Ubuzima
Igishushanyo cya Leo Tolstoy, Classic yubuvanganzo cy'Uburusiya n'ubuva ku isi byitwa umutware wa psychologue, Umuremyi w'ineza ya Roma Epopea, uwunabanye n'umwigisha wumwimerere. Imirimo yumwanditsi mwiza ni umurage ukomeye wuburusiya.
Muri Kanama 1828, inyandiko yubuvanganzo zo mu Burusiya yavutse mumitungo ya polyale isanzwe mu ntara ya Tula. Umwanditsi uzaza "w '" intambara kandi isi "yabaye umwana wa kane mu muryango w'abanyacyubahiro bazwi. Dukurikije umurongo wa sogokuruza, yari uw'umuryango wa kera w'ibishushanyo Tolstoy wakoreye Ivan biteye ubwoba na Petero. Ku murongo wa nyina lev nikolayevich ni ukomoka kuri Rurikov. Birashimishije kubona ko intare tolstoy na Alexander fushkin numuntu usanzwe - admiral ivan mikhaiarevich golovich.
Mama Leo NikoLeyevich - Nee Umuganwakazi wa Nee Volkonskaya - yapfuye azize ivuka ryubushyuhe nyuma yo kuvuka. Muri kiriya gihe, intare ntiyari ifite imyaka ibiri. Nyuma yimyaka irindwi, umutware wumuryango yapfuye - kubara Nikolai Tolstoy.
Kwita ku bana byari ku bitugu by'umwanditsi nyirasenge - T. A. Ergolskaya. Nyuma abana b'imfubyi bari muri nyirasenge babaye nyirasenge wa kabiri - Umubare w'inama A. M. Osten-Sandn. Nyuma y'urupfu rwe mu 1840, abana bimukiye i Kazan, mu mushiki wa Data wa Data P. I. YUSHJOVA. Nyirasenge yagize ingaruka kuri mwishywa, no munzu ye, yafatwaga nkibyishimo kandi byakira mu mujyi, umwanditsi yitiriwe yishimye. Nyuma, intare tolstoy yasobanuye ibitekerezo byubuzima mumitungo ya Yushkov mu nkuru "ubwana".
Uburezi bwibanze bwa kera bwakiriwe murugo rwavuye mubarimu b'Abadage n'Abafaransa. Mu 1843, intare Tolstoy yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Kazan, ahitamo ishami ry'indimi z'iburasirazuba. Bidatinze, kubera imikorere make, yahinduye irindi shami - ryemewe. Ariko kandi ntiyabigenje: Mu myaka ibiri, yavuye muri kaminuza adakira impamyabumenyi.
Intare Nikolayevich yagarutse ku buryo busobanutse, ashaka gushinga umubano n'abahinzi mu buryo bushya. Igitekerezo cyarananiranye, ariko umusore yahoraga atsindira ikarita, yakundaga imyidagaduro yisi kandi ashishikajwe numuziki. Isaha ya Tolstoy yateze amatwi Johann Bach, Frederick Chopin na Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Yababajwe n'ubuzima bwa nyir'ubutaka nyuma yo kumara mu mudugudu w'izuba, Tolstoy w'intare y'amavuko yasize isambu yimukira i Moscou, maze kuva aho yerekeza i Moscou. Umusore yihuta mu gutegura ibizamini by'Abakandida muri Kaminuza, umuziki, umuziki, kates, maze inzozi ziba umuyobozi, hanyuma inzozi za ornogvardesky. Abavandimwe bahamagaye intare "nto nto cyane", kandi imyenda yabazemye yagombaga kuboneka imyaka myinshi.
Ubuvanganzo
Mu 1851, umuvandimwe w'umwanditsi - Umupolisi Nikolai Tolstoy - yemeje intare yo kujya muri Caucase. Mu myaka itatu, Abalewi Nikolayevich babaga mu mudugudu ku nkombe za Terek. Imiterere ya Caucase hamwe nubuzima bwabakurambere bwa Coskarick Stunknye nyuma yerekanwe nyuma y "cosshack" na "HAJI MURAT", inkuru za "igitero" n "" kwimuka "n" "kwimuka" na "kwikuramo".
Muri Caucase, Leo Tolstoy yanditse inkuru "mu bwana", bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru "mu gihe cya L. N. Bidatinze, yandikaga ko" akiri ingimbi "n '" urubyiruko "bahuza inkuru muri trilogy. Imyenda y'ubuvanganzo yagaragaye ko ari nziza kandi izana ubutunzi NikoLeyevich kumenyekana.
