagati, aho abashakanye batuye, idirishya ry'abaminisitiri rika kugeza mu gitondo.
SR. Vavilov ntabwo yemeye impinduramatwara yo mu Kwakira kandi yimukira muri Bulugariya mu 1918. Iminsi mike nyuma yo kugenda, uwahoze ari umucuruzi Ivan ilich ilich ilhilov yabaye sekuru: Nikolai na Catherine bari bafite Oleg yavuzwe mbere. Sogokuru yabonye umwuzukuru mu 1928, mbere y'urupfu rwe. Nikolai Ivanovich yemeje ko se asubira mu Burusiya, nyuma y'icyumweru, Ivan Vavilov yapfuye.
Ubuzima bwihariye bwa Nikolai Vavilov na Ekaterina Sakharov ntabwo bakoze. Nyuma yo kuvuka k'Umwana, umuhanga yagiye gukora muri Saratov. Katya hamwe n'umuhungu muto bagumye i Moscou. Umwaka umwe, umugabo yabonye inzu, kandi umuryango wongeye guhura. Ariko Vavilov yari afite undi mugore. Umuhanga Barulina, umuhanga yahuye mu rugendo. Umunyeshuri urangije atiriwe wibuke yakundanye na Porofeseri wo mu Ishami rya Agronomic, abakuru imyaka 8.
Nikolai Vavilov yagerageje gukiza umuryango: Mu 1921, yimukiye i Leningrad, ahamagara umugore we umuhungu we. Ariko Catherine yanze, akimenya ko ikibanza cy'umutima we cyari gifite. Umugore yagumye i Saratov, yahise asubira i Moscou, aho yabanaga n'umuhungu we Oleg mu nzu no mu ruhanga rwo hagati.
Kuri Elena Barulina Nikolai Vavilov yashakanye mu 1926. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, umuhungu wa Yuri yavukiye mu bashakanye.
Abahungu ba Vavilov babaye umuhanga. Oleg Vavilov, arangije Msu, akora nkumushakashatsi wa Laboratoire yimirasire ya cosmic. Ukuboza 1945, nyuma y'urupfu rwa se, aburanishijwe. Yapfuye mu 1946 i Dombay, aho yajyanye n'itsinda ry'abazamuka.
Yuri Vavilov yarangije muri kaminuza ya Leningrad, aho yiganye mu ishami rya fiziki ya kirimbuzi - umwihariko w'Abana "abanzi b'abaturage."
Ifatwa
Abayobozi b'akarere mu myaka ya za 1920, muri 30 Nikolai Vavilov yumvise impeta ikamukikije. Duhereye ku kigo cy'ibihingwa, abo twifatanije na Vavilov birukanwe.
Mu 1929, imyidagaduro yari umunyereza: Abashakashatsi batari Abapayiniya, abahanga, ubuhinzi n'abahanga mu bukungu bwitwa "amamizinyigisho-bafashwe" na "udukoko", bararashwe. Nikolai Vavilov yasabye abo dukorana, ububasha bwe bwemereye abayobozi kwifatira igihe kirekire.
Uruhare ruteye ubwoba mu bihe bibi byagize Trofim Lysenga. Agronoma yo mu rubyiruko mu ntangiriro za 30 yo mu ntangiriro, nubwo yavuze ko atari ngombwa kugira ngo ibisubizo byiza by'uwari ugenda uva mu iterambere (guhura n'ubushyuhe buke ku iterambere ry'ibihingwa).
Umuhanga mu bya siyansi yakundaga Joseph Stalin "abantu" basezeranye kugira ngo agere ku musaruro udasanzwe mu mwaka n'igice. Joseph Vissade, Josevo, Fravo, Comrade Lyseko yemeje ati: "COVERMES MU 1935 Lyseko!"
Mu 1938, Trofim, Trofim yabaye perezida wa Vavilov, asimbuye Vavilov muri iyi nyandiko. Kuva mu 1939, ku nkunga ya Stalin, Lysenga hamwe n'abashyigikiye Genetiki, bahamagaye inganda za buruge llzheauka.
Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1939, umufatanyabikorwa n'ukuboko kw'iburyo kwa Trofim, Lyseko - Isaka Isiraheli Enda, VYYOLAVE aho Nikolai Vavilov na Twese hamwe na bagenzi be bategura kongere mpuzamahanga ya vii. Ikiri gihe cyasabye ko Kongere izahinduka "uburyo bwo kurwana na siyansi yateye imbere."
Kongere mpuzamahanga ya VII yabaye, ariko ntabwo iri mu bumwe, ahubwo muri Scotland. Nikolai Vavilov ntabwo yahawe uruhushya rwo kugenda, kandi umuyobozi w'intebe kuri stage yari irimo ubusa.
Muri Kanama 1940, Nikolai Vavilov, wari mu gihe cya siyansi i Cornovtsy, yatawe muri yombi. Iperereza ryamaze amezi 11. Umuhanga yahamagariwe kubazwa inshuro 400, kandi igihe cyo gukusanya cyamaze amasaha 1700. Iperereza ni abakozi ba Nkvd Alexey Vrashat na Sultan Albogachius. By'umwihariko "wagerageje" gufata igice cyashyizwe ahagaragara, cyakoresheje iyicarubozo kuri Vavilov.
Mu 2000, umuyobozi Alenander Pokhkin yavuze mu 2000 ku byabaye muri 1940 mu makinamico "Nikolay Vavilov". Vavilova yakinnye Kostas Smororigas, kuko Trofim Lyseko hamwe na bagenzi be basa na Isaka bahari babonye abaramu babonye Meda na Sergey gafarov.
Urupfu
Ubuzima bwa Vavilov, iyicarubozo n'inzara, batesha umutwe mu rugendo, iyicarubozo n'inzara, biteye urupfu rw'umuhanga. Igihano cy'urupfu rwahagaritse nta kintu na kimwe cyahinduye mu bihe by'isomo. Muri gereza ya Saratov, umunaniro na Dystrophy basahura Nikolai Vavilov barwaye umuriro. Kubera kugabanuka kw'ibikorwa bya Cardiac ku ya 26 Mutarama 1943, urupfu rwaje.
Umuhanga ukomeye yashyinguwe mu mva rusange ku mfungwa, ahantu ho gushyingura nyabyo ntibizwi. Ku irimbi ry'izuka rya Saratov, imva ku giti cye n'inzibutso kuri Vavilov yashizweho.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Mu ntangiriro y'intambara ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu, yashinzwe na Vavilov mu mudugudu wa Tsarskoye, igihingwa cyo gusanga ibihingwa cyari gifite icyegeranyo kinini cy'imbuto z'imbuto ku isi. Mugihe cyo guhagarika, abakozi b'ikigo bagumanye icyegeranyo mu kubura amashanyarazi no guhagarika ubushyuhe.
- Mu gihe cy'itumba, 1941-1942, abakozi batanu b'ikigo bapfuye bazize inzara, banga gutekereza ku bubiko bwibinyampeke nkibiryo. Mu ci, abahanga bateye imbuto munsi ya artillerie.