Ubuzima
Abayo mugihe cyitwa Alexey NikoLavich Tolstoy "Igishushanyo gitukura", gishimangira paradox ya biografiya: mu 1917, Bolsheviks basangiwe n'amazina n'abatwara, ariko inzira zabo ntizishoboka. Ati: "Kubara kwa Comrade" byabaye kwigira umuntu kumvikana: kwanga Bolsheviks, yakoresheje nk'ubutegetsi maze abasha kubona ibihembo bitatu bya Stalinist.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umwanditsi yavutse muri Mutarama 1883 mu mujyi wa Nikolaevsk Intara ya Samara. Ubwana bw'umwanditsi "Intara Caliostro" na "yita ku mukumbi" yanyuze mu isambu y'ubuzima bw'uburiganya, bwakoreraga muri guverinoma ya Zemustvo, Alexey Bostrom mu murima Sosnovka hafi ya Samara.
Ninde se wa genetique alexei tolstoy - intonga uyumunsi. Mama w'umwanditsi Alexandre Leontievna Turgenev yatorotse umugabo we - umutware wa Samara, umusirikare mukuru wa Saleandrovich akaba ari Nikolay Alexandrovich Tolstoy, atwite. Yagiye i Bostrom, asiga umugabo we abana be batatu. Abahanga mu binyabuzima ndetse no mu gihe cya Alexei Tolstoy yitwa se w'umwanditsi wa Bostroroma. Kugeza ku myaka 13, Prosaic yambaraga izina rye rya nyuma kandi yabonaga se kavukire. Yashakanye na Alexei Bostrom Alexander Leontievna ntiyasohotse: ntiyemereye itorero.
Igihe Aliyasha yakuraga, nyina atangirana n'imanza z'umwaka 4, ashaka gusubiza umuhungu w'izina rya Graf, izina n'umugambi wumwaka wa mbere. Urubanza rwarangiye isabukuru yimyaka 17 Alexei NikoLevich: mu 1901, yabaye igishushanyo mbonera, atazi umuntu ufite umugambi n'amazina yabonye.
Gukunda ibitabo n'umwanditsi byateye Alexe tolstoy mama, abuzukuru bo mu mwijima wa Nikolai Turgenev. Imirimo - ibitabo n'ibitabo by'abana - yasinyiye iryo shuri Alexander Bostrom.
Uburezi bwambere uwazanditse ejo hazaza ya "Hyperboer ya Hyperboeer" yakiriwe murugo. Ariko mu 1897, umuryango wimukiye i Samara, aho Tolstoy aba umunyeshuri wishuri nyayo. Mu 1901, umusore yakomeje amashuri yiwe muri St. Petersburg, yiyandikisha mu ishami ry'ikigo cy'ikoranabuhanga.
Ubuvanganzo
Icyegeranyo cyibisigo bya Tolstoy "amagambo" byasohotse mu 1907. Abakenguzamateka bavuzwe mu kazi hakiri kare, AlexeI Tolstoy w'imyaka 24, Imbuto ya Nikolai Nekrasov na Nikolai Nekrasov na Nikolai: umwanditsi ukiri muto yiganye na Maram. Nyuma Alexey NikoLeyevich yatewe isoni n'ubwanditsi bw'icyegeranyo kandi agerageza kutibuka imirongo.
Inkuru yambere "umunara wa kera" yagaragaye nyuma y'urugendo rugana muls, aho umunyeshuri yoherejwe gukora imyitozo. Ukwezi kumwe na kimwe cya kabiri Alexei Tolstoy yabaga muri Nevyansk ya kera, aho yakusanyije imigani, amakuru yamateka yerekeye akarere kandi akurangaza, harimo umunara wa Nevysansk.
Mu 1907, Alexey Nikolayevich yavuye mu kigo kandi yiyeguriye kwandika. Nk'uko Tolstoy abitangaza ngo "Yateye ingingo ye", asabwa n'inkuru za Mama n'abavandimwe: Niy'isi yavuzwe n'isi yatise, abadeli bahagarariye umwanditsi bafite amabara kandi bagasekeje. "
Icyegeranyo cy'Ibice n'Inkuru z'Abanenga "Zavalzhye", barimo Maxim Gorky, bemewe neza, ariko Alexei tolstoy yaguzwe atigeze anyurwa n'ingaruka, yiyita "amateur.
Mu myaka yabanyeshuri, tolstoy iyobowe na Alexei Remizov yafashe iterambere ryururimi. Ibikoresho bikize byagaragaye ko ari imigani ya kera, folklore, ibyanditswe bya Avvakum nibikorwa byubucamanza bwa XVII. Vuba "Umugani wa Fari ya Sopupe" hamwe nicyegeranyo cya kabiri (icya nyuma) "inyuma yinzuzi zubururu".
Imirongo myinshi Alexey Tolstoy ntabwo yanditse. Ariko inkuru, imigani, inkuru n'ibitabo byavukiye mu mubare munini - umwanditsi yakoraga, atari uguhindura amaboko, atangaje ku bijyanye no gukumira abo bakorana n'imikorere idasanzwe. Mu 1911, yanditse igitabo "Ubuzima Bubiri", umwaka utaha igitabo "chame barin" cyagaragaye, hanyuma inkuru "n'inkuru". Ibice bya Tolstoy byashyize muri metropolitan ntoya. Muri icyo gihe, umwanditsi yashoboye kujya mu mashyaka, afungura aishi, salo hamwe na premieres yose.
Intambara ya mbere y'isi yose yatumye umunyamakuru wa gisirikare wa Alexei torstoy: Yanditse inyandiko y'umuryango w'imbere mu kinyamakuru Ikinyamakuru cya Vedosikiya, yasuye Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza. Mu 1915-16, inkuru "kumusozi", "mumazi", "Umudamu mwiza". Ibyerekeye ikinamico, umwanditsi kandi ntiyibagiwe - mu 1916, "imbaraga zanduye" n '"liquefaction" zasohotse.
IBIKORWA BYAHINDUKA MU UKWAKIRA 1917, Alexey Tolstoy yafashe ubwato. Mu ci ryo mu 1918, yajyanye umuryango muri Odessa, ahunga Bolsheviks. Inkuru "Kubara" Nkuru "Urukundo" nigitabo cya zahabu "cyagaragaye mumujyi wamajyepfo.
Kuva Odessa, umuryango wa Tolsty wimukiye muri Constantinople, hanyuma i Paris. Ku buzima bw'umwanditsi, ubwitange ntibwigaje: Alexei tolstoy yakoze, ntabwo yahuje umugongo. Mu Bufaransa, inkuru ya Nikita "yavutse kandi igice cya mbere cya trilogy" kigenda ku ifu. "
Ubuzima bwo mumahanga bwasaga naho ari amayeri yuburusiya kandi atorohewe numwanditsi. Bamenyereye kwinezeza no guhumurizwa, igishushanyo cya Tolstoy cyagaragajwe no gutitira ubuzima. Mu gatasi ko mu 1921, yajyanye mu muryango i Berlin, aho yamaze imyaka ibiri. Umubano Alexei NikoLavich hamwe nisi yimuka yarangiritse.
Mu mpeshyi, 1923 Tolstoy Tolstoy yasubiye muri Sovieti y'Uburusiya ubuziraherezo. Kugaruka kwe no kudashimana neza: Uruziga rw'abimukira rwitwa igikorwa cyo guhemukira kandi ruhanagura "igishushanyo cya" Soviti "n'imivumo. Bolsheviks yemeye umwanditsi afite intwaro zifunguye: Tolstoy yabaye inshuti y'umuntu ku giti cye ya Joseph Stalin, abakozi bo mu banyamuryango ba Kremlin, bakiriye abanyamudepite w'ishuri ry'ubumenyi. Alexey NikoLavich ntabwo yemeye - yiyunze na sisitemu nshya, nko ku byanze. Yashyikirijwe isambu i Barvikha, aha imodoka hamwe na chake.
Alexey Tolstoy yababajwe na tralogy "kugendera mu mubabaro" kandi ahabwa abasomyi bato benshi cyane. Ku bana, yagabanije umugani wa Carlo Callodi yerekeye ibintu bya Pinocchio, ahamagara inkuru ye "urufunguzo rwa zahabu, cyangwa ibyabaye kuri Pinocchio".
Mu 1924, inkuru yavutse ku kunegura ubuvanganzo tekereza ku kazi keza ka Alexei Tolstoy - "ibyabaye kwa Nevzorov, cyangwa Ibiku". Umwanditsi yerekanye isi ishimishije - ibitabo "AelIIT" na "Hyperboloid GarIna", Inkuru ya Utopian "imigi y'ubururu". Ariko abasomyi bafashe inyandiko nziza za "Comrade yo kubara" Wir ", na bagenzi bawe - Ivan Bunin, imizi ya Chikovsky, Yuri Tyanyanov - gushidikanya. Gusobanukirwa ibitabo bishya byumwanditsi byashimye gusa Maxim Gorky, yahanuye icyubahiro mubwoko bw'impimbano.
Mu 1937, Alexei Tolstoy yanditse inkuru "umutsima", aho yavugaga ku ruhare rudasanzwe rwa Stalin mu kurengera kwa Tsaritsyn mu gihe cy'intambara y'abenegihugu. Ariko igitabo cy'ingenzi, umwanditsi yakoraga imyaka 16 ya nyuma y'ubuzima, ni igitabo cyamateka "Petero wa mbere". Nyuma yo gusoma umurimo, byari bike mu gushima, Ivan Bunin, waretse Tolstoy.
Mu myaka y'intambara ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu, Alexey Tolstoy yanditse ikinamico-diyanye "Ivan Grozny" n'inkuru yo "imico y'Uburusiya".
Ariko hariho inyandiko ziteganijwe kuri Peru ya "Igishushanyo gitukura", aho yapfiriyemo, adashaka kumenya umwanditsi. Iyi ni inkuru ya erotic "banya", yitwa umurimo wambere wuzuye porunogarafiya yo mu Burusiya bwakozwe na Pressia. Ariko kwemeza ko inkuru yanditseho Tolstoy, ntabwo yabibonye: ntabwo ari inzandiko, cyangwa imiyoboro yumwanditsi yavuyemo ibimenyetso byakazi. Bamwe mu banegura bavuga ko "kwiyuhagira" banditseho intare, ariko hariho abagaragaza Nikolai Leskov.
Birashoboka ko Alexey NikoLeyevich yaje ku mubare w "abakekwa" kubera gutekereza ku buryo bushyize mu gaciro ku bwanditsi bw'undi murimo, aho hari ibintu bya porunogarafiya. Iyi "diary y'ibirori", yagaragaye mu 1927 - ivurusa ya subkvil, yanditseho (birashoboka) alexe tolstoy na Pavel Schelev na Pavel Schelev bisabwe n'abayobozi gutesha umutwe.
Aleksey torstoy imirimo irahujwe. Bamwe ("Chrome Barin", "bagenda hejuru") inshuro 3-4. Mu mutima wa Filime "formula y'urukundo", "Petero wa mbere", "Anikina ya Zahabu", "Hyperboloid Urufunguzo", "Hyperboloid", "Ukita" ikinyoma "kibeshya gikora ku gishushanyo cy'abasoviyeti.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Umwanditsi yitwaga Fattlas na Bonvivan. Mubuzima, Alexei tolstoy yari ishyingiranwa ryane. Uwa mbere hamwe na Yulia Roggy, Umujyanama w'umujyanama wa Kondos. Umwanditsi yamenyereye umukobwa i Samara, mu myitozo yo gukina muri theatre ya amateur. Mu 1901, nyuma y'impeshyi yamaranye mu gihugu cya Rozhansky, tolstoy yemeje Yulia kuva i St. Petersburg, aho yinjiye mu kigo cy'ubuvuzi. Umwaka ukurikira, bombi bari barabaye, kandi muri Mutarama 1903, umuhungu wa Yuri (yapfuye mu 1908).
Mu bihe by'impinduramatwara, Tolstoy yagiye mu Budage, aho yahuriye n'Umuhanzi Sophia Chimshitz. Umugore wa mbere yatandukanijwe kumugaragaro muri 1910. Sophia y'Abayahudi yemeye imbaraga za orotodogisi no ku ya Tolstoy. Mu 1911, umukobwa wa Marianna yavutse.
Bidatinze, umwanditsi wuje urukundo yerekeje kuri poetess Natalia Krandiyevskaya areka uwo bashakanye wa kabiri. Mu 1914, Tolstoy na Cranndiyevskaya bashakanye, ubukwe bwamaze kugeza mu 1935. Ubumwe na Nataliya Vasilyevna, wabaye Prototype ya Kati kuva kuri "kwita ku ifu," abahungu ba Nikita na Dmitry bavutse.
Muri Kanama 1935, umunyamabanga mwiza wa Ludila KrelisinStkaya-Barsheva yaje mu nzu yerekeza i Torstoy. Mu Kwakira, Ludmila, wari ugororotse kuruta umuto Alexei Nikolayevich, yabaye umugore. Hamwe na hamwe babayeho mbere y'urupfu rw'umwanditsi.
Urupfu
Mu 1944, abaganga bashyizeho ubutori bwa Alexey Dignose iteye ubwoba: kanseri y'ibihaha vuba. Igice cyumwaka wumwanditsi cyabazanye ububabare bwa Hellish. Yapfuye muri Gashyantare 1945 i Moscou, atarokotse intsinzi.
Alexey Tolstoy yashyinguwe ku irimbi rya Novodevichy, ritangaza ko icyunamo.
Mu Kwakira 1987, mu murwa mukuru mu muhanda wa Spridovovka, aho umwanditsi hamwe n'umugore we Lyodila yabaga mu murwa mukuru, yafunguye inzu ndangamurage.
Amagambo Alexei Tolstoy
- Iyi si izapfa byanze bikunze. Hano, bamwe bashimisha bazima neza.
- Igomba kuba iyo umuntu afite byose, noneho rwose aratishimye kandi ntishimye.
- Kuva ku musirikare wasabye kunangira kandi bumvira bapfira aho byerekanwe ku ikarita.
- Abantu ntibashobora gusigara badafite abayobozi. Bakururwa kugirango babe kuri bane.
- Hano barwanye ibyabo: umuvandimwe murumuna we, se ku mwana we, Kum kuri Kuma, bisobanura nta bwoba kandi nta mbabazi.
- Birakenewe ko ingano ya zahabu igarukira, bitabaye ibyo bizabura impumuro yumuyaga.
Bibliografiya
- 1912 - "Chrome Barin"
- 1921 - "KUBARA BUKIDA"
- 1922 - "Ubwana bwa Nikita"
- 1923 - "AelIT"
- 1924 - "Inyungu za Nevzorova, cyangwa Ibiku"
- 1927 - "Hyperboid ya Garina"
- 1922 - "Kugenda ku ifu. Bashiki bacu "
- 1928 - "Kugenda ku ifu. Umwaka wa 18 "
- 1941 - "Kugenda ku ifu. Igitondo cyijimye »
- 1934 - "Petero Yambere"
- 1942 - "Ivan Grozny. Eagle na Orlitz "
- 1943 - "Ivan Grozny. Imyaka itoroshye "