Ubuzima bwo guhanga bwa Leo Tolstoy butera imbere vuba: Gushyirwaho kuri Bucharest, guhindura sevastopol yabitswe, itegeko rya bateri ryatunganijwe n'umwanditsi bifite ibitekerezo. Kuva munsi y'ibaba rya Leo NikoLeevich, uruziga rwa "Sevastopol inkuru" rwararekuwe. Inyandiko zumwanditsi ukiri muto zakubise abanegura isesengura ryimitekerereze. Nikolai Cherthershevsky iboneka muri bo "Didictics yubugingo", numwami wa Alexandre II yasomye inyandiko "Sevastopol mu Kuboza" kandi agaragaza ko yishimira impano ya Tolstoy.
Mu gihe cy'itumba cyo mu 1855, intare y'intare y'amahigi yageze i St. Petersburg yinjira muri St. Petersburg, yinjiye mu ruziga "rw'iki gihe, aho yakiriwe, yita" ibyiringiro bikomeye by'ibitabo by'Uburusiya. " Ariko umwaka, ibyanditswe hamwe namakimbirane yayo n'amakimbirane, gusoma no gufungura sasita birarushye. Nyuma mu matwi ya "Kwatura" Tolstoy yemeye:
"Abantu bo muri bo baramparaga, nanjye mfite njye ubwanjye."Mu gatasi ko mu 1856, umwanditsi ukiri muto yagiye mu isambu asanzwe polyana, no muri Mutarama 1857 - mu mahanga. Igice cy'umwaka, intare tolstoy yagenze Uburayi. Yasuye Ubudage, Ubutaliyani, Ubufaransa n'Ubusuwisi. Yagarutse i Moscou, kandi kuva aho - muburyo busobanutse. Mu gace rusange, byagize uruhare muri gahunda y'amashuri kubana bato. Mu hafi ya Polyaax Polya, ibigo makumyabiri by'amashuri byagaragaye no kuyigiramo uruhare. Mu myaka ya 1860, umwanditsi yagenze cyane: mu Budage, Ubusuwisi, Ububiligi, yize kuri gahunda z'amahanga y'ibihugu by'Uburayi kugira ngo akoreshe mu Burusiya.
Nice idasanzwe mubikorwa byintare yinzobere ni imigani ninyandiko kubana ningimbi. Umwanditsi yashyizeho imirimo amagana kubasomyi bato, muri ibyo imigani myiza kandi yigisha "ya" injangwe "," abavandimwe babiri "," abavandimwe babiri "." Intare n'imbwa ".
Imfashanyigisho yishuri "Inyuguti" Intare Yintare yandikaga kugirango yigishe abana kwandika, gusoma no kuba imibare. Imirimo yubuvanganzo na pedagoge igizwe n'ibitabo bine. Umwanditsi yarimo inkuru zishingiye, epics, imigani, ndetse n'inama zubumenyi kubarimu. Igitabo cya gatatu cyinjiye mu nkuru ya caucase.
Mu 1870, Tolstoy, Ukomeje kwigisha abana bato bato, yanditse igitabo "AnNna Karenina", aho yarwanyije Impfizi ebyiri: Ikinamico y'umuryango ya Karenina na nde yari yizewe . Igitabo cya mbere gusa kireba gusa cyasaga naho ari urukundo: Classic yazamuye ikibazo cyubusobanuro bwukubaho "urwego rwashyizweho", tumurwanya ukuri mubuzima bwa Mezitsky. "Anna Karenina" gushimirwa cyane Feritor Dososvysky.
Kuvunika mubitekerezo byumwanditsi byagaragaye mubikorwa byanditswe mu 1880. Ubushishozi bwo mu mwuka, guhindura ubuzima, bufite ahantu hamwe mu nkuru no ku mutwe. "Urupfu rwa Ivan Illyich", "Viergiyo" n'inkuru "nyuma ya Bla" nyuma yo kugaragara. Classic yubuvanganzo bwuburusiya ikurura amashusho yubusumbane bwimibereho, bichties yumuriro wumunyacyubahiro.
Mugushakisha igisubizo kubibazo bijyanye nubusobanuro bwubuzima, intare tolstoy yajuririye itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burusiya, ariko nanone ntiyabonye kunyurwa. Umwanditsi yaje kwizera ko itorero rya gikristo ryangiritse, kandi riyobowe n'idini, abatambyi bateza imbere inyigisho z'ibinyoma. Mu 1883, Abalewi Nikolayevich bashinze inyandiko ya "Umuhuza", aho imyizerere yo mu mwuka yavuzwe mu kunegura itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burusiya. Kubwibyo, tolstoy bavuye mu Itorero, abapolisi b'ibanga barebye umwanditsi.
Mu 1898, intare Tolstoy yanditse "izuka ry'Abaroma", wakiriye asubiramo abanenga. Ariko intsinzi yakazi yari munsi ya Anna Karenina n "" Intambara no mu byondo ".
Imyaka 30 ishize yinzobere yintare yinzobere, yinyigisho zerekeye kurwanya kurwanya ikibi, zemewe n'Umuyobozi wumwuka n'umutwe w'Uburusiya.
"Intambara n'amahoro"
Intama y'intare ntibyari "intambara n'amahoro", hamagara epic "seous zabe". Igikorwa cya Classic cyanditse mu myaka ya 1860, kubana n'umuryango we muburyo busobanutse. Ibice bibiri byambere, byitwa "1805," byacapwe "Ikirusiya Ikirusiya" mu 1865. Nyuma yimyaka itatu, intare toltoy yanditse ibindi bice bitatu kandi birangiza igitabo, cyateye amakimbirane yumunegura abanenga.
Ibiranga intwari z'akazi byanditswe mu myaka yo kwishima mu muryango no guterura mu mutwe, umwigisha wakuye mu buzima. Mu mwamikazi, Marya Bologkoe yamenyesheje ibiranga nyina intare y'intare N'implayevich, imyifatire ye yo gutekereza, inyigisho nziza no gukunda ubuhanzi. Amashusho ya Data - gushinyagurira, gukunda gusoma no guhiga - umwanditsi yatanze nikolai rostov.
Igihe yandikaga igitabo, Abalewi Tolstoy bakoze mu bubiko, biga intoki z'inyoni nyinshi kandi zimbomezo, Masonic Inyandiko, yasuye umurima wa Borodino. Umugore ukiri muto yaramufashaga, kwandikira imishinga iganwa.
Igitabo cyasomwe wenyine, gukubita abasomyi bafite urubuga rwa Epic hamwe nisesengura rya psychologiya. Intama y'intare irangiza akazi ko gushaka "kwandika amateka y'abaturage."
Dukurikije ibigereranyo by'intare yo kunegura ubuvanganzo antsky, mu mpera za 1970 gusa mu mahanga gusa, imirimo y'abakerarugendo b'Abarusiya yari ikingiwe inshuro 40. Kugeza mu myaka ya za 1980 EPIC "Intambara n'amahoro" yarashe inshuro enye. Abayobozi b'Uburayi, Amerika n'Uburusiya bararashe Filime 16 ku gitabo "AnNna Karenina", "izuka" ntibyagaragaye inshuro 22.
Ku nshuro ya mbere, "intambara n'isi" byakingiwe n'Umuyobozi Peter Charsin mu 1913. Byinshi muri filime izwi cyane na Viergey Sergey Bondarducs mu 1965.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu mbego z'imyaka 18 y'amavuko Abasahuye Abagore Tolstoy bashakanye mu 1862, afite imyaka 34. Kubara hamwe numugore we imyaka 48, ariko ubuzima bwabashakanye buragoye guhamagara ibicu.
Bers ya Sophia ni iya kabiri mu bakobwa batatu bo mu ishyaka rya Moscou ibiro bya Andrei Bersa. Umuryango wabaga mu murwa mukuru, ariko mu ci yaruhutse mu mutungo wa tula hafi ya Polyale. Bwa mbere, intare tolstoy yabonye umugore uzaza wumwana. Sofiya yakiriye amashuri yo murugo, soma byinshi, byumvikane mubuhanzi kandi urangije muri kaminuza ya Moscou. Ikarita yatumye abantu benshi babyibushye, bamenyekanye nkicyitegererezo cyubwoko bwa Memoir.
Mu ntangiriro y'ubuzima bwubatse, Lew Tolstoy, ashaka gukuba hagati ye n'umugore we, aha Sofiya gusoma ikarita. Umuturage watunguye amenya urubyiruko rwumuyaga rwumugabo we, ashishikaye gukina urusimbi, ubuzima bukabije numukobwa wumuhinzi aksinier, bategereje umwana wumugore nikolayevich.
Sergey w'imfura yavutse mu 1863. Mu ntangiriro ya 1860, Tolstoy yandikaga inyandiko "Intambara n'amahoro". Sofya Andreevna yafashije umugabo we, nubwo yaritwite. Umugore yigishije abana bose kandi arera murugo. Batanu muri 13 bapfuye mu ruhinja cyangwa mu bwana.
Ibibazo mumuryango byatangiye nyuma yumurimo wintare wifuza hejuru ya "Anna Karenina". Umwanditsi yahise yihungabana, yagaragaje ko atishimiye ubuzima ko Sophia Andreevna Sophia Andreevna yari ashishikaye cyane mu cyari mu muryango. Kujugunya imico yateje ko lev nikolayevich yasabye bene wabo kureka inyama, inzoga no kunywa itabi. Tolstoy yahatiye umugore we n'abana kugira ngo bambare imyenda y'amahoro, ari yo yose umuhanga, kandi bifuza gutanga umutungo wateganijwe ku bahinzi.
Sophia Andreevna yashyizeho umwete wo kwanga umugabo we igitekerezo cyo gukwirakwiza ibyiza. Ariko ingingo yumuryango wacitsemo ibice: Intare Tolstoy yavuye munzu. Agarutse, umwanditsi yashyizeho inshingano zo kwandikira imishinga ku bakobwa.
Urupfu rw'umwana wa nyuma - Vanya w'imyaka irindwi - muri make hafi y'akabate. Ariko bidatinze kurakara no kutumva neza byari byuzuye. Sophia Andreevna yasanze ihumure muri muzika. Muri Moscou, umugore yakuye kuri mwarimu abo bimva urukundo. Umubano wabo wakomeje kuba urugwiro, ariko igishushanyo nticyababariye umugore "Semi.
Gutongana kw'amatonyanga by'abashakanye byabaye mu mpera z'ukwakira 1910. Intare Tolstoy yavuye mu rugo, asiga ibaruwa yo gusezera Sofa. Yanditse ko amukunda, ariko bitabaye ibyo ntibishobora gukora.
Urupfu
82 y'amazi y'intare-Tolstoy, aherekejwe na muganga bwite D. P. Makovitsky yasize ibisobanuro bigaragara. Mu nzira, umwanditsi yararwaye ava muri gari ya moshi kuri gari ya moshi ya Astapovo. Iminsi 7 yanyuma yubuzima lev nikolayevich yamaze munzu ya Caretaker. Kumakuru yerekeye leta ya Tolstoy yarebye igihugu cyose.Abana n'umugore bageze kuri sitasiyo Astapovo, ariko intare yitagira intare ntiyifuzaga kubona umuntu. Nta kera yo ku ya 7 Ugushyingo 1910: Yapfuye azize umuriro. Uwo mwashakanye yarokoye imyaka 9. Yashyinguwe tolstoy muri glade isobanutse.
Amagambo yintare yinzoka
- Umuntu wese arashaka guhindura ikiremwamuntu, ariko ntamuntu utekereza uburyo bwo guhinduka.
- Ibintu byose biza kumuntu ushobora gutegereza.
- Imiryango yose yishimye irasa, umuryango wose utishimye utishimye muburyo bwabo.
- Bose barabareka bakukara imbere y'umuryango we. Niba abantu bose babikora, umuhanda wose uzaba ufite isuku.
- Hatabayeho urukundo, byoroshye. Ariko ntahari nta ngingo.
- Ntabwo mfite ibyo nkunda byose. Ariko nkunda ibyo mfite byose.
- Isi iragenda ashimira abababaye.
- Ukuri gukomeye ni byoroshye.
- Byose ni gahunda yo kubaka, kandi ntawe uzi niba azabaho kugeza nimugoroba.
Bibliografiya
- 1869 - "Intambara n'amahoro"
- 1877 - "Anna Karenina"
- 1899 - "Izuka"
- 1852-1857 - "Ubwana". "Ubwunganizi". "Urubyiruko"
- 1856 - "Hussar ebyiri"
- 1856 - "Nyiricyubahiro"
- 1863 - "Cosshack"
- 1886 - "Urupfu rwa Ivan Ilyich"
- 1903 - "Ingingo z'abasazi"
- 1889 - Creichars Sonata
- 1898 - "Padiri Sergiyo"
- 1904 - "HAJI MURAT